Pappas
mpap@iit.demokritos.gr
6972808879
1. Sets
A set is a collection of objects, called elements of the set. A set can be
represented by listing its elements between braces: A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. The
symbol is used to express that an element belongs to a set, for instance 4
. Its negation is represented by , e.g. 7 .
A U
1.
2. 4.
3. 5.
Sets & Probabilities Marios A. Pappas
mpap@iit.demokritos.gr
6972808879
1.1. Set Operations
Complement: The set of elements (in the universal set) that do not belong to a
given set: A = {x U | x A}.
Sets & Probabilities Marios A. Pappas
mpap@iit.demokritos.gr
6972808879
1.2. Basic Properties and identities
Also,
= 6,7,8,9,10 , = 5
= 2,4 , = 2
= 1,2,3,4,5,6,8 , = 7
2. Probabilities
Many events can't be predicted with total certainty. The best we can say is how
likely they are to happen, using the idea of probability.
heads (H) or
tails (T)
In general:
For example consider the tossing of a coin three times. The most convenient
way of writing the sample space is the following:
Sets & Probabilities Marios A. Pappas
mpap@iit.demokritos.gr
6972808879
()
Independent events
If two events, A and B are independent (the occurrence of one does not affect
the probability of occurrence of the other) then the joint probability is:
P A and B = P A B = P A P(B)
For example, if two coins are flipped the chance of both being heads is
1 1 1
= .
2 2 4
P A or B = P A B = P A + P(B)
1 1 1
For example the chance of rolling an 1 or 2 on a six sided dice is + = .
6 6 3
Sets & Probabilities Marios A. Pappas
mpap@iit.demokritos.gr
6972808879
Not mutually exclusive events
= + ( )
Solution
Therefore
= {2,4,6}
= {2,3,5}