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Welcome to the Italian course!

Remember that you can click on the words to see tips of possible
translations.

Personal pronouns

The subject pronouns in Italian are:

Io - I

Tu - Singular You

Lui - He

Lei - She

Esso/Essa - It (archaic and literary)

Noi - We

Voi - Plural You / You all

Loro - They (speaking of people)

Essi/Esse - They (archaic and literary)

The verb is always conjugated to match the subject, and the subject is only specified for clarity or
emphasis.

Articles

Articles have to match gender and number of the noun they refer to.

The singular determinate articles (the) are:

Lo - masculine, used before Z, S+consonant, GN, and some rarer consonant clusters.

Il - masculine, used before consonants except the above.

La - feminine, used before all consonants.

L' - an elision of the above used before vowels.

The indeterminate articles (a/an) are:

Uno - masculine, used before Z, S+consonant, GN, and some rarer consonant clusters.

Un - masculine, used in all other cases.

Una - feminine, used before all consonants.

Un' - feminine, used before vowels.

Negations

In this section you'll use negations for the first time.

The English no has two main uses:

Particle (e.g. "no!"): this translates directly to the Italian no.


Determiner (e.g. "no one"): you'll learn the translations for this in a later section.

The English not almost always translates to the Italian non. However, while not often follows the verb it
negates or its auxiliary, the Italian non always precedes it.

Greetings

Ciao is used both ways in Italian: when meeting (also salve) and when parting
(also arrivederci or addio).

Buongiorno and buonasera are normally used when meeting, although they can be used when
parting as well: the first is used in the first half of the day and the latter in the remaining half.

Buonanotte is always used when parting, as it presumes that the day is over (same as "good
night").

Prego is a courtesy form used in many occasions to accompany a kind action, and it's the
customary answer to reply to received thanks.

Per favore, per piacere and per cortesia are courtesy forms used when asking for something.

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