a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Serpentinized ultramac rocks occur in two separate basement complexes in the South Arm of Sulawesi,
Received 16 March 2014 the Bantimala and Barru Blocks. We present petrographic, mineral chemical and geochemical data
Accepted 7 September 2014 for these rocks, and interpret them in terms of petrogenesis and tectonic setting. The rocks of both
Editorial handling - A. Holzheid
blocks show strong serpentinization of original anhydrous silicates. The Bantimala ultramacs consist
mainly of peridotite (harzburgite and dunite) and clinopyroxenite, with lenses of podiform chromi-
Keywords:
tite. Metamorphism is evidenced by the occurrence of amphibolite-facies tremolite schist. In contrast,
Petrology
the Barru ultramacs consist of harzburgite peridotite and podiform chromitite, which also show an
Geochemistry
Ultramac
amphibolite-facies overprint that in this case may be related to intrusion by a large dacite/granodiorite
South Sulawesi body. Whole-rock trace element analyses and spinel compositions show that the Barru harzburgite is
Indonesia depleted relative to primitive mantle, and has had some melt extracted. In contrast, the Bantimala dunite,
harzburgite and clinopyroxenite are cumulates. Both are derived from a supra-subduction zone environ-
ment, and were obducted during the closure of small back-arc basins. If there has been no rotation of
the blocks, then the Bantimala ultramacs were emplaced from an ENE direction, while the Barru ultra-
macs were emplaced from the WNW. The ultramac suites from these two blocks are juxtaposed with
metamorphic assemblages, which were later intruded by younger volcanics, particularly in the Barru
Block.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2014.09.003
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74 A. Maulana et al. / Chemie der Erde 75 (2015) 7387
Fig. 1. Regional geological map of south Sulawesi (modied from van Leeuwen, 1981; Maulana, 2009). The Barru Block is the smaller and more northerly basement complex;
the larger Bantimala Block is to the south. There is a gap of ca. 30 km between them.
them with published data for other ultramac rocks. The conclu- Grady, 1987), but an extensional component has resulted in open-
sions drawn are used to provide insight into the petrogenesis of the ing of the Plio-Pleistocene Walanae Graben between them (Fig. 1;
rocks and their tectonic setting. van Leeuwen, 1981).
The geology of this region consists of ve primary sequences;
2. Regional geology the pre-Tertiary basement complex, Upper Cretaceous sediments,
Paleogene volcanics, Eocene to Miocene sediments, and Miocene to
The South Sulawesi region lies in the south arm of Sulawesi, Recent volcanics and sediments (Sukamto, 1982; Maulana, 2009).
within the West-North Sulawesi Pluto-Volcanic Arc province. This The pre-Tertiary basement complex, formed by metamorphic
region is made up of sediments and volcanic arc products overlying and ultramac rock assemblages, is exposed in the Bantimala and
a pre-Tertiary basement complex. The present day tectonic system Barru blocks (Maulana et al., 2008). The Bantimala Block is about
is dominated by two major NNW-SSE trending strike-slip faults, 25 10 km in size, elongated in a NNW-SSE direction. The smaller
the West Walanae Fault (WWF) and East Walanae Fault (EWF) (van Barru Block to the north, roughly circular and about 10 km in
Leeuwen, 1981). Movement on these is mainly sinistral (Berry and diameter, is separated from the Bantimala Block by a gap of only
A. Maulana et al. / Chemie der Erde 75 (2015) 7387 75
Fig. 2. Geologic maps showing locations of ultramac rocks for (a) the Bantimala Block and (b) the Barru Block (Maulana, 2009).
about 15 km (Fig. 1). The Bantimala Block consists of HP meta- Miocene to Recent volcanism and sedimentation in this region con-
morphic rocks (eclogite and blueschist), overprinted by retrograde sists of various formations, including, in order of decreasing age, the
assemblages of either blueschist- or greenschist-facies, whereas Upper Camba Formation, BaturapeCindako Volcanics, Soppeng
the Barru Block is characterized by greenschist- to amphibolite- Volcanics, Pare-pare Volcanics, Lemo Volcanics, and the Lompo-
facies assemblages with no trace of high-pressure metamorphism. battang Volcanics.
The ultramac rocks in the Bantimala Block occur at two sites, the
Moreno and Batugarencing Hills whereas in the Barru Block, the 3. Analytical methods
ultramacs occur at Kamara Village, Sabangnairi Hill and Lasitae
Mountain (Fig. 2a and b). The ultramac rocks are dominated by ser- Quantitative compositional data for the minerals were obtained
pentinized peridotite, which contain chromite lenses in some areas, using a JEOL 6400 scanning electron microscope, equipped with
and are intruded by local dacite and andesite dykes (van Leeuwen, an Oxford Instruments light element dispersive spectrometer
1981) as well as a large dacite/granodiorite body (Maulana, 2009). (EDS) detector and Link ISIS analytical software at the Electron
The pre-Tertiary basement complex is overlain by Cretaceous Microscopy Unit (now the Centre for Advanced Microscopy) at
sediments classied into two groups: the Balangbaru and Marada ANU. Operating conditions for the energy-dispersive X-ray anal-
Formations. The Balangbaru Formation is composed of interbedded yses (EDXA) were 15 kV accelerating voltage, 1 nA beam current,
sandstones and silty shales, with lesser conglomerates, peb- and a range of beam diameters (focused beam for garnet; beam
bly sandstones and conglomeratic breccias (Sukamto, 1982). The defocused to 5 m for micas and plagioclase). Natural mineral stan-
Marada Formation consists of a succession of alternating impure dards and the ZAF matrix correction routine were used. Standards
sandstones, siltstones and shales (van Leeuwen, 1981). The sand- used were: sanidine (Si, K), albite (Na, Al), diopside (Ca), rutile and
stones are mostly feldspathic greywacke composed of quartz, Ti metal (Ti), hematite (Fe), Cr2 O3 (Cr), MgO (Mg), apatite (P), zir-
plagioclase and orthoclase. con (Zr, Hf), calcite (Ca), pyrite (S), chalcopyrite (Cu), baryte (Ba)
Paleogene volcanism in the region is represented by the and pure metals for Mn, Co and Ni. All samples were polished with
Kalamiseng, Langi and Bua Volcanics. These consist of lavas and 1 m diamond paste and carbon-coated to approximately 20 nm
pyroclastic deposits of andesitic to trachy-andesitic composition, thickness.
with rare intercalations of limestone and shale towards the top The samples were crushed and milled to obtain homogeneous
of the sequence. They show a strongly fractured, poorly bedded powders for whole-rock analysis. Bulk-rock major elements were
texture (van Leeuwen, 1981; Sukamto, 1982)). analysed by X-ray uorescence analysis (XRF), and whole-rock
Eocene to Miocene sediments are divided into the Mallawa For- and individual mineral trace element analyses by laser abla-
mation and Tonasa Formations. The former are arkosic sandstones, tion inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LAICPMS).
siltstones, claystone, marls and conglomerates, intercalated with Major elements Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, and Fe, plus F
layers or lenses of coal and limestone, whereas the latter are car- and Cl were analysed using a Phillips (now Panalytical) PW2400
bonates classied into four members (Wilson and Bosence, 1996). wavelength-dispersive X-ray uorescence spectrometer at the
76 A. Maulana et al. / Chemie der Erde 75 (2015) 7387
Table 1
Rocks of this study. Mineral symbols are after Whitney and Evans (2010). Localities are (1) Moreno Hill, (2) Batugarencing, (3) Sabangnairi, (4) Lasitae Mountain, (5) Kamara
Village. Superscript R = relict. X = exsolution lamellae.
Bantimala block
Research School of Earth Sciences, ANU. Lithium borate discs were than 95%) with subordinat olivine. A spinel-group mineral (ana-
prepared by fusion of 0.27 g of dried sample powder with 1.72 g of lysed as chromite: see data below) also occurs, along with (Cu,
1222 eutectic LiBO2 Li2 B4 O7 at 1010 C for 10 min in a rocker Fe) suldes. All the samples contain serpentine, chlorite, mag-
furnace. The XRF spectrometer was calibrated for major elements netite and ilmenite as alteration products of the anhydrous silicates
against a set of 28 international standard rock powders. Loss-on- (Fig. 3a and b). Olivine has modal abundance 3040%, and forms
ignition (LOI) values were calculated from the mass change in euhedral to subhedral grains with irregular fractures lled by ser-
approximately 2 gof powdered sample after heating to 1010 C in pentine. Olivine grains exhibit undulating and mosaic extinction,
the furnace for 1 h. and sometime show deformation twins. Some are almost com-
Trace element analyses were obtained by LA-ICP-MS at the pletely replaced by serpentine. Clinopyroxene makes up 4050% of
Research School of Earth Sciences, ANU. Trace elements concen- the rock, as anhedral grains 58 mm in size. The abundance of ser-
tration were determined on glasses made from rock powders fused pentine ranges from 5 to 10% of the rock, and forms cross-bre veins
with lithium borate ux (1:3 mass ratio). The LA ICP-MS employed along with chlorite that cut the olivine and pyroxene. Chromite is
a Lambda Physik Compex 110i ArF+ (193 nm) excimer laser and opaque and forms less than 8% of the rock. The rocks do not contain
a Hewlett Packard Agilent 7500 ICP-MS. Laser sampling was per- orthopyroxene, plagioclase or their pseudomorphs.
formed in an ArHe atmosphere using a spot size between 80 and Harzburgites (MOR 02B and MOR 03A) consist of olivine
100 m. The counting time was 20 s for the background and 40 s for (5560%), relict orthopyroxene (2025%) and amphibole (510%)
sample analyses. The external standard for calibration was NIST 612 (Fig. 3c). Olivine varies in size, usually 0.41.2 mm, but some-
glass, using the standard reference values of Pearce et al. (2000). Si times up to 3 mm. Most olivines are altered, with serpentine
was used as the internal standard, employing the SiO2 concentra- veins replacing the olivine. Orthopyroxene occurs as subhedral
tion previously measured by XRF. Relative uncertainties in the trace to anhedral crystals 0.51.5 mm in size, sometimes up to 4 mm,
element analyses calculated from counting statistics were typically and commonly replaced by amphibole, which is usually found in
12% for abundant transition metals and light rare earths, larger the contact between orthopyroxene and olivine, and is sometimes
for scarcer elements. Estimate standard deviations are quoted in altered to serpentine. In MOR 02B, grains of Fe3+ -rich chromite
Table 8. occur as an accessory mineral, usually 0.20.8 mm in size, equant
and despite of the effect of serpentinization the chromites are
4. Results generally unalteredand are often found with Fe suldes (implied
by point analyses to be intergrowths of pyrite + pyrrhotite and/or
4.1. Petrological features pyrite + pentlandite: see below). Associated magnetite is presumed
to be a by-product of serpentinization.
Summaries of the eld and petrographic characteristics of rep- A dunite (MOR 01) associated with the harzburgites is strongly
resentative ultramac rocks from the South Sulawesi Basement serpentinized (ca. 85% replacement), but olivine relicts can still be
Complexes are listed in Table 1. identied. Olivine would have originally made up 9095% of the
rock. Chromite abundance is 35%; it usually forms small grains
4.2. Bantimala block 0.21 mm in size.
The podiform chromitite (MOR 03B) commonly occurs as lenses
The ultramac rocks in the Bantimala Block are olivine within olivine clinopyroxenite, but also sometimes within dunite.
clinopyroxenite and strongly to completely serpentinized peri- In some places, it forms discontinuous tabular bodies. Most of the
dotite (harzburgite and dunite). Podiform chromitite occurs as chromitite was massive in structure, coarse-grained and composed
lens-shaped blocks or nodules within the clinopyroxenite and up to 90 vol% of an oxide which analysed as Cr-rich magnetite
sometimes also enveloped by dunite. Locally, greenschist-facies (below). Anhedral individual grains range from 0.53 mm and are
metamorphism is evidenced by the occurrence of tremolite schist closely packed, but commonly with lms of silicate between the
as separate tectonic blocks. grains.
The olivine clinopyroxenite (samples MOR 02A and MOR 04) Tremolite schist (BGR 02) and serpentinite were found at Batu-
consists predominantly of cumulate-textured clinopyroxene (more garencing Hill as separate tectonic blocks. The tremolite schist
A. Maulana et al. / Chemie der Erde 75 (2015) 7387 77
Fig. 3. (a) Photomicrograph of clinopyroxenite (MOR 02A) in crossed polars, showing olivine (Ol), clinopyroxene (Cpx) and Cr-rich spinel-group mineral (Cr-Spl). Olivine
has been partially replaced by serpentine (Srp). (b) Olivine clinopyroxenite (MOR 04) in plane polarized light. Olivine (Ol) has been partially altered into serpentine (c)
Harzburgite (MOR 02B) in crossed polars, showing olivine, orthopyroxene (Opx), serpentine and tremolite (Tr). Note that rim of Opx is altered into serpentine. (d) Tremolitic
schist (BGR 02) in crossed polars. Tremolite porphyroblasts occur in tremolite and chlorite (Chl) groundmass.
consists of tremolite (nearly 80%) with a small amount of chlo- serpentinized-olivine (5060%) and amphibole (1015%). The
rite (1015%) and calcite (<5%). Tremolite occurs as porphyroblasts, harzburgite (BR02) has similar composition but without amphi-
ranging from 26 mm in size, showing a distinctive cleavage. Chlo- bole. A spinel-group mineral (chromite to magnesiochromite)
rite occurs mainly as a secondary mineral replacing tremolite, but occurs as an accessory (210%) along with small amounts of sul-
is sometimes found as small grains or bres in the groundmass and de (12%). Olivine is pseudomorphed by serpentine (Fig. 4a), and
as a rim on tremolite (Fig. 3d). some relict olivine grains exhibit undulating and mosaic extinction.
The Batugarencing Hill serpentinite sample BGR 01 shows relics Primary orthopyroxene has exsolution lamellae of clinopyrox-
of olivine and orthopyroxene, along with spinel grains. The absence ene and rarely spinel. Amphibole is secondary, and occurs in
of evidence for clinopyroxene implies that it is a highly altered multiple generations, initially identied visually as hornblende
harzburgite. The serpentine contain a small amounts of chlorite. (earlier, coarser, more pleochroic) or tremolite (less so), which
Individual serpentine pseudomorphs are generally ne-grained, partially or completely replace pyroxene grains and are in turn
with randomly oriented brous texture, although some mesh tex- altered into serpentine. Subsequent analysis revealed these to be,
ture is developed in former olivine. respectively, edenite and magnesiohornblende/tremolite (below).
Mesh-textured serpentine pseudomorphs most anhydrous sili-
4.3. Barru block cates, and also contain chlorite (Fig. 4). Relict grains of olivine and
pyroxene rimmed by serpentine are sometimes still found. Serpen-
Generally, the ultramac rocks of the Barru Block have tine makes up 6085% of the rock, including pseudomorphs after
been serpentinized and metamorphosed at low temperature olivine, clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene. Subhedral and lobate
(greenschist-facies) or moderately high temperature (amphibolite- Cr-rich spinel makes up 58% of the rock. Other phases are chlorite
facies). The amphibolite-facies overprint is related to later intrusion (2030%), and accessory magnetite (Fig. 4b). The olivine pseudo-
by intermediate to felsic magmas. The ultramac rocks are of morphs show a mesh texture as described by OHanley (1996), with
amphibole bearing harzburgite (AM16 and DNG01) and harzbur- serpentine in the mesh rims and olivine relicts in the mesh centres.
gite (BR02) composition. Podiform chromitite sometimes occurs as Serpentine also occurs as thin veins cutting the thin sections. Acces-
lenses or nodules within peridotite at Sabangnairi Hill and Kamara sory spinel varies in size (usually 0.20.7 mm), and is sometimes
Village. replaced by (Mg, Cr)-rich magnetite.
The amphibole-bearing harzburgite (samples AM 16 and DNG Podiform chromitite (BR 03) is found as coarse-grained
01) were distinguished from harzburgite (BR02) by the occurrence (15 mm) layers containing up to 95 vol% anhedral magne-
of amphibole. It consists of subhedral to euhedral orthopyrox- siochromite grains cemented by serpentine. Interlayering with
ene (2030%) and clinopyroxene (25%) together with anhedral peridotite was sometimes observed in the eld.
78 A. Maulana et al. / Chemie der Erde 75 (2015) 7387
Fig. 4. (a) Photomicrograph of serpentinized harzburgite (AM 16) in crossed polars. The rock exhibits a pseudomorphic texture in which olivine has been altered into
serpentine and pyroxene has been replaced by hornblende (b) Serpentinized spinel-bearing harzburgite (BR 02) in crossed polars. Serpentine replacing olivine exhibits a
mesh texture (A). Chlorite occurs sporadically (Chl) and Cr-rich spinel occurs as an accessory mineral.
5. Mineral chemistry clinopyroxenite MOR 02A, and has high MgO and low MnO contents
(5.05 wt% and 0.33 wt%, respectively).
5.1. Olivine The spinels from the Barru block are more varied than those
from Bantimala, but in general have lower Cr content. XCr for
Representative microprobe analyses of olivine from the ultra- spinel harzburgite AM 16 is 0.720.75; there is a wide range of
mac rocks in the Bantimala and Barru Blocks are given in Table 2. Fe2+ :Mg ratio, including examples of both chromite and magne-
Analyses are normalized to 4 oxygens, assuming all Fe is Fe2+ . siochromite whereas harzburgite BR 02 has two types of spinel.
Olivine composition depends mainly on lithology, and is usually One has lower XCr (0.200.21), high Al content (1.461.49 apfu), low
uniform within individual samples, with no compositional zoning Fe3+ (0.140.15 apfu) and Mg > Fe2+ , making it Cr-rich true spinel,
from core to rim. Generally, olivine from the Bantimala Block is less while the other has higher XCr (0.880.91), low Al and high Fe3+
magnesian (Fo content ranges from 0.850.90). Olivine from Ban- content (1.441.48 apfu), with Mg Fe2+ , and is Cr-rich magnetite
timala clinopyroxenites (MOR 02A and MOR 04) is less magnesian to magnesioferrite.
(Fo85 ) than that from harzburgite MOR 02B (Fo90 ). All olivine from The spinel in Barru podiform chromitite BR03 is magne-
the Barru Block is Mg-rich, with Fo content 0.890.91. siochromite showing zoning with XCr increasing toward the rim
(0.750.84, respectively). Compared to the Cr-rich magnetite in the
5.2. Pyroxenes Bantimala podiform chromitite, it has much higher Mg:Fe2+ , lower
Fe3+ and is more aluminous, with Al up to 0.47 apfu.
Representative microprobe analyses of pyroxenes are presented
in Table 2. Ferric iron content in pyroxene was calculated by nor- 5.4. Amphiboles
malizing the cation to a total of 4 apfu. To balance the charge of
6 O2 pfu., Fe3+ was substituted for Fe2+ . In the Bantimala Block, Representative analyses of amphibole from the meta-ultramac
clinopyroxene only occurs in the clinopyroxenites MOR 02A and and ultramac rocks are in Table 4. Formulae were recalculated to
MOR 04. It shows a very restricted composition range (En47.549.5 , 23 oxygens on the assumption that the small amount of Fe present
Fs13.6 ,Wo48.849.5 ) and plots in the diopside eld. The XMg value is was Fe2+ throughout. A tendency to obtain subtotals of octahedral
0.95. Orthopyroxene also shows a rather restricted composition cations (Aloct + Cr + Ti + Mg + Fe + Mn) in excess of 5 per formula unit
(En9091 , Fs8.59.5 , Wo0.50.8 ), plotting in the enstatite eld with XMg suggested contamination of the amphiboles by ne intergrowth of
value is 0.91. an Mg-rich phase with high average cation charge, such as talc or
Orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene in the Barru Block occur an intermediate pyribole.
in harzburgite (AM 16, DNG 01). The orthopyroxene has a very Identication of species name for these slightly contami-
restricted range of composition (En90.691.8 , Fs8.49 , Wo0.40.5 ) with nated amphiboles is nontrivial. The classication scheme of
XMg = 0.910.92, and plots in the enstatite eld. Clinopyroxene also Hawthorne et al. (2012) divides calcium amphiboles from sodium-
shows little variation in composition, and falls in the diopside calcium amphiboles at (Ca + B M2+ )/B = 0.75, where B represents
eld. Ca = 0.940.95 apfu, Al is very low at 0.010.02 apfu, XMg is the second-largest cation site group in the overall amphibole for-
0.950.98. mula template A01 B2 C5 T8 O22 X2 . All the amphiboles of this study
are unequivocally calcium amphiboles by this criterion. Within
5.3. Oxides that group, Hawthorne et al. (2012) dene species boundaries on
the basis of X = C (M3+ + 2 Ti) and Y = A (Na + K + 2 Ca). Parameter Y
Representative analyses of spinel-group minerals and ilmenite is equivalent to cations 15 in our case, since we have no A Ca.
from ultramac rocks are presented in Table 3. The Cr-rich spinels Parameter X is not a robust parameter as derived directly from
from clinopyroxenite and harzburgite in the Bantimala Block, are our formulae, since the distribution of Al between octahedral and
chromite with Cr/(Cr + Al) = XCr = 0.910.92, whereas those from the tetrahedral sites has a very large relative uncertainty. However,
podiform chromitite have even higher XCr (0.950.96), but also have examination of Figs. 3 and 4 of Hawthorne et al. (2012) shows
calculated Fe3+ > Cr, making them Cr-rich magnetite. This spinel is that this discriminator is equivalent to (23 + B M1+ Si cations ).
compositionally distinct from those in the other ultramac rocks, We assume that Li is absent, so B M1+ = B Na, which in turn can
with relatively low content of Al2 O3 (0.50.9 wt%) and high TiO2 be estimated as B Na = 15 + Na + K cations , if this term is positive,
(2.73.3 wt%, equivalent to 0.1 apfu). Ilmenite was only found in zero otherwise. The second discriminator Y can be rewritten as
Table 2
Olivine and pyroxene analyses. Olivine normalized to 4 oxygens and 3 cations and pyroxene normalized to 6 oxygens and 4 cations.
Sample MOR 02A MOR 04 MOR 02B AM 16 DNG 01 Sample MOR 02A MOR 04 MOR 02B AM 16
Olivine Pyroxene
SiO2 40.31 40.24 40.41 40.07 40.86 40.52 40.88 40.80 40.74 41.31 SiO2 53.46 53.45 54.51 53.87 55.54 55.04 55.28 55.62
TiO2 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.12 0.08 0.01 0.11 0.00 TiO2 0.20 0.28 0.15 0.21 0.01 0.05 0.13 0.06
Al2 O3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Al2 O3 1.52 1.63 1.36 1.84 1.97 2.33 3.62 3.36
79
80
Table 3
Representative microprobe analyses of oxides. Spinel-group minerals recalculated to 4 oxygens with Fe3+ content calculated to give 3 cations, ilmenite to 3 oxygens. Symbols after Whitney and Evans (2010): Chr = chromite,
Ilm = ilmenite, Mag = magnetite, Mchr = magnesiochromite, Spl = spinel.
Mineral Chr Chr Ilm Chr Cr-rich Mag Chr Mchr Chr Cr-rich Spl (Mg,Cr)-rich Mag Mchr
SiO2 0.25 0.11 0.06 0.08 0.13 0.40 0.11 0.07 0.03 0.04 0.09 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.33 0.48 0.44 0.02 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.00
TiO2 1.17 1.05 53.05 0.51 0.51 0.99 2.93 2.99 3.28 0.54 0.45 0.51 0.19 0.10 0.13 0.08 0.00 0.09 0.08 0.37 0.31 0.21 0.28
Sample BGR 02 AM 16 DNG 01 Sample MOR02A AM16 BR 02 Sample MOR 02A MOR 02B AM 16
no
Mineral Tr Hornblende = High-Al Tr High-Al Tr Ed Mineral Srp Chl Srp Srp Mineral Bornite Idaite (Ni,Co,Cu)-Py Py + Pn? Py + Po Vaesite
Ed/Prg
SiO2 56.68 56.32 46.05 46.28 53.04 52.01 51.59 53.24 47.75 SiO2 41.09 31.89 39.88 40.24 41.39 40.46 Fe wt% 14.82 13.21 15.98 27.11 50.44 8.75
81
82 A. Maulana et al. / Chemie der Erde 75 (2015) 7387
5.6. Suldes
Table 5
Whole-rock and trace element compositions of ultramac rocks from the Bantimala and Barru Blocks, South Sulawesi. n.d. = not detected. For trace elements, estimated
errors are given as multiples of least signicant digit, in parentheses, and 3 detection limit is used.
Sample MOR 04 MOR 02A MOR 01 MOR 02B MOR 03A BGR 02 AM 16 DNG 01 BR 02
SiO2 wt% 49.04 48.65 40.55 40.18 39.62 46.27 38.85 40.53 39.47
TiO2 0.14 0.14 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.09 0.05
Al2 O3 2.20 2.15 0.95 1.36 0.84 4.12 1.27 2.75 1.70
FeOtot 5.77 5.83 6.93 8.46 8.02 4.98 7.59 8.18 7.47
MnO 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.08 0.09 0.17 0.08
MgO 21.51 21.86 36.54 37.84 36.74 29.50 36.06 34.23 35.62
CaO 18.23 17.83 0.05 1.26 0.03 5.10 0.23 2.13 0.10
Na2 O 0.17 0.19 n.d. n.d. n.d. 0.30 0.06 0.08 n.d.
K2 O 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.00
P2 O5 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01
LOI 3.36 3.29 14.35 10.42 14.02 8.76 16.19 12.27 15.13
Total 100.53 100.04 99.53 99.70 99.47 99.17 100.40 100.45 99.62
Mg# 0.789 0.789 0.841 0.817 0.821 0.855 0.826 0.807 0.827
Trace elements
Be 0.24 (4) 0.24 (4) <0.8 <1 0.27 (4) 0.48 (5) <0.8 0.18 (3) 0.20 (3)
Sc 92.1 (9) 90.0 (10) 14.1 (2) 12.5 (2) 26.8 (3) 4.55 (8) 14.9 (2) 15.4 (2) 17.3 (3)
V 208 (2) 214 (2) 57.3 (5) 74.8 (7) 75.1 (7) 47.4 (6) 82.8 (7) 91.8 (8) 93.9 (12)
Cr 1085 (14) 1084 (14) 3784 (51) 3220 (47) 2573 (33) 2361 (30) 2339 (32) 2573 (31) 2731 (37)
Ni 391 (4) 362 (4) 2074 (21) 2137 (22) 1040 (10) 1693 (16) 2174 (24) 2118 (20) 2071 (19)
Cu 282 (3) 419 (5) 21.9 (6) 52.0 (8) 11.5 (3) 12.3 (3) 53.2 (9) 18.8 (4) 36.3 (5)
Zn 16.4 (5) 15.6 (4) 69.0 (11) 48.8 (9) 26.4 (5) 21.6 (5) 46.0 (10) 36.7 (7) 48.0 (8)
Ga 1.63 (6) 1.63 (7) 0.63 (4) 1.38 (8) 0.92 (4) 5.00 (14) 1.96 (9) 2.10 (9) 1.48 (6)
Ge 2.8 (2) 2.5 (2) 2.1 (2) 2.0 (2) 1.3 (2) 0.6 (2) 1.6 (2) 1.7 (2) 3.3 (2)
As 0.51 (12) 1.01 (12) <0.8 <0.8 1.82 (13) 0.30 (12) 133 (2) 114.6 (14) 3.1 (2)
Rb <0.05 <0.05 <0.3 0.38 (4) 0.12 (2) 0.10 (2) 0.30 (3) 0.17 (3) 0.08 (2)
Sr 18.7 (2) 19.7 (3) 0.47 (3) 9.1 (2) 0.69 (3) 33.1 (4) 5.66 (13) 5.36 (10) 1.77 (6)
Y 2.19 (6) 2.00 (5) 0.68 (4) 0.84 (4) 1.22 (4) 0.37 (2) 2.47 (7) 2.27 (5) 0.82 (4)
Zr 0.35 (3) 0.40 (3) 0.37 (4) 0.94 (6) 1.09 (5) 1.21 (6) 1.87 (8) 0.95 (5) 0.28 (3)
Nb 0.097 (15) 0.091 (12) 0.027 (12) 0.107 (15) 0.057 (10) 0.06 (1) 0.084 (13) 0.044 (10) 0.024 (8)
Mo 0.53 (6) 0.58 (5) 0.98 (8) 1.62 (13) 0.76 (6) 1.01 (9) 1.08 (10) 1.13 (8) 1.05 (7)
Ag 0.21 (2) 0.38 (2) 0.13 (2) 0.18 (4) 0.05 (2) 0.13 (2) 0.17 (3) 0.16 (2) 0.102 (15)
Cd <0.2 <0.15 <0.25 <0.2 <0.08 <0.15 <0.3 <0.12 <0.12
In 0.021 (7) 0.020 (8) <0.02 <0.025 <0.015 <0.025 <0.025 <0.02 0.021 (5)
Sn 0.78 (6) 0.25 (6) 0.25 (6) 0.78 (9) <0.015 0.25 (5) 0.34 (8) 0.14 (4) 0.25 (5)
Sb 2.72 (10) 2.67 (11) 3.24 (10) 2.94 (11) 2.93 (11) 2.62 (10) 3.06 (10) 2.84 (9) 2.65 (8)
Cs 0.039 (12) 0.040 (12) <0.02 0.21 (2) 0.021 (8) 0.056 (11) 0.039 (9) 0.058 (10) 0.044 (9)
Ba 2.11 (8) 1.16 (6) <0.8 2.98 (11) 4.67 (10) 1.00 (5) 16.9 (2) 22.8 (3) 1.20 (6)
La 0.089 (15) 0.079 (14) 0.057 (10) 0.120 (16) 0.183 (15) 0.21 (2) 0.22 (2) 0.24 (2) 0.26 (2)
Ce 0.16 (2) 0.17 (2) 0.067 (10) 0.24 (2) 0.55 (3) 0.27 (2) 0.18 (2) 0.17 (2) 0.130 (12)
Pr 0.049 (9) 0.012 (6) <0.01 0.051 (9) 0.075 (11) 0.044 (8) 0.028 (6) 0.027 (9) 0.028 (6)
Nd 0.33 (5) 0.23 (5) 0.08 (3) 0.21 (4) 0.39 (6) 0.22 (5) 0.31 (5) 0.27 (4) 0.10 (4)
Sm 0.20 (5) 0.08 (5) <0.08 0.15 (5) 0.10 (4) <0.1 0.12 (4) 0.15 (4) <0.1
Eu 0.078 (17) 0.056 (13) 0.023 (10) 0.044 (11) 0.063 (14) 0.038 (13) 0.061 (15) 0.054 (12) 0.034 (15)
Gd 0.34 (5) 0.37 (6) 0.07 (3) 0.08 (3) 0.25 (4) 0.06 (2) 0.22 (4) 0.27 (5) 0.08 (2)
Tb 0.063 (10) 0.056 (10) <0.02 <0.02 0.042 (7) <0.02 0.061 (9) 0.037 (9) 0.019 (6)
Dy 0.42 (6) 0.34 (5) 0.13 (3) <0.1 0.23 (4) <0.07 0.41 (6) 0.49 (5) 0.16 (3)
Ho 0.089 (16) 0.069 (13) <0.03 0.047 (9) 0.031 (7) 0.019 (5) 0.100 (11) 0.099 (11) 0.030 (9)
Er 0.24 (4) 0.23 (3) 0.16 (2) 0.09 (3) 0.11 (2) 0.041 (13) 0.34 (4) 0.24 (4) 0.08 (2)
Tm 0.052 (11) 0.037 (9) 0.027 (8) 0.029 (7) <0.015 0.017 (7) 0.037 (10) 0.037 (9) <0.012
Yb 0.17 (3) 0.15 (3) 0.11 (3) 0.08 (3) 0.10 (2) <0.05 0.39 (4) 0.28 (4) 0.16 (3)
Lu 0.025 (8) 0.020 (7) 0.018 (10) 0.02 (1) 0.019 (7) <0.015 0.061 (13) 0.048 (10) 0.027 (7)
Hf 0.30 (4) 0.20 (3) 0.10 (3) 0.31 (4) 0.08 (3) 0.16 (3) 0.68 (5) 0.20 (3) <0.05
Ta 0.046 (6) 0.039 (5) 0.019 (6) 0.031 (6) <0.008 <0.007 0.034 (5) 0.017 (4) <0.006
Tl <0.10 <0.08 <0.15 <0.15 <0.07 <0.06 <0.1 <0.05 <0.07
Pb 0.62 (6) 0.75 (7) <4 0.36 (5) 0.13 (5) 0.68 (7) 0.35 (5) 0.15 (4) <0.08
Bi 0.074 (16) 0.11 (2) 0.035 (15) 0.035 (12) 0.041 (16) <0.03 0.041 (15) <0.03 <0.03
Th 0.025 (9) <0.03 <0.03 <0.04 0.04 (1) 0.027 (9) <0.03 <0.025 <0.03
U <0.03 <0.02 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.02 <0.03 <0.025 <0.02
due to late addition of LREE (La, Ce, Pr) superimposed on an original Trace element plots for the Barru harzburgite are shown in
LREE-depleted pattern, while the apparent positive anomaly in Tm Fig. 6e and f. The spiky pattern for large-ion lithophiles and high
is <2 in magnitude, and appears to represent analytical error. eld strength elements is even more marked than for the Bantimala
Harzburgite and dunite from the Bantimala Block are also very ultramacs. Relative to the overall trend, all rocks are depleted in
depleted compared to primitive mantle, in general. There are neg- Nb and Zr, but the amphibole bearing harzburgite (AM 16 and DNG
ative Zr and Nb anomalies, but upward curves for the incompatible 01) show enrichment in Rb, Ba, La and Ce, which again may be due
lithophiles Rb, Ba and Th, and a Sr spike for one harzburgite may to slab uid input. Apart from the enrichment in La and possibly
represent input from slab uids. Chondrite-normalized REE are Ce, the REEs are in general more enriched at the heavy end of the
very at (Fig. 6c and d). series.
84 A. Maulana et al. / Chemie der Erde 75 (2015) 7387
Fig. 6. (a) PM-normalized trace element patterns of clinopyroxenites from the Bantimala Block. (b) Chondrite-normalized REE patterns. Primitive mantle and chondrite
data taken from Sun and McDonough (1989), as is the N-MORB data shown as comparison. (c) Primitive-mantle normalized trace element patterns of dunite MOR 01 and
harzburgites MOR 02B, MOR 03A from the Bantimala Block. (d) Chondrite-normalized REE patterns. (e) Primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns of harzburgite
AM 16, DNG 01 and harzburgite BR 02 from the Barru block. (f) Chondrite-normalized REE patterns. Cpx-ESO eld is from Kadarusman et al. (2004), Cpx-SSZ ophiolite is from
Bizimis et al. (2000).
7. Discussion Wells (1977). Plagioclase and garnet are absent, consistent with
pressure lying within the eld in the diagram of Arai (1994).
7.1. Geothermobarometry Exsolution of clinopyroxene and spinel in orthopyroxene indicate
re-equilibration from higher-temperature conditions (Arai, 1994).
The absence of garnet in ultramac rocks in the Bantimala In both blocks, the high degree of serpentinization for most
implies that they have not experienced high-pressure meta- samples indicates intensive metamorphism at low-pressure, low-
morphism. They contain relict orthopyroxene which must have temperature conditions.
equilibrated at relatively low temperature (<800 C; cf. Lindsley, Both blocks show rocks with metamorphic amphibole, but the
1983), as the Ca content of the pyroxene is below detection limit of ranges of amphibole composition differ. The Bantimala Block con-
the electron microprobe (<0.1 wt% for CaO). tains schist with tremolite that is poor in alkalis and Al, while
In the Barru Block, the equilibrium temperature derived from the Barru Block has distinct populations of early edenite/pargasite
pyroxene porphyroclasts in harzburgite AM 16 is calculated and later high-Al tremolite. All compositions lie along a single
to be 1120 C according to two-pyroxene thermobarometer of trend, and if the difference in Al/Na content is correlated with
A. Maulana et al. / Chemie der Erde 75 (2015) 7387 85
Bantimala dunite, harzburgite and clinopyroxenite are cumulates. Kadarusman, A., Parkinson, C.D., 2000. Petrology and PT evolution of gar-
Neither block shows a full ophiolite sequence, but instead only net peridotites from central Sulawesi, Indonesia. J. Metamorph. Geol. 18,
193209.
limited ultramac suites, probably derived from marginal or back- Kadarusman, A., Sopaheluwakan, J., van Leeuwen, T.M., 2002. Eclogite, garnet peri-
arc basins, which were emplaced onto the proto-Sulawesi arc and dotite, granulite and associated high-grade rocks from the Palu-Koro region,
juxtaposed with the metamorphic rock assemblages to form the Central Sulawesi, Indonesia: an example of mantle and crust interactions in
young orogenic belt. EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 83 (48), F. 1182 (abstract).
basement complexes. The Bantimala and Barru obduction events Kamenetsky, V.S., Crawford, A.J., Meffre, S., 2001. Factors controlling chemistry of
were not caused directly by the westward thrust of Australian magmatic spinel: an empirical study of associated olivine, Cr-spinel and melt
microcontinent or Pacic oceanic plate on the Eurasian margin, or inclusions from primitive rocks. J. Petrol. 42, 655671.
Katili, J.A., 1978. Past and present geotectonic position of Sulawesi, Indonesia.
by southward obduction of the Celebes Sea over the east Sulawesi
Tectonophysics 45, 289322.
basement, as suggested for the emplacement of East Sulawesi Ophi- Kitakaze, A., Itoh, H., Komatsu, R., 2011. Horomanite, (Fe,Ni,Co,Cu)9 S8 , and samani-
olite. ite, Cu2 (Fe,Ni)7 S8 , new mineral species from the Horoman peridotite massif,
Hokkaido, Japan. J. Mineral. Petrol. Sci. 106, 204210.
Lindsley, D.H., 1983. Pyroxene thermometry. Am. Mineral. 68, 477493.
Acknowledgments Maulana, A., Christy, A.G., Ellis, D.J., 2008. The petrology of eclogites from the
Bantimala Complex, Southern Sulawesi, Indonesia. Indonesian Association of
Geologists Annual Convention Proceedings 2007 37, 4063.
This work was supported by an Australian Partnership Schol-
Maulana, A., 2009. Petrology, Geochemistry and Metamorphic Evolution of the South
arship Award to the rst author. We thank Dr Ulrike Troitzsch for Sulawesi Basement Complexes, Indonesia. The Australian National University,
their assistance and discussions. Field work was nancially sup- Canberra, 188 pp. (M. Phil. Thesis).
ported by Australian Research Council Grant DP0559055 to David Maulana, A., Christy, A., Ellis, D., Watanabe, K., Imai, A., 2003. Geochemistry of
eclogite- and blueschist-facies rocks from Bantimala Complex, South Sulawesi,
Ellis and Andrew Christy. Technical assistance in the eld provided Indonesia: protolith origin and tectonic setting. Island Arc 22, 427452.
by Mr. Kaharuddin and Mr. Amiruddin is acknowledged. Miyazaki, K., Zulkarnain, I., Sopaheluwakan, J., Wakita, K., 1996. Pressure-
temperature conditions and retrograde paths of eclogites, garnetglaucophane
rocks and schists from South Sulawesi, Indonesia. J. Metamorph. Geol. 14,
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