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Chapter 2-1

2.1 expriments 4,5,6 sho that the gain is approx


The minimum number of pins re4uired by dual- mately v/v.
The missing entry for experiment
op-amp is 8. ach op-amp ha 2 iput erninals #3 can be predicted as foows:

: b: l' : 0.oI V.
(4 pins) and one output terminal (2 pins). Another
6\ '"
2 pins ae required for poe
A l)
similaly the minimum number of pins required
by quad-op-amp is 14:
(a)': ._ Ua= 1._0.01 :0.99v
4x2+4xl+2:14 The missing entries for experiment #7:

t't
161 ,," : :J!
l)
= _o-051 V

Refer to fig 2.2 (c) v. = v, + ,, : 5.10 - 0.05i = 5.049 V


J' : J'x lK
l+lM = ,r.
I All the resuts seen to be reasonable.
'1I
: 1u.L 2S
o,:1,
' ' l01 i: G.( _ ')
'
A: ll : R.G.( _ v')
'
=10lx1 GainA: '
= R^G.
2 2_ vl
A = 22N =21X10l0r
: 20' v/v
t1

+
-*
|

9r,..

":2.0V + ==
z : - 1.000 V '
For ideal op amp
.: : _l.000V
Measurd voltage at positie input : _ 1.010
2.6
Amplifiergain A= oo
!+-a- z.": : !(q + ')
l vSin (260)
1

z
- _ l.010_2.0
(' l.0) :
, 0.0l Sin (2zi000) : ,_
- 1

:2N ?= Uc _ z,/2: Sin(l20tr)l - 0.5 Sin


2nnt
2A '= - * ,l2: Sin 120r, + 0.005 sin 200r,

# 2.1
R (G"' ,, _ c.' , Refer to Fig. 2.4

': ')
': !':1.: sR (G-" , c.,')
.(x) o.0 0.) 0.)
.00 l.0 o.o .O0 '. = n(c. o2+ 2 G^ 1*
\c.'')
3 (a) 1.OO (b) t.00 (oz - l\
.: LR G.+ '3c^
4 l.) l.l0 0.10 ! 0.1 01 d

2' _o.l _.99 (' + '\


5 2-Ol 99
+ '
iRG..+
6 t -99 2. .0l 1.00 0o ' 2u,cu
7 5. to (c) (d) _5.l ve hae v, = . z,, I d- ",
=> Ao
: 1RG^, Ag : |''RG^
Cape 2_2

, 2.to
CMRR - 20 Iorl | = 26 1on.
"|Aru| " G. There are four possibiiies:

20log,,, , : 80 dB + A, = 10
1 k l k
AcM _ G.
' ' : lrxll: lo
A" C'^- ' ^'^ l
CMRR _ : Ion.
"
= 26 1on
--J-
".l
_ 6
/ |00
^G^
2,4
Circuit 1 J
'\t'
R'"(k) o: : _2 1o k

- l00 = _l lo
10

b -lo lo
c -t0 10

d _ 10

inual ground no curren in l0 k

2.9

R2= l0 k lo: '0.5 /v Rl" = l0 k

Rr= 10 k

Closed loop gain is 1 lo: _0.5 vr'


20 k

l R' l0 k
v R l0 k

For r,: + l.0V


',,= A,: +1 x 1.)
: _1.0v
The two resisors are 19, resistors

r!)
\ r, /.,"
_ _l0(l_0.t)
l0( I + 0.01
= _0.98 V/V
: _2N :
)

R," 5 k
11) _ _|0(l+0.l ) _ _-02 /
\ ll.,' l0( I -o.ol)
Range is 0.98 o l.02 vy' 2.1 T
G: -l V/V b. G = - lOv/v
c. c : -0.1 v/v d. G: lV/V
e-
Chapter 2-3

2.12 R2 = 19.95 Rt < M


a. G: -l V/V: =Rz:lok For lagest possibe inpu resistance choose
*=*, R, = 1M
b' G : _2N : l M -s.t
n,'
19.95 -

-R, R. : lOk, Ru:20k
-------:
Rt'=, R' = R, : 50.l k
c.G= -0.5 V/V
2.15
: Rr=R, :20k, Ra: 10k

_,..'--l---
R',
d. G: _1v/v
=
-R, + R. : 10k, Rz = 1Mo _Rz_'1:
Rr
___--
'.

G:9= l
vi Rr l0
2.t3 v-: l0Y ,h:0, -!: _5v
2.16

'.: 0k
z1 lk = l v,/v
.: _1o
= 10 x (0.5)

ln the figure
oo
i'' : 2k -5
2k -
25mA

9: _l = -Rz Rr= l0 k
Rr

=tR2:4Rr
Toal resistance used is 1 kC!
.'.Rl+R2: lk
R,+4R,=lk
R, = 20k
and R, : 4, : 36 1

2.14
Gain is 26 dB

o-(u-) o-(-5)
l0 k t k
: +0.5mA
i3: i"- i,= -2.s 0.5
: _3 m
This additiona current is supplid by the op amp.
+
2-17

,(r +ft)
16;r;11 : &: R1
r.?)
Rl l./
26 dB : 20 log lcl
So 2X is the tolerance on the closed loop gain G
G:1o26'20=19.95
: _'gsl : _R,
G:-tooYandx=1
.''9
Rl Gain aiation - 102 <G <-98
Chapter 2-4

2.18 R, : l0o k
-n + o
Rz=5k
R : ll9___-]
_
: 1.66 k
Rr=l5k ]-
2 k resistor coneted to input be shnted o
achiee 1.66 k is R., then
/ R'
1.66 = 2 k i| R 2 k
R,+2ko
+R. : 9.76 k

,-R,R,5
2.20
i R R| 15

,, = oY ',: ":5
For :t l 7o on R|, R,: R = 15 t .l5 kr} Rr= 1k
Rl=1k
R'?:5:!005k(l

"" : 'R, = ls&+


',--, R, ts x ll
t5.t5
vr

=<tsx
" t4 85
4.9v<r,<5.lv
For l, : _ 5:t 0.l5 v la.s x j u' !" = _& = _trv
t5-t5 ur Rr
,l5.!5l!
"
siceRt"=lk:Rl
14.85
.'.R2=ilxl:lk
94.85U<,=5.l5V b. op. Amp has open loop gain of 20 v/v

2.19 o, : _! where:2)ocien

: lo pply KcL at note y,



-7lrt -
300 -| _ |_ o
!":
-50 v/v R R2

,,= 1 and sole fo 9


Then subsitute
'A
-lo
5
_R2
!: : Rt
Rz= 1 k
r *(I * &') .
\ R,/ A
_1/l : _66.4/
=
r+lr\ +])^
1 .' 2(n
|

+
c. .et R' .: R.llRl \rhete R, : l kf}
b
Need9:'1vr'
gain apply KcL at node V,, and R, is replaced
by Rr'
pply KcL at node yl
_V1 1_ ,, 7'1 x_0o
Rr
- R2 Ri R1
_ )| y :-oo=
R| = R2 substitute for , and 14 and Substiute
20
01 -ao
Chapter 2-5

and ,' : _ j9- 2.23


' l
sole for Rl'
(-% - ".\
- uo/
R,': R,x\l
f -% _,,)
\20 ') +
-t I
- 1 l00 20
_ I _1
20
Rr' : 0.9495 k .: _A : _i'R'
.'- 0.9495 k _ R' ll R'R' _ R'
R - R+R, i,R,: v (1 +A)
l+R, -. _ i,R:
= 1k 1+
"'Rl
Solve for Again 1,,: iRl + ,

& : 18.81 k _4
Use = 13.31 19- 18.80 :t 17o
=;n.+; 'l+
SoR.-: !: R.+ Rz
2.21, '" i, A+l
output voltage .anges from - 0 to + 10v and
openloop gain is 200 v/v
2.4
.'. voIage a inenting input terminal ill ay
6:
,,:'(R2/R|'
o
J! 19 --!q. closedlooDain
16 i.e _5 mv o l5 m.
20 20 .. LJ_!/&
1
ThUs he irtal goun ill depan by a maimum
oft5mV Gain Errr : ljl&lj-i

x trn
2-22
o.t%

too, (' - oo(t +ft) ro(r +ft)


ft)
Gain with resistance R,"

a)For: c,: Ul=0


. = 'i' R,
R,=9:-RF
i
+

R,"::o
i

b) ForA-finie|
",
= -' " = , i,Rp
R2
t' R,R," \
+u._
" A!'_j,RFR.-__Ro
- i, R, *R"J
,** .-
1+&
Rr
n':!: R l+
' ii 1+
chaper 2_6

The effect of Rla in he denominaor is ery smal'


I I+ frlRr
so e neglect his ,'] =l A I

,-(t+l) L fr
I

|'-
R2/Rr + Rr.) R:lr, , R, \ + R,/RJl
.: fuR. J: ' R'/
R,
1 l

l+--: +--:
R,
___ ,*_;- R. +-j_ R"
'*
RI
To resore he gain to its norninal aeof }.
Rl
use
l_,, A

R" ,Rr
l+--i Rr
RR,. _
' solving fo. we get

s R|" =
lrn
.------_.l
R,
'00
, : (,-fr: l)

: I - c.-,-,l
/I \
1)
-
b.G,n.in.l = l : ,R2
Rr
R''=2k=R'
''
' R':2k
R,' = R. R G' - R2/ Rt' R,: lR, : 2k
Again G.-", : - l0o and ... :
lt
109o
1+ltR2/Rr'

..,4 : (l - G",,.'.,,)l:
/1
- l
\
n order for G' : G: \ l
'|

^
(,: R,' =--f,,
-R,/'
= rl _ (_lo)r(l _ l)
l+l+R2lRl', R
A :l0lx9
R, R. : 909 V/V
"' R,+R.
( r'f:-in,n.jt) 2,27
- . lcl /lcl l+ R,/Rt
R,R. * r-
al-
=R,'R'-11 1
/
^ ) l 4]9] : o.5%. ^ : soq" 'LR| = 100
G
(R| l ) ' R. t * n.,
R, + R.
'RP,^, 0.5_+1
R'=+cR'+G& .5
R,. _ A-c A = 11(.5) _ 10.1 k
Rr 1+G (.5)

2.26

a. Equaion 2.5 c =
ttn - R2/ Rl
r*(r*&lze
\ R/
and Gn,,.,nu, : - R2
R
Gain error
.:lc
' c*,'-,1 :l c -'l
I c"".'" I lc-,,"", I
Chapter 2-7

224 (nz ll n:)


From example 2.2 (n, ll Rr) + R4
!" = -!( *&n&'l R,R.
1 R,\ R2 R.-) " RrRr + RrR4 + RrRl
ere R| : R:: R1 : 1M
v, _ RrR,*RrRn*RrRo
#,:1'+ +i)__-l) z, R2R3

.,R. Rn
o'. IM R,. R,
R
lM .,Rn.Ro
f.:
' - (u'*z\ o : 1)o/' : R, R,
\v, I
/ ' _R|
R2
u.9 : y
20
= &('*&*&)
R,\ Rr Rr)
n,= _ |M :5.o5
' (_2+2\
k
231
o' :
'r'
rV = '2o A)R, R
R, = (R ||R)+f =
-: r
n'=_ |M :55.6k
' (-20+2t R)+f :
R: = (Rz ll += (R || R
lM _-
l zY':_
"-1_ ' t2+2) R: (R: ll R)+r: (R || R)+f : R

b) v: : R||:
R/
R,/R, = |QQQ,,: lk Rt : l00
0 _ 1 - 2l++2x: R,
a)R.:R,:l0o 2
_Rr(t, R RI + R : R2.,a 2 = 2
l ". _ *Rl) : _1666
l' R, \ R2 R.'l
= 1+ n = 4+2+4Ix: R1
fR.=R, -R._ l(n -' = -!!9j-
l0 - 2 _-
l R2 +4!x: n'-' = ,
: R| :1kfl a= +4)4:8
230
z 1r:
i,:!."=-i,R,:-9R,
'RRl' R!2 PJ2 '2
t 3 o
'
S --.1 :
R. r -_
z, : R.
___
--:
Rl ' R

l,1l /,tl 1,1I 4

c)v,=dR=-/l?
z: _, R _ _2R
R : '4R
': -j
1,

o_ _''R+n: - 4/R 8/E


2
: -8/R
Chapter 2-8

2-32 ssume inear operation for op-amp

a./. = l_ : .l m .'.y-: y : v
' lK
:1l :0.1 m n,' : ] : Is
.l mA
/2X l0k = /lX1=V,
Aain1-
' i
3'l m _,,/
... r. : r. x !!-!!
lff)
.l m
isneeded

Thking a loop th.ough the input errnina|s:


= 0.1 X1 +ov-ilR irRr:0wherei: iI
: l0 m
and

Now1,.:+: l0.l mA i2= i1 i1


and : /, X lok:0.1 x 10k: l V i1R1 : R2Q1 i)
t. V' : & .: lo'1' R' + v"
l' +
- irR,
0, lu
"_- -fi.l _ l
o 1-(-ll)
m R,
Here _ l3 is loves alue of -0.1
So R. * : 1.39 k .Im_3. m '
c. l)<&<lkf) J ., : p'
1, stays fixed a 1.l mA'.'. L : 2and2
is fixed so R2 will b smaller than RI
v': v'- RLl'= l _ R 10.l lt R, : 566
&: l': .01 v;Rl:lk' p,:
v.: 9.1 ,I 9 = ls
.. -9.1 V <4< 0.01 V
R'-."* : i2 = (i _ ,) : -3 m

2_73
y,: ( 3m)(5): 1.5v
1.5 3.l m(R) + 12 : 0
R,. = (2 l.5) = ].4k
-1.1 m

7 ,[}n, ]

Lt i, = 6.1 .o
i : 3'1 mA
Chaper 2_9

234 otentiometer in the midde:

| 1o k |' R. ".=_{ 5 **l)


.-t --) | \5+R] l l
l_
! : _'tl l

236
Rr=50

!1gs'r: 1g;,
a' =
'l0kri:R(,; rJ /R, q+ R, R, \
,, |o : ,, = _d i+ l\)
R=
I_|l
:!
l
- !.lk
: -t_ l5o 1), i _5?rr + _50rrrl\
b. nput Resistance Rt =
'!
=9 = o \l'l'|')

_|/U| +:
.t \
outputResistance " : ls : % : - \z) rr2|
lno
Now v, = 2 -6 "= _2
c. & : l k arrd v. in the range of t 10 v
z + 1, _zll
i, + lOk x l,. _ i,(I ._L r " L 2 'J
,\ i, lo '))
V": R,

= r,( k X l0 + 10k)
:20x i' 237
!- : i' a17 ',, = 112
20 R1

.. 2 k()= ;,' - ,=l2=


20 k - 0.6 mA < i, < o.6 m

d. From part a
--]2-
i,: 10 i,: 10 x 0.2 m

235
Rr: lk_ ro<9< -r Y The eighted output of summe, circuit is
"iV /R. R.
1t : -lJ r,+Jr.
\

R,:R,
" ' \R, R, ')
I

= 11
and in problem
b:--&(R,*&*r')
"" : -(2".*2\
v, R, \R. R' )
_R, _ \ ' 2)
- 0+1:
fl,'r,Rr' _l=9f, _ lkt
i'=!!and=!2
' Rr ' R)
lta:10k.+a = Io Since i,, r, < Mor Mnput signals
i
.'. Rl, R2 10 kf,)
_ " k' l0k
'-(l0 & 'lookrt ''\
"/ &
l"." = 2. if R, = tOk.R.- 20k{!
R,
+1: r!! + 1.!)+R' = .l2k
\R, I' & = 1=*' :2R' = 4o k
R.2'
Chapter 2-10

238 R,:&,=l0k

'':
_(2 + 4r, + 8r,) Rr:&.:5k
'
R,' R" R. > kf) c) 1,. = (v, + 5?,)
\=z.\=&:
R, R, Rl
R] : o k Rr : 80 k!l
R':20k
R':40k
239
a)r.:_(r,,+2'+3l,\
&:'=n,='.
Rl
R,: l0 k
& = z=n.: s
R1 *, = 'oJn
&:,=.:]!
R, ', R": lOk
-1
R,, : 2 kf)
d) v,' = _6 ,
f,= l0 k
R,=

&, : l0k
R":5k
&,:3.3K
b) l. = _(v, + 2+ 20 j+ 2) :
R, 1.67 k
suggested confi guraions:
\ '': _(2'+2v,+2.'
lb

R,: l=R': lg1


Rr
Rr: l=R, = l 1
R2

&:
R1
2R''2: k ": (3 l, + 3,)
R, : 2R.: l! k
R4
.,)
Chapter 2-11

10 ko

n order to have coeficint : 0.5. connect oe

he input resistors to .. 9 : 0.5


'I
For summer circi we should hae

\:^a\=z
Rr R2
Select R. : 2&: 2Dkdt
Thus R, : 1 1
andi/:R'=20k
2.41

"
:
, 2 _ 3v, _ 4. : ConsideFig. 2.1l.
"
Accordig to eq. 2.8 For a eightd smmer
cicuit:
,R,R- R_i_ R, i
- =
" 'R,Rl,+ z'11]J "-! "J
'==
'RrR, ',Rt 'Ro

2-4l R" R._, R,R,_, R,_, R,_^


_" " ''-'
assme:

R3 = 13.3

For v, and u 1, we assume


,l=3sin, Ra=10kO
v:: 1.5 V
The output signa should be
R = l0k+R.:40kf,}R]: 40
3
l.:'3sinr-3 = ll.3 k
,' : ]sin ot l R,r40_r&x:r
b = .5 V l
}r": 3sint_3 R, R, R) Rb
R,:40k, R' : R,: R": l0kf,
Chapter 2-12

2.42
Refer o equaion 2.8 and figure 2.l1 and make
_12 V <," <=&
t6
appopriate change for his problem.
(20x1+2x l +22x 1+2rX )
: 2Si\ (2 l) + 0.0l sin (2?, X l0 t)
'
: 2S|n (2 }t _ o.0 sin (27, X l000 ) _9 _ 12 \,r'hen a" = a = 42 a. |\e
' t6
we wan at he outpu ," : l) r|_ 1o0 r. hae he peak alue at r".
From equaion 2.8
+ RF : 12.8 k

.. : .'(ftft)_ -(ft) 2.44

.& &
R, R, =,oo

and &: l0O


R1
o choose aue fR. and hen bain oher +
values.

Equation 2.9

'! : v aR'
R

".9:t:t*&
R
setR,:0'R,:10kf}
f R2 : 100 k
b. '" " ,,R,: R!
R.=5R.=104k
& : t. seR =R': l6k
s;n"" &. & = l Rl
R, Rt
:.R":Rb:R:1k c. b. :ll=l+&
Rr
The output signal is
.: l v, ' l U. = 1 X 0.2 sin (2 X
& = 10, SetRl = lOk'&: lOk
Rl
100 0
: 2 sin (2 X l r) d. 'o 1:1+&Rt
|
and _2 < v < 2 which is less han he limi of
alov '
R2 99. se R, |o.R.:9qk
Rl
2.43
This is a weighted summer circuit:

,. (Rt' + Rr,l * Rl,,+,J


R. \ i:=
& ' 10 k

. o:5xon 2:5a'
we ma \nte:
' o' : 5X a ,l : 5rrx d.

Rl = l0k ?!

4r az* or) shon_circit R,:


'\t6 a fl * 4 2)
'," = -R-(!! o:2

""" 916 l2oal+2la|- 21a2 2\1


Chapter 2-13

short-circui R,:
_. 1/RP,
*'!/R-+,/l I
'' Ro"'

o"n: (
where:
'ff)(*,# ' ',#' #""^)

R : Rp ll R", ll ... ll R,,

\hen all inputs ae present:

.=1 7lo: o + 7]oP

: -(o&*'*
fr"' * )*

(,--)('*, *fr^,*
2.46
|: : 1'o: R i' i: 100Awhen )
tl) ,': _2 } ,, * 2 n
+R: 10 : "'
0.1 m
l00 k & _ z. .,,: Ok+R. 2ok}
R,,


s indicated, i only depends n R and and he
meter resistance does not affect i. ('-ffo) : '-z: =>n,":
2.47 ( . &'(&') _ z+!L: z+-'
\ R],,\RP2'' '' = !
Refer o he circui in P 2.47:
a) Using sperposiion' we first set
z R 2

P| = P2''. : o. The outpu oltage that where R" = iL& 1;nno.;nn 4-1
' "RPt+ RPz
resuls in respons to v/. ,2, ... ,^/n is: Note that ifthe results from the last 2 constraints
R.
,oN: -Jffirr,';""r' R, *
RF l differ. we 'vould use t addiional resistor co-
***, 1
neced from the ositie input to ground. (Rrc)

Then e st ! : z = ... : o, hen:


k
R : R || Rl, || R1 ... Ri/,
2
|| |1

The circit simplifies to:

",,: (r * &),
R"l
op,

I li RP ' llRP2
*,-J-**l-*,_ R. *' ._tR"" !pt
' '' ''
2,q
.: n+3''_2("+3')
Refer to 2.47

! = zir n',' _ t0k>R. = 20k


Rrt
&
R"o= u=*.,.
: ?9 :
"- 6 :.:
R : Rl || Rr. = 10 K l| 3.3 k: 2.48 k

(t * R''lR" = l 9'l&
\ R./R, =(l\ +
2'48 )RP'
: l +9.06 R : Rl
R, : i ll RPz | RP.. RP
Chapter 2-14

l'l_
Rl R"z Rro
(I_ .)9 _ .+o.o} .3+R2::R
\ Rll ) R R",

R,, ll R,,: 'J,'f"


9+ 5
= 2.2sRp.
RP : 2'25RP || RP'
+ : 2.25 R"o+ R"o :
Rp + Rpo 1.8 R"
Rr: I0k=Rr6:18k
R",:9X10k:9k
RE:3Xlok:30k
Rr = 20 kf oo
= +R, : + I -' : t +1- t
l R t

.o _|
V1
0s.<l+->9=l
1b 1

dd a resistor as shown
' {l -l lOkO
- '_ ;-kfl + R
*,(f,).".:
2.49 "
-
R.
:o'19:1t ,, l0 k
'R,+Ro R
Un_U R' l = 10 kf}
R'R:"- =":"( R,) R
F(or the to above equations: R:lk
u" Rl \: 1+R2/Rl
v, =(,'fr\/
\' n,,/\r, + no/ 1+ R1lR4
t k
2.50
Refer o Fig. 2.50. setting ?, : o, \e obtain the

output component due to , I as:

1] .i = _2o
seing U ! = o, we obtain he oupu component
du to v: as:

ou,:u,(t-)(#h):r*
,^ = .l0 i' *10)
" ,,'l+l l)
The otal output olage is:
1,^: ,
'',
+ ''':2(l'_ ') 6: lo,
For v, : loSin 2 x _ 0. sin (2rr X 10 0
,: : losin 2r X + 0.1 Sin (27 X 1]0 r)
/., = 4sin (2' l0 r)
chapter 2_5

2s3 .99 .99


o.999
?.(+)
Gain -.1% _1% _g'lq
er

2s.5
for an inverting amplifier
a) Source is ci_nnected direcly.
R.=R,. C:-&Rt
-:
" lgXl:10t o.sq v fol a non-inverting amplifie:
n
' tk(): 9!99 : 6.699.a
i': r R, = c:'*& RI
crrent supplied by the source is 0.099 mA.
case v/v
Gain Rtn Rt R2
b) inserting a buffer
a _0 1010kkf) 100 k
b _1 lk 1k l00 k

o
c -2 50 k 50k tk
d +1 l kfl 10 kf,
k
lv e +2 10k 10 kr
f +ll lk 1 t
c _{.5 lok 10k 5 kf)

i.:1qJ:lmA
" 2.56
current supplied by the source is 0.
The load current icomes from he power suply :50V/Vl*&=tovnr
Rr
of the op-amp.
ifR,:11=*l:k
2.54 AccordiDg to . 2.11:

,.R,
n_!o R
I + RJR,
A
6= l +98/10 : ]9: .::vrv
'I f I +9/l |'2
50
n order to compensate the gain drop,
we can shnt a resistor ith Rl.
-
o=_i Compensated:

oo: I
ut t+! I*(*99)
R"1: 10 =
\t0 R.n/
A
..9.9
error of Cain magnitude
l0 R.h
| 50
l"' lli- _1 1 X (510R, + 90Rsh + 9o0)
A+ I
= 5 X (l0R"h + 90Rsh + 9o)
10 !() o
lRsh : 36 R,t : 36 k
^($)
chape 2'16

9 k "= l0: 6, 17; l0 12 1o3 l04

(v/v) l0 162 103 14 l5

2.Sa
for non_invering ampifier, . 2.l l:
fA = l00 then:
G_ Go .. _G,_G*l0
Go
r+29
l
= 0: / '*9
;;@1
Uun.rale! s.9
1.t for inerting amplifier, Eq. 2.5:

G: Go ..:Gr_rl0o
..90.90 ,,1 co Go
l0 36 A
l++ case Go (v/v) c e%
l 16
1 (v/v) (v/v)
_t25: 1.l v/v a-1 l0 -0.83 t6
1.125
b I l0 0.91 9
2.57 c_ll '.98 2
c G)A |l <
c: Go G^
:9-
co tl : -!!- d l0 l0 550
1+9 t +99 _l0
A e l 9 l0

1+--s
G^ f _l lx) -9.89 l.t
n l0 > l']@ r] g+1 0.67 l3
G. = cn \ r - l
-_L
2

AV
.+A>GF hereF: l0-l - !
2.59
x' Refer to fig. 2.59. when poteniomter is se to
the bottom:

_ s + --jjL _ 0.714
" 2+ 0+ 20
F \hen set to the top:

z-_ _15+ 3020 lo.74


Thus fo: " 20 + t(n+20
-.714< r''= * 1o.7l4
' = 0.0l: Go (v/v) 1 10 l02 l la
po has 20 tum, each tum:

(v/v) 1o4 1o5 | lo7 1o8 l,^: 2 10'7|4 : t.


"20
too high to
be pracical 2.60
Rl : R: : lok' R, : Ra : lok
r = 0.1: co (V/V) I l0 102 lO3 loa
Uation2.|s&=&:l
'RrRr
(v/) |3 loa 15 106 l7
From equation 2.16
R1
,:d
= l: 6, 1y1 l 0 12 lo3 l
(v/v) l2 l3 1oa 15 1
l = ! = &: rlu
ia R 'o
From uaion 2.20
R,o:2R,:2xtOk:20k
chater 2-1'7

2.62
Refer to fig P2.62:
considering that : +i

u'+-_T=:;9o = 2_l|
ot :
,. onlv: R, :
' R

The tvo resistance ,atios }Rrana }Rl diffef by 1%

...& = .sq&
it Rr
ow for the case from "- and 7 fom eqalion 2.l9

^..:
(+)(,-ft,fr)
: ll , only: R, :2:zn
x(r
{ lo \
..qq&.&,i
R. R1l

i4.:0.09
Negecting the effect of resisance variation on ,
R'
"R,t0 : JlQ = t vlv
tr':
CMRR : 20 log| , I

l"'l
: 20 ol |0
_i0.09l |

= 60.9 dR
,s bet\en 2 eminals:
2.61
: R,:lr:2R
fr'e assume R1 R1, Ra: R2, then

ea' 2'20: R'" _ 2R, R, = ?9 : to lr


2
(Refer to Fig. 2. 1 6)

u = b: l V/V+R. _
''R lOk(!

Rr:Rz=Rr:Ra:lokt)
- P _ 2R2-
b)d_R 20k(} _ R

l?1 : ft.,: 16161

c| Ad = 'z = l V/V+Rr _ l M!! -


"R Ra

R:R1 :10k
d)l' = * - O.5 V/V+R: = 5k = R
Rl
R = R3 : lokt)
chaper 2-l8

] connected to boh r l & U2:

R,:!:R
)'
+ = 1 ::

^. iR, : R,
slnce
R il-'

l*':s+l+R RlR: _ R.
R, R,,

2.65
uation 2.l9
A"':!9=(rh'-ftft)
I (t R,. Rl)
,* &t Rr R4/
R1

R,
,'* " . + Rl

" n., -* n.
._lmr",Ra_ _ I : ".. R:
'l l?, + R, R R Rr + R, Fr l & and & haue o be al he
R" + u" R, RI
i=i,+i,='"' R| R.+R4 Rl + R4 minimum alues
l1 resisors are 1 t.7o
if we re'lace & : ; & : t& :
R'')
' Rl Rr \Rr R,/ l0 !9lj
- f! = l0 _.r
... - & ur
I0 +
1= 1 *
l0 r=R:=10+,
|

R, R+R2 Rr+R4
10+ R' 10*,
R5 = (R + Rr) |l (R1 + R4)
ch)se m'inimum alues

2,64
ir _ 10_-r R: _ 10_.
'l0+,' o*
_;#-,(, jt)
n oder o hae an ideal differential amp:
R"+Rr _ R" +R1 ...."'
R2 R4 i3,i,
'' l+,
R,/R + ]_ R,/R3 + 1

RrlRr R4/R1 | .. ir( t0 r r;'j - 110 - r121 _ 2x


'*-' |, , l,
-{
-5
Chapter 2-19

fo worst case, minimum CMRR e hae co max_


imize the denominator. hich means:
R1 : R1"(1 +e) R] : Rr"(l -e)
R, : Rrn(l - ) R, : R.n(l + )
Neglecing he effea of resistance ariation
.n {2o : :
a."R= = R'n R't,
-| + | l+ + 11-
: ,*, _ ,obc(:) c'rnn : 2'_a 2Kl
-- -- +
1+_ 1_
| +
CMRR : 20 |oc
_ 'z)_l ( l z)|
-
|',t(l
'
20 los lr + ll
l4cl
for e2 << l.
2.66
Refer to fig 2.16 and .2.i9:
k: Aainn: 1' : 0.ol
if
!9! = 6s 66
CMRR = 26 lnn-o()4
^"-
=
h(,_*fr
n order o calculate ,r, \/e use supposition
2.67
principle:
R' R' _ R'\
r: l00
o _
", = -l
+
n|
7ivr , R, R,
l' : \
\e assume = ,h"n =
R,Rr"R
hen replace : i: l
", ""^_
Ria:2R1 = 20k+Rl : 10k
"r: o.-* CMRR _ 80db .20 b_ !!=9 ! : o,
.. ..
o: _ R, + R.
?.rr,,
+ r",
+ ", :
v". 6.1

1+& - &=R':
,' = l0o -R, ' M
R'
*o l + RzlR'

t+ 2 t*& Refer o , 2.t6: CM RR = 26 1on taJ


R. R.t '"4e
_ R' R, /R" l rl,, R'_l+ R./R'. + lr CMRR:104
'^
2R,l ---l------.
---:-| | + + --l ' l
" RrlRr { tl " Rrl Rr,/R4 + I I '"'

l.------a-

Ad
= l0 ' 0.25

&, * :'1' i :l weassmedeat|ier *& : ft "*


l = ,o ,o,' 2RlL R'/R'RrR.'.l
+ l l
CMRR - 20 ton ,
_l.. | (, _ }: =9ifR _ lOkl
L'' '' / Ra = lM(!
R'
}
-'
l!&z,&,*,,*.ll R?'lMi
CMRR _ 20 tos l2RrLR, ' 'll _ n, lo I t e

I_&.
R, Ro
l I wih - o'25%
I I

l, , !R, , lR,,l 2.68


:
CMRR 20 r)|' 2Rr' 2Ro| Refer to Fig.P2'68 and .2.l9:
-l Rr .R: L (,
""' :
Ro r: R,\
I n, n. I Rr + R1\' Rt R4)
chPet 2_2o

't+llm'
_ r, l0.|\
llrmJ ""2
= t2
l00_ll-ll
(' lk \
&: & ' ' lol o t/
Refer to 2.17:
R R.'
]: /ot 1 o2 : ' * z Aa : I
=54,., = -:
R,
I
Now \ir'e calculae ".:
b) Since .- : o,

l k
i,'}
}Io

ff) k l l k
theo if we apply v- to v, and v|,' .: o. "a -(-M
l00 k || lo k - l0 k
. ",4

y" : ,_- l
Therefore_
' '- l) + l0
V": " ^ lk,;and

si.niru.l'l o" = 3c
2
z^ _ 1k X l0 X lo
l'' }
we know : and _2.5 < vn < 2.5 U' ,.M + vn * lo X o
-5=I/c=5
c) we aply the suposition principle o calculate
4..
1'.,, is the output otage when , |, = o
:r,""(-r*rz (l ktklo llk)k \
+ k, ||
1,.'2 is he output oltage when v,' = o
_L : 1., =e
-R" Utt :
vnl = _;l ,l Now \re calculate 1,"u range:
_25 D < 2.5 .,a
."
l k ll l0 k
1k k || t0 k) _ l0 k
( 10o
_30V < "." < 30 V

2.69
Refer to Fig. 2.69; rve use speosition:

ul
l
Chaptet 2-21

Calculate _ -?!'! R' l 2,,.'L& n g'l


""
,/
",:

_ : '+*- _ L2Rt ' '," R, R" R, 'J


" 2'22 Fo"
: .4.' = -2&t + &l
- "o2
_2 u R,L R"J
2.71
'- tr'!2,l-
o Uo| l "., _ a) Refe.to.2.17: ,4a :ft=l.conn"","
_1
: I
Ul)
and o together
l (v2_ a)

,aol
^d_ tq_ |-p 25 k 25 k

A': 1.o / _ .9 _ R5
Rr'Rn
Ri1 : 2R : 2 M=R : 1 M d=t

R.+R.<=.
l
1R. s l k
&:6.8k &:680
6'8
-g:' 6.8 + 0.68 --.g ) 9: _t vrv
i)

i, Rt

,}: v so \e can consider v', , a irta i0 A : +t vnr


short: il : ,o/2R'=i, = !!
2

'':i"':! 25 k 25 k
2R'
hen:
_!ia
i7R2+^"+irR, - 0 + zr, : r,
,(l

- : : 7Rz
"R"Rl
The circuit on the left ideally has infinie inpu
i' : i'+i_ : ia +,a R resistance
" 2R, Rc R,
y9 : +2N
it : io+ i" : i, iiD

..a o : _fi'3R1+ u^ \Rr|

[2LR2 + A
chpLer 2-22

2.73
Refer to Fig. 2.20. a.

& _ ,u'
The ain [ he fir stae is: r
+ R|/) ,,

t 14 v :
he opamps of th firs stage satuae at
'14 ' +14 v _14 v < 10l .". = +14 V
=
_.14 v < rtc. < 0.14 v
=9
S explaind i the tex, he disadvantage ofcir-
cuit in Fig. 2.20a is ha ,,.M is amplified by a

gain equal to ,* * in the first sage and


1' &)
herefore a very small U"- range is accepable to
aoid saturation.
b) n Fig. 2.20b' rhen U".isapplied,l for both
A' & , is he same and herefore no cuen
flows through 2R,. This means oltage at the ot-
put of , and , is the same as v,".'

ir1:
,2 +1vrv - 14 < ,,< l4+-14<Ui.m= l4
This circuit allo for bigger range of u...
!=,,
2" 2.74

:1 7i| : cf,' 1'l2


2 '2 : ca + ,1/2

Refer t fig. 2.20a.


2.12
_ (2 _ outpt of he first stage: (1 * _ *,,l
2 + 0.04 sin , 0.4 sin r)
2Rt
ft),".
: 0.04 sin m (, * _ ,,,,l
l, : 2 * o.04s'nl + R, : 2 + 0.o4sinl ft),".
+ 50 X .04 sin ,
: 2 + 2.04 sin , v. (, + *,,,,l
ft),-
, : 2 _ R, i :2
_
0.04 sin l
50 X 0.( sin ,
0.04 sin ,
: ( + : f *&it
ft)",=.axrl
v^
:2
. ^
2.4 sin ,
_! ^
v.
_| _2 sin v ,+ : (, ,
fr),..-a.^,,, '* t
U. : U _ v^ : 4.08 si r V CMRR : loc = o (First stage)
' |*
No' consider fig. 2.20.b

This lgure is for 2.72


R= 10 k
4 v

+2 Rr= l0 k

R: = l0 kC

Rr= l0 k
chapte 2_23

: 2o1 N
^-:L:o'oz
'_ 5
Uo : Ucm oo,r+!ft, us : :
CMRR 20 lo|20| |
"lo.o2l
s dB

/nt : ?c- _('-f,) The cancusion is that age CMRR can be


achieed by haing lage differentiaI gain in the
,' fi.s stage_
-1 : '' _ R'
Ui2
' 2R'
2.16
:o-_a!a'!!L
'- 2 '2R, ,.'. of he second sase is
-R, & : 0.5

R" \
Un2: Um*i'/ ,*J
1'
R :1 k' i3 20 k :
we use a series configuration ofRl ad
: kot
!oz_ a : * (r * ,r,, : l+L R, (ot); R 1
:
(Fixed)

ft)- Rt
Minimum gain

-.-'-_%.. (,.ft)=.'|.,.-{hl
\2/
CMRR : ,"-l*l : zoc(l *ft)
n 2.2, he common mode oltage is no ampl
1=,, i(nl : o.s(r -;ft-)
fi and it is only propagated to the outputs ofthe +R+ 1 : 2R2 (1)
first stag.
Malimumgain - l = o.5 (' _
#;)=
Refer to figure 2.20b. 2&: |99 R ('2)
B4ation 2.22, (1)'(2) RtF = 0.505 k:0.5k
l'" _ \( R:') l k(, k) & : 50.25 k : 50 k
R.\' ' R'] = l k l
loo
5 k /
= 2| N 2.77
The commn mode gain - is zero baause of he al!!:
,r
| *?9 =:r.
l
differencing action ofthe second stage.
_:0 uc: : _:vrv
CMRR: zolog |a| = o o lo
l..
f all resistors are :t l7" differential gain d will b) . : g_ " : |l^a!9 : 6y
7tA
emain almos he same but - \ill not be zero.
(V')
To calculate "., apply .o both inputs and at
both output termiaIs offirst sage y_ ill
appear. Now one can ealuate v" by analyzing
second sage. The second stage analysis has been
done in problem 2.65. s shown in 2.65, ifeach
1 k resistor have tx% tolerance, the - of
the differenial amplifier is:

". : which is a|so the oerall..


5

:I l'^^=:f=o-2
'- 5 5
CMRR: locl2ll = .4 dB
lf2R =lk
R' R' : l k / l0o k\
'* ,, l k ' 5oo ,
ch^ler 2_24

c) ,h and l,, can be 114 v or 28 v -P.


va() -28 < ,,< 28 or 56 vP--

'.-. : Io. v: {J2


1.5

2,78

-1.5

Refer to Fig. P.2.78-a:


since he inpus ofthe op_amp do no draw any
curen, ,, appeas across Rt

.
'. --01R
Fig. P2.78.8
: Z}o
'\i
e use supeosition:

v^ Zo
on]|y:vB= --! :
2

zi" :!_i^|(,+R)
ur
'2- ----
Rr &
,( +l,:i',R+i_,:1
.', R
Now if only (_ ,) is applied:

- ----a-.zli.'' 'n = ----- z- z)


' l i,,' )/ (R +
lB
A : B+ _1+ zLio: : i,'2R + ioL

'=i'R=-'__-L
',. R
The toal current due o both sources is:

;:i +i 1'r:y)
=J
fRR
The circuit in Figure P2.78(a) has ideally infinite
input resisance, ad if requires that both term
nals of
be available' while the othercircui has
- 1.5 lnite inpU resisance \rr'ih one side ot
gounded.
Chapter 2-25

2.79
,,(s): _l _ I ,(r) : _ lo + 1fla
sCR jwCR c)
';(S)
= I0+.
1

jx1xlo 9X lX lo] c
a'
o-
= '1 : -, : loa rad/s and : 1+1
i J| RC
1= J9 v"(r) reaches o at , : l0RC:1
"2 = 1591 ,
u.(r) reaches 10V at, : 2s
b. i = ( j) : j
I
This indicaes a
2.E
of9
l _ _]=
phase i.e. output eads input by 90"
if |T| = l V/V tor/- l kz,
.. b : , if he fequency is decreased
oRC
then for |T| = l v/v, /has to be l kHzX =
by a factor of lo, the oupt \rill increase by a fac- kHz.
tor f 1. Aso
d. The phase does not chage, it wil be the same
relation as in part b. Rc:4T 2lkzl : l.59s

Lao 2.42
Rh : R, Thus R : l0 k.
l:
RC=111 -=l. Rc
<o : l().167" : *6 : -----.!-- : lgF
Rc l0 X 12
ith a 2v-2ms pulse at the input' the output falls
iinearly until , = 2ms at hich

-_ '- 1 = ---, = _2,


^
cRc
= --! o|ts
R":R:1k where , in ms
Time constat Rc is
Thus v, = _4
Rc : 0.l5c: 0'1 _ '1
R k
] hen _ lv '
dc inpu is applied the cuent is l()

/ = - v = _
-]-L : I,..
R lK
The votage r,. rises lineaily. fat l: o, v. : l0 v
then

voQ)

(ms)

0v
chtel226

(v)

, (ms)

(ms)

with y : 2sin 10, applied at the input'

,^(r) 2 ___-J_ sin( , - q0")


l0 Io ,

z/,,(r) = 2sin (10, + 90') a) \hen no R

2.83 tt _
?,_l) = ----:||-d 62_8l o< r<.ms
R,"=R:20kc) RCI
lrl = Rc
-l: lar :
?.(.l) 6.2s v
:2nx l0kHz+C = b) /ith R: v"(r) : 7,,1;1i - e-lcRr1
2ex1okz2o
(Refer to pg. l 2)
C : 0.796 nF
Refer o discussion in page l10. .la-)= lR.' Ivx2M _ _l,v
2K
-" : R / R
i I+SCR.
and he finie dc _
ain is -&_
R ,,'(r): _100(l e ll'5)
There fore for 40db gain or equialently 1 v/v
()
wehae':& : l v/v
R
f, = l020k:2Mf}
The comer frequency i.,
L=-l=-
/ IF

_--J- : 628 7
0.796m 2M
, (ms)

vr (v)

) "rlonenial

2.U

Foro<<0.5ms: ,.,() - U. _ I'


;ro,
, (ms)

?l{rl=o_
RC --_ !ms
"(0.5) : _0.5 v
Chapter 2-27

(\

, (ms)

Then fo 0.5 < , < 1 ms' he curent lo\s in the


opposite direction ,. iser linearly reaching oo at ,
:lms.
For ': !2'.
we obain he to||oing \/aveform: (assuming
ime consant is the same)
f
is also doubled, then the waefom becomes
.() he same as the first case where , , = :i: 1 V and
&.:lms.

, (ms)

, (ms)

for.5<t<1ms:
2,t5
/' (, )= ,_{o.5)-[_ra,
" RCI Each pulse lowers the output voltage by:
0.5

_ 10s _
1''l|: o.5+ a._.5)
RC #f'"= l0 s
RC 1ms '6.,,
'l l ms)
r,_( : 0.5 + : v Therefore a total of 0 puses are required to
cause a change of Mn ,"(r).
Another ay of thinking about this circit is as
follovs:

for o < , < o.5 ms a curent / : lJ 1o*,


R
through R and c in the diretion indicated on he
diagram. Al time t'qr'e \ite:

' = _c^l+^ _ _! - -!
cRc
hich indicates that he ouput voltage is linearly , (ms)
decreased, reaching -0.5 Vat , :
0.5 ms m
l0
-20
-30
Chapter 2-28

,,,(2)
|
R

l- 22 = R2 ll
,, l
+ and Z' = R,
v .:2 "(L)
,,,
= Z': Y|
'
Y2 ' 1+
|/R| - 'Vo1
o'l.* lr
Z
R7
sc v^:
" _Vo_l"
(RrlR,) ]t'
I + sCR2 ,,o vo vo vt
-R
-
v
This function is of a sTc' lov pass circui haing

a dc ain of _ & and ]-dB freouenc v^r*a* I l=


-.nc, yr
"Rl "t AO AORC'J RC'

"
I
cR. vo : RCs
n,.:n,=i
dc gain : 20 dB : 10
v
(' .;(' .
#")
.'. l _ &=f' = l0R, _ l0ok
R, '
I
vo : RC"
v |
A^RC, + Rc. + !l
AoRC{ "

Yo:-#''o"t/':-
v Rcs(iqo+ l)+ l Rcs(o+ l)+
Ao
l
tt
l (Lo_pass STc)
l
l!
tt
Dole freouenc - Rc(o + l)
tt
tl The ideal integraor only has a'poe frequency at
the origin. The above poe frequency makes it a
(kz) more stabe circuit.

fT=cR then =
2r (Recall
that : 2d
T
3dB frequency at l0 kz and f t.
T
.'. o : 2r'X l0 X l03 _1
CRt vo : _1_ _1 I

v scR jCR ilcR


C: 0.5 nF ,T
2r.x10x
l03 1) K
Unity gain frequency a l) kHz '(*l) TCR
=
2'CR 2?cR

:---:-159
I
chaper 2_29

For AO = l,0: 2.90


_l'0
n-i<'''l *
'l'-" R=10 k

- ,. )0 : --159
(J-zn1'rl,m)" + '
2.8E

9(r): sRC: -sxo.o1 xlo-uxtoxi0'


: -lO as

i.1 = _i.x lo '= - -w x to'a


u-9o

|:e|
d
':r:_lXl-ux.lnn" '

l'rl = t vhen : toarad/s


: O.lx10-6x 2
=
| ,,1 0.5 x lo-l
orl= 1.59 kz = 0.4 mA
for an input l0 times this ftpquency, the output The peak value of the otpt sqare wae in = iR
will b 10 times as large as the input: 0v pak- :0.4m10k
o_pek. The Cj) indicates ahat he output lags the :4V
input by 90". Ths

6Q\ : _5 sin ( lo'5, + 9o') volts V(v)

2f9

, (ms)

vo{

, (ms)

The output vave has ahe same frequency as the


input signal
The aeage ale of the outpt is zem
To increase the vale of the output to
uo = _cn l0V:4Vx2.5
he vale ofi? has has to increas by 2.5 times
therefo.e: : 10KX2.5 = 25k
For0<r<.5:
z^:_lmsxlV
" 0.5 ms
= 2
and Uo =0 other,ise
chapter 2_3

2.9r _(R2lR)J
-
RC : lO']s hen r+-l-
c = lomF R : lk RtC
oo :
sRc, 19(jrr) : jRC
i i

= '90" always
If |al

l'ol -'=r- I = lkrad/s


ll unity Rc
cain is l times the fre-
the unity gain, when :
quency is 10 times the unity gain frequency. Sim-

ilarl for w = a krud/r. gain is o.l /v


' l
. lor

: l krad/s, gain: lov/v)


for high frequency C is short circuied, f (|z)
oo= R = l)=R': lk
; R
lo _ RCs _ lO-]s
u, RtCs+ 1 l05s+l
This is he transfer funcion of a single time con-
rrdb = lkrad/s or
san high pass fi|er haing High frequency gain
f .',16 = l5.9 kz
: (R2RJ J_
.o = R,C'
and 3dB lieqency at .

t high fruency the inpt impedance

abbroaches R| as zo _1- bf,omes ery small


' j'C
select R : l0 kf,}

Gai : 4 dB : 1 v/v
R: : l
For a sain of
'Rl .

for unity gain:


and R : l0 kcl
.'. R2 : l0kX l
ll0 s; "r* tl+,,, : 1.01 krad/s
: 16
: tM
if w = l0.lkrad/s: I'al : l0.l _ 10. For a 3dB freqency of 5 z
t.0t It
_95.7'1" _L : 2, 15
= Rrc
2.92
C: 1
25XR, =
12nF

From the Be-plo the gain & reduces to uniy


i
t5z
,*^_J 2-93
Refef to the circui in gP 2'126:

= -Zz = - I :,
oo
Z Z'' (*, *
*!)(or;. ".,)
Zr : n,*!,2, :Rz oo:- R2/ Rl
l .eL ,sC
(, *;fi)' *,*,.,l
Cain : o: Z-2
=
_R2
i Z ,nl
, sC
chater 2-3 l

7] ' . _R./ R'

" (, -
,+a;},
+ ih,R2c2'
_ R2/ R
_
('.ft)(,.,;)
where w,' I --,:
= R,C, I
' RrC,
a) for v = u, << r:, ,,,=.(t*fr)
^'' _R'/R, -R'R' .R' ,,
-|'Jl)=-:--:#
(l + ] |/J$l
: 'Rt', -o.: "..(r
*$)
\ jwl
b) for w, << w << v2
uor : 4 mV

'i.\ _-
u-9(
& 2.95
R|
voJ : i:2 mV
,o : 0.0 sin, X 2
c) for w >> w2 and 2 >> w1:
+ ,os X 2
: r(fr*) :2sinrao4v
'"i,l=ffi;ffi
from the resuIts of a), b) and c) e can da the 2.96
Bode-plot: nput offset voltage = 5 mv
outpu dc offset oltage =
r+l 5 mv X closed oop gain
:5mVXl00
- 2b/decade
The maximum ampifier of an input Sinusoid tha
results i an output pak amplifier of 13 _ 5 = 8v
is given by:

,.:
' _!-
l00
= 3-
RzlR R]R famplifier is capacitively copled then
1?
1+:r l+:-
-.i_ w2
a.,, =
ffi: 13 mv

HP STC LP STC
2-y

oesin: = looo ( dB gain in the mid-


ft
fiEquency range)
R;n for r. >> w, |'4m
:Rl:1k+Rr:1 1.4
""
/1 :lHz+w1 = 21l _
100
RtC t

= C,
: 1.59 ,P 2.98

M
f1 : |0z='w2 : 2x ox l0r : I
10

i, c,
=+ C, : 15.9 pF

2.94
nverting confi gration
chpter 2-32

(B|+ B)l2 1r,: l t0.05 ' z,,. : 0


^)B:
open input: 1r2:la0.05
o: ++ R2l31 : *
lo5 R2l61 From . 2.45:

9.31 = vos + 1rr (1)


/rrRi + Rr(/sr - u,fr)
inpu conncted to gound:
For r' = 0.95 . : 0.95
o: L'++r,(l,,+ff) a)

o= 0.95 X5 + |(l.o5 o.s - _,*, )


=,,,"(*&+n,l,,) : 57.5 mV
9.09 = aos X l1 + 1000 8t Q) b)For /r, : 0.95 . 1g2 = l.05 A
(1), (2)
10oU. : _o.22=> r," : 1' : l.o5X5+ l(o.95 1.o5x*X9)
-2.2 r
9 /rl : 93 n : 42.5 mV
g=g=)!Qntr.
42.5 mv
= 6 51.5
b) ". : -2.2 . From he discussion in the text we kno\ir' hat to
minimize the dc outpu voltage resultiog from the
l0 M inpu bias cen, \e should make the toal Dc
resisance in the inp of he op-amp equal. Cur-
renly. the negative input ses a resistance of

R, 1l R,: sl ,*: lkf,} hile the pos-

itive inpu erminal sees 5 k(l sorce.esisance.


R= l0 M Therefoe e should add 5 kf,} source resistance.
Therefore ve should add 5 k series resisor to
the posiive input erminal to mae the effecie
c) n this case, since R is too Ia.ge, we may Resistance 5 k + 5 kf} = l0k Theresul-
ignore z;,r, compare to the olage drop across R. ing z6 can be found as follows:
,. << R/r, Also Eq 2.46 holds:

R, : l?, || ,
o ' _X lo I loors| ,,,,#) -

therefore from Eq. 2.47: (1rr-1r2)X100


o : os R2+ Ios : 0.8 : osx l :
7]o a0.1 X l = 1l0 mV
l0 M
os : 80 n
rb: t10mv
[f he signal source esistance is 15 k, then the

2. rcsistances can be ualized by adding a 5 k


resistor in series wih he negatie input load of
the op-amp.

k
1 k 15 k
9
5 kf
chaper 2_3]

: (.,_)
o.45 A

5l
+ = -B7x (l0k|l l M) = '0.45 AX9.9kf}
-4.46 mV
oz : +* lo"(l,' + ft)]
[r
/ 4.,t6 m\
=- 4.46 | lMX0.55* .n-/
Rr: fl., : 11 :99.5 mV
The orst case dc offset voltage at the output is
t*&:z
R
(99.5 + 404)mv :
503.5 mV

n,: lk: sz 2.102


' t99

-!- : 2o y l)= C, :
R,C' 5 X 2r' X l
: 3.l8 F
_J- = 2l- x I+c. : I
R,, C, l0oK2'X0o
: 0.16 F

2-101

h output component de to vos is


o' : u'
,, : ,rr(t + !$!) : 19, ,r,
8mV
: 101 x4mV
Vor(in )
= 44 mv lM
The outut component due to input bias curen
V6 : V1+ I u x(;
/, is:
+
ft)
!"r: I"+19! : 2V." + ux(r+2yos')
\l M t k )
I

R.= 1M : 23 vos
:23X4mV
Rl=l0k =8V
For capacitively couled input

vo

= -
., )"^
: 0.55 A
"': "-!2
chter 2 34

Vt:V:V65 b) Largest output offset is:

Vo = Vo5 '.'i = O
V6 = l mV 1+0.1 V:2mV:0.2V
v'- _ y.. l c) For bias current compensation e connec a
v_ v"+ !Mx-j-]
Ik
0yo\ resisto. Rl in series with the positive inpu termi-
nal of the op-amp, wih; Rl : R || R,
= 1l Vos
= 1001 4mV = 4.4V r-" : ]!9
"" l to n.
:
A large capacitor placed in series \,r'ith l k Rl : ok|| lM:10kf)
resisr
The offse cuent alone result in an outpu offse
olage of
tM lM
losx : lox lO ex I x 106 : lOmV
R2
d)Vr:1rnu+10mv:llomv

-'
I
2-l0s

Rl=0k

V*=V = Ve5
o dc crrren flows hrogh Rt, c branch
..Vo: VA+Vos See ation 2.39
R, = R, ll R' : lokl| M : 9.9k
= 2Vo51 V5
Fom equaion 2.
= 3V os
V6: I6R7andY6: o-2|
= 3X4mV
: 12 mV
Rz= lM
2.103
t 0'c, \e expec
: l0 25 1000 = :t250 nV Rl=l0
At 75'c, \e expct

:i1050X1000::t5mV
we expect hese quantities to hae opposie po|ar-
iies.

2-lA

lM fV65:1mV
V- : BxR\ ! vos

,",_
, ,82RrayOS , /srR] a yos
n, &

100 = 1+ft+nl = lo.l k


= ,-*,(1 -
il. ., - i)
Butf +I : 1

a) V, : l00 1o'9X l 106 : O.1 V Rr R2 R1


Chapter 2-35

_ ,3'
+vos
_
'Dl Ao fb(z) f,Glz)

(I'z): .3 : ,tl! : t.l l l 1 107

1 1 1
so the offset curren is :t0.1
l l 1
Ll
a) To compensate for the effect of dc bias cent 107 106

j' we can conside the lollowing model l


2x los 2x106
lM
2.1B
.2'25:
t Ao
: + jv'lwb =l^l:

o: 80dB, :40db@/: lkz


_
\.fnl- zlog}l
[*($
-^i
20 |og
- lAl - 2ololAo 2oloA
:86 4: 46 d
simia o the discussion leading o eqaion
l ' rl}Hz : _
(2.46) we have: \ /" (|99.5)2+ ''f" 0.501 kHz
: i| Rr:10kl| 1M+R',:9.9 1
R1
fo: Sot Hz
f, : Aof: 1.995 X lo'1 X 50
86 dB
= 9.998 MHz : 10 Mz

2.109

tdx
b) As discussed in section 2.8.2 the dc ouput
. voage of he inlegraor vhen he inpu is

gounded is: vo : vos(l * &) * l,rn,

vo : : mv( - lon X l M
ib$)-
o = .8.3 X lo] v/v
= 0.303 V + 0.01 V
Vo : 0.313 V q' 2.25| A : Ao
-
t+iL " f
2.07 "
e4.2.281

+ f' : of
Chaper 2_36

X tor 2.|1
5.t x l0 : 8.3
* * ('*7")'
' G*". _ != _ron- |oav/v
,(
f-(!!q_J'
= 2.65 f = |06ltz
f6: 60.1 kz Eq.2.35:

: : , 2rr 106
f,: Aof = 8.3 X l03 x 6o.',.kl'z 5o3 MHz ''
l+Rrf' = l+20
2.110
: 2 x 4'.6 kz
\ir'e have: J y6 : 47.6 kz
o(db) = 2 dB + (db) F4.2.34
: 20 log10 Ao : loA
20 db o- _RzlR _ _2o
u,_ 1+ s t *-ll-
a)o: 1x3x l05: 3X lo6Hzv/v 2 |06
,,.(r.&)
,\
A= l+ Ao
RI
_ls=rc-
,

jflf=l*;/l _+:
_ o.l/',dh|Uol
| "b A "r l9.9 v/v

6 X.tO'] ,q, ",l n/t + l 1. t 1'

./ = |o/\.h|Uo| = + = l9.9vr'
: 60.3 z Jl + l|'il
'+ 'f

f,: Aofu = 3x 106x6o.3 = 180.9 MHz 2,1t2


"/, = l0 Mz and cosed loopgain
b)
: l *R,: lv/
:5X l5 X lv/v+o: l0X50Xl05 R
: 50 X l6 v/v r'''' _ ' - lO Mr t kHz
R- )
-4l _ lo-*J!]! _ .!+!n _ l
l

I /,,1- *A
I + --i
l, Rl
fo
f ,: Aof : 50Mz | J|! : t00
--------7-
' t+j/_
J 1dB
c):5v/vo=15Vr' t-L
-5:' 1-,
|' * 4l = Io't }
l" .] : lokz f tot
= [u
l lhl l For 6 : -6"
/6= l50X 10K:15oMHz -f = "/:on x tan6" : 10.51 kHz
: 84'' f : /3dBXtan84' : 95l kz
d)r:16rl:10vr'
_ 2.\t3
|' , n| |o
o'l ) loa = l MHz
os = 7o
l Jbl J al & = _ l /v. """
r,-. = l kHz
R'
/, : l0 X l0 MHz : l0 GHz
.235:

e)A : 25 v/mv x l : 25 X 104 v/v ,, : ,.,n(l - r, : l k x l01 = l0.l MHz


fr)=
l, ,4l _ 0.92'5!Hz = _ 2.5l kH,
'l .!..> f o
1 ] l l l *&
- l v/v. /,jb - l kHz

f, = Aof : X loa X = Hz
:
25 2.51 103 62'7.5
r, = r,.(r *ft) ,ovr,
Chapter 2-37

c) 1+fr : 2vlv, /366 : lokz


"
: -J- * 91on : 50 tO6 + /la = 7.96 Nlz

:10MHzX2:2oz : : :
/, (r + 10 7.96 79.6 MHz
ft)n,'
_ft : -2VlV, /.,oo : 10kz 2.117
a) ssume two identical stages, each wih a gain
/, : loMHz(l +2) : 30Mz
Go
function:c : Go
= 1+ jfl.
-fr : lov/v, /3db : 2okz
l+iy"
o
f : 20 kHz(| + l) : 20.02 MHz
'
l+ ft:rv,/316:lMz
lMx1: lMHz

will dop by 3db when:


-9,(r : -r, : he gain
s) -rv" I MHz
, (l' =
"/2.
Note 3db = 2Olog.E
/,: l M( +|):2z
1.oo : r,^[rt _
2.114 b) 40 db = 20 log o + Go : l: 1+*
R
Gain:1*&: s v/v ' :lMHr:
Rl f''.: l6H,
: t *R,
l
/10, 8 kHz
RI
J':96x8=768k}z c) Each stag should have 20db gain or
for f3d : 24 kz
I} R! = lo and herefore a ]db fruency o
6r;n : E9 : 12 t
24

2.115
.r,: $ = o'l"'

f' = | z The overall froo |o' {^2 : | '


64.35 k|1z :
lcl : 1 f,
which is 6 time greate than the band\idth

n;7
= rulP,r.
"'" achieved using single op amp.
*(-
*(-' (case b above)

2.118
|Gl : 0.99+/ : o.l42 1z
The folower behaves like a low-pass sTc circuit _ l y5 : 5 MHz ifsingleop-ampis
wih a ime constant : --l -: ln. used.
' 2 |o6 2' ith o_amp that has on|y f, : 4o |Hz
'
tr : 2.20 : 0.35 s (Refr to Apendix F) he possible closed | gain a 5 Mz is|

l.l :19 = 8v/v


2.16
To obtin a overall gain of 10, three such ampl
l +& = lov/v. R, : l. R, : 9kt fier cascaded, rould be required. No, if each of
R
the 3 stages, has a lo\_frequency (d) closed loop
f \e consider 5 the time that i takes for the
output oltage to reach 99% ofits final ale, ain K. hen is J_db freouencv l Mz .
a
then:s:100ns:2ns
Chapter 2-38

Thus for each stage he closed loop gain is:


Set v:: o,

v _ RllRl
vl - l+Rt/R1
t
which atf= 5 MHz becomes: , f, f. R,
1,.- = ----j-L = "-r- srnceJ =
2
I
..R. R,
Rl
. (*)'
set:o' v. : z.=\
.R, = z

,
JrdR -
f, f,
R, - I +2
I + --r
R2
k= 5.7
: f_,
Thus [r each cascade sae: r,-. _ 1q l
5 '''

f16:1z 2.121
The 3-db frequency of the overall amplifierr, can The peak ale ofthe largest possible sine wave
tha can be applied at the input wihou oupu

clionin is: -.!2


l)
- .zv = l20 mv rms

31ug = !29 = 35
Jz

2.119 2,122

R,
a) = t. "/ldb: J, : f, l(nk
R' I+
RI

GBP=GainX"fi
1b
GP : k b
I +t
L

b)l+ft=/',,1b: l
k
a)le,:1L
cP : k+: f, for ., = 16. = J9
,"'tm
uP : 0'l V
The non-inerting amplifier realizes a higher
cBP and i's independent of k.
when o is a is ea. r. _
l
-'::: _ 16 .o
2.1?,0
_ lo 0- l m herefore l'
_ l0 + 0.l
I k
: 10.1 m is well nder i.,.", : 20 m.
v1 b)R: ld)
lf oout is is oeak' 1, _ J!! _ l0om
v1
at
" 0.t
which exceeds i"* : 20 mA. Therefore canno
go as high as 1 v. instead:

U.e sup"orition o iaIuate f,.,, for each case. 26.1


_ = 1-,:-=5o-', - 20 =2v
-9-
lrn lK 0.0l
Chapter 2-39

u" = 3-: v : 2o mv 5p = (.9 - 0.1) : 0.8-{ l0 : 40 v/s


' l0
o.o2
, o.2

c)R, _ ?. t''-'.:20m_ lv-L l0v 2,125


R..,n l _ 29J
sloDe of the rianle \ru" = s
T/2
20 _ 0.l : _JL 9 r.," : s62
.^
Thur?9x2:

lgV/us
2.123
op mp slew rate :
0 /s
r _ 4 ,.s o. f _ lT _ 25okH,
will take
For he inpt plse to rise 5v|, it
s
For a sine ave h: .Sin (2 x 250 X 1o'r)
^_
!0 l = 2\25OX |ol;, _ sR
.'. The minimum plse width : : d l.,,
W 0.5 s
- - !X
'" I6
'_
=9 r"
2x l0r X 250 -
The output will be a triangular with 10 V/s slew " t.-t/rv
rate

2.126

= lo"in-+ _ t-"o.-=
(V)
,"drdl
: l0 o
The highes frequncy at which this outpu is pos_
sible is hat for which:

99| SR+ l0r,", / lo+ma!


d l.,,
|-* w _ :6x10'1
f = 45.5 kz
^'
2.127
a) v, :
0.5, v. = 10 X 0.5 = 5V
oupu distortion v/ill be due to slew_Rate limita-
tion and will occur at the frequency for which
d,"l : SR
dt 1.""

-"'5 = 6' = 2,/ lo rad,is /m"


l
-_] : 31.8 kHz
2-lu
b) The output ill distort at the value ofY that

resutts in l = SR.
d l,"^

0.9 l,=10u'sin220X1
0.5
d""| : lo'l.2X2o lor
d l...
1/'lo 6
0.1
Ths ,,. = _ 0.795 v
' 10 X 2' 20 X l0r
c) v, _ 50mV . = 500mV _ 0.5V
W=2s slery rate bens a he frequency for which x
.2w:
,, + r,. = .4 s .5 : sR
,:F=0.2uS
chapte 2-40

vhich sies . _ !/l0 6 _ 2 X 106 radlsor


5
/: 3l8.3 kHz. oeer the small signal 3 dB
frequency is

f''- _ f' _2X106 2kHz


R,
I + --l
!0
RI
Thus the useful fruency range is limited a 2
kHz.
d) for/: 5 ktlz, the sle Rate limiaion occurs
at the alue of given by

X t0 = SR+' _ l/|o 6
2 / 5 \ !0\ l0
: 3,r8 V
such an inpt voltage' however would ideally
resul in an outpu of 3l.8v \hich exceeds 4'.",.

y.'-' :
ThUs j-9_E : I v Deak-
l
chapte 3_ 1

3.1 Using the expression in (3.2) using


No: " : 1.5 x 1Ol7 P atoms/cm3
B:7.3x lorsCm rK 3': 3.5T : 21"c : 273 +27 : 3
seV/K:
* = 8.62X l0 ": 1.l2 'we At 3 , , : 1.5 x lgi/cmr
hae:
Phosphofos dopd si
T : -70"C : 203 K:
, : r: 19I67"a]
n, =
' 2.67 x l0'cm ll t = 5.33 x '8
(t.5x loro)i
o-=ll
'n_ D - = 2.25x roaxcm.
Tha is, ne ot of every 5.33 x 10|8 silicon lo16

atoms is ionized at this tempratue. : p": 2,25 x


Hole concentration lOa/cm3
T : 0'C: 213 : T : |25"c :273 + |25 :398
n',N_ l.52 X loecm : 1 = ].05 x l0 |o
At398K, ni : BT3ne E2)
T = 2o'C : 293 : : 7.3x 1015 x 13931]r" lli:,.lxl
5xlo;

a.' 8.60X lOocm r: 1: 1.72x lOrr : 432 x l}tzlcm3

= l00'C : 373 K:
n,2
\
P.= , 2.2] o-lcm'
n._ X l0l2cm l 1 _ 2.87x lo
'N l.43 " At 398 K' ho|e cocetration

7 : 125'C: 398 K: P^:2.Xoglcm3


3.6 (a) The resisivity of silicon is given by (3.t7)
1
'- x x l0 rl
n, 412 t0r2 cm ': = 9.45 For ininsic silicon'

3.2 Use equation 3.2 to find ,, P:n_ni=1.5xtQlcm3


' : BT3n e'E8l(.2' Using , = 1350 cm2lvs and

Substiting the ales given in the problem p, : 480 cm2lVs, we have:


' "(l ' a"l. ln 5".*) : 2.28 1o5 _cm.
a, : 3.56 x loo30o.1!']e
: 2.2 x 106 carriers/cml
Usin
"AR = o.4 wihl=0-0l cm and

3.3 since 1r>>ni, we can write : 3 x 1O-8 cm2' e hae


Po- = lO8cm 3.
R: 7.59 9 .
Usig (3.3) we have
(b) ,, - D : 1016 cm
3
:

n = !!t :2.25 x lo2 cm-r. 2

p" = 'i = 2.25x loacm


1

3.4 ole concetraion in intrinsic s, : ,.i

ni:BT3ne8 Using , = 1110 cm2y's ad

\r\ : 4 cm2lv's, e hae:


: 7.3 lot5(3)32
'zzx'zxo
" :0.56-cm;R: 18.8k.
: l.5 x l0l holeycm3
(c) a, - lv, : l'8cm 3;
n phosphorus doped sr', hole concentration drops
belo intrinsic level by a factor of l 07
po :
o'2 : 2.25 lo2 cm'3
.'. Hole concentration in doped s, is

. :
": :
p_ 1.5 x-loro x lorcm r Using l l lO cm2lVs and
1.5
l'
hosphorus doped Si so
: 400 cmz/Vs, we have:
r-cm;R = 188.
nn = o : Pnno: n2 :5.63 Xlo
s expeced, since ND is increased by l, the

nh :
:,
n' p'
( I._5 x !o0l2 resisiity decreases by he same faco
I5 x !O'
chaper 3_2

E = lv
2
1;n, :l /cm
(d) p-No: acm = l01
1016cm l0 m l0. l0
Need '6,in = l m^]fi1 :qNDo
: 2.25 X lOa cm-l
= 1.56 -cm; R: 52.1 k _ l.6 |o |o
D Y l.15o / l0
'9r'o '
l0'cm"
(e) since iS gien to be 2.8 X 0'6 -cm, we

R = 9.33 lo-'?f}.
= D: 4'63 X 1o|7/cm3
direcly calculate
3. 0
3.7 Electric Field
-. 5V 5V
n,t (1.5x lor")2
10 m lOx l0 6m o-, - - : 2.25 x l.a/cm,
ND t|6
: 5V From Figure p3.10
10x lO acm
: 5000 V/cm : _10"p-_ p','-_ _
'|o"
,.
d- lV 6.lxloo
since o.1 m : 0.l x l0 cm
a

_ loxX2.25Xlo1
dr .1 X104
: 2.25 x l0t1
ence

+5 V- J' : _D
' dx
:
: _ 1.6 X o '9 x 12 x (_2.25 1o|1)
v2 a.ir, = ,, 480 X 500
: o.432 cm2
= 2.4 1 cm/s
n ,ih : [n: 1350 x 5
D" : : ,
:6.75 X l6 cm/s 3.11uaion 3.2l
lL. ll'
,,_ 6.75 X 16 : 2.8125 or Dn = nvTa\d DP: PvT
P 2.4 x 106
': 2.8125 n Doping
, lP D,l Do
Concentration
o aIteraiey, Caffiers/cm. cm,/V.s cm,/V.s
it can be shown as
ntrinsic l 35 48 35 t2.4
':!":,_1350
l 10 400 28.5 10.4
uo ln L\ 480 1'"

: 2.825 l0'' 7 260 18.1 6.7


l0'- 360 15 9.3 3_9
3.E Cross section area of Si ba(
:54:20m2
acm,
3.12 Using (3.22) 1v" : l0'" cm' and :
since lm: l0 we get rli :
1.5 1l0 grn ] 9 hng , = 695 mY
: 20 x l0'8 cm2 Using (3.26) and s : l1.7 8.85 x 10 '' F/cm,
curren = Aq (,, + r,1)
e have w: 42A x
|' cm = 0.424 m. The
:20x10 8x1.6x10re exension ofthe depetion width into thel, and

(t0| x 5 | lot x 12) x lv , regions is gien in (3.27) and (3.28) respectiely:

l0 \ l0 ' t' =w No =o2r2um


: 16 A Nr+ND
: No
3.9 Jdir : q (ni + P) E ' /' w'r + ,, = o2|2m
Here n : N, and since it is - Si, one can assume Since both regions are doped equally, the deple-
<< n and ignre the erm l, lso tion region is symmeric.
Chapter 3-3

Using (3.29) and :


106 cm1the charge magn 3.14 charge stored Q, : ax
ude on each side ofthejunction is: Here x= 0.1 m : 0.l X l0 a
cm
Qr : 3'39 x '\1 c. ,{: l0m X 10m: 10 acm
Xl0Xl0'cm
3.13 From table 3.1 :1Xl0ocm2
yr at 3)" K : 25.8 mV Sq or: 1.6 x 1o_l9 x l x 1o_8 o.l
Using equation 3.22, built in voltage yo
xlo . x 1016
v" = v'h(rya!4!:
1 n,.
25.8 \ l0 =16 fC
/
3.15 Equation 3.26 lV :
,n[ lo'o x lo't I
l( l.s , l 'o)'. since >> l{D

= 0.633 V w

u" : o_f;!.",

ee W: 0.3 m : 0 'cm
0.3
4)2
1.6 o-9 X 1016 x (o.3 X 10
SoV:
2X_MX10 2

: 0.69 V

P xn Q, : A (" w - q1' o1 w
* 11 o)
Depletion \rith Since iy'1 >> N,^
<- equation 3.26 3.t6vo: v, lnf&&)
1 li.

,= /z,, .* '1 l' l 1rn.o',.


f lV or lVD is iceased by a factor of 1 0, then
ne value of yo wi be
{ l.o lo '" \106 lo5,'
1N")
= 0.951 X 10-'cm = O.95l m v, : v, ln(l0
tr,')
Use uation 3.27 and 3.28 o find and x/
The change in he value of V is
X:w _ _95 X 10'u
'' | o l|6+ |5
: ln( 0)

: 0.8642 m ln(N,,'l
t n,t
'
':w N+o o = 0.95l y tos
'' !0|6 lo|5 3.17 Using (3.22) with e= 106cm-3,
= 0.8642 m r,: 1016cm_3,adni= 1.5 x 10t0, we have
use uation 3.29 o calculate chage stor on Vo : 635 mY
eiher side
Using (3.31) and yi: 5 Y e hae
0, __ on(#:#") W wherejuncionarea W _ 2.83 10'cm : 2.83 m.
Using (3.32) with : 4 X 16 crn1, e hae
: 4oO m2 : 4 x Io_8cm2 Qr: 4'l2 |" c'

= 4 x .8. ,.u, '" ,"[;l'".lo''


'" ^ ,o , ,d.]
) 3.18 ation 3.3
: v,l
]?(;;+fi)v,+
:lTG;ilFh
= 0.951 X lO-a
ence'
oj:5.53lol4c
Chapter 3-4

3.2| n, = T32e-Eol2'
30 K,

l\(
]
| + a.lv^
s N, N"l " n, = 7'3
.,' tz.,.
y |o''x (l)''' z" "'(
ln .. .")

E4uation 3.32 : 1.4939 x l0lo/cm2

, _ *. t u, ,,'1u 30 K1 : 2.232 x 1o2


f (!u!n,
)
o .

_^Fm;q
'n * t 305 K.
^ "
- lr'Jr'rnz' ," ''
':7.3 tl)x (3o5)''' /e ""J

=2.152 x l0ro
_
^*1141.1 K) : 4.63l x
,,'?(at 3o5 lO20

=Qn l *!
v
.n
,,'(ut 305 K) :
2-ls2
,r,2(at 3 )
3.22 uation 3.39'
= Qtn
'.,0(#!u"")u, _ qn,'(!+,
' ' \,,D
&)1"'"
L"N
l)
o
3.19 uation 3.39
' l, vl'
so : A'nL--L! ll
: Aqni2(;* " 'L"No
;)"''"' ''
]" :1a'z_1"'u
''L.No I)
Here 1, : lon'
, , !,u {nu'ut- I )
" LrNo.
Fot p* n junction y'v >> ND
'' = An2 2u r"u'u' ,', _11
L' o '.. -''= tron''!-r"u'u,
' 'L,No
u %.'
" = D' L'ND
^ For his case using equaion 3.41

1' - oon''!_ _ lon. l_8.,n2' ,.u,,0


'o
l0.- l.- l0I8
20 5 l 'u 1
X (l.5 X 1ol)2
u:o 10X10 4116
:3.6 X lo 15

ow / : /+ . : 1 .+/,= l m 1_
: '(e '_l):o.5xl'
1_: Lm: O.99 mA
" ll 'l/.
3.xi0 |'|e
,.1 vil)r9.
o : |'" = 0.990l mA l|_o.sxlo'
\

/
y v
3.20 Equation 3.41'' : o''i;(+- V, =
= 0.6645
Y
:ft;) 3.23 12
Rae power dissipaion of diode = 0.25 W
2m2:2xl0 3 cm2 fcontinuous current '7' raises he poer dissipa-
2X10 3 1.6X l0 ''x11.5 x l"'1' tion to halfthe raed alue. hen

l0 12x 1xo.zsw
5 x lo-o x 1o''
+
x lo
l8
x lo'o
.2=
10 't = o.42 mA
:1.44X lO 6A For raed value of0.25 w. the curren will
0'25 W : x |2
1 : 20.8 m
= 1 .44 x 1o 16
e1lx|
l 25'9

='79
chater 3_5

f in 20 ms, breakdown occers only for 1 0 ms' substifute for from equation 3.43
then during l0 s the cuet can be

, ,,'l
o E*.-!o!o
?9
10
z. _ \ "' + /D
X Js
:41.6 mA z^]n. + s'
3.24 uaion 3.48,

',':oFffi
:
v, r, ln(o'')
t n,'

= 2.5.9 X t0 . , ,n[ t'" x lo'' ) : s


[1t.s x Io'oy'/ w
:0.635 V
3.27 Eqation 3.57,
C;. : 4X 10'8
c.: l)l
1.o4X1o_t2Xl.6X1 \/10" X lo5\ I

:43.7
.r l0t" + l0I110.635 ro pr = [----':-),
\ l -.'
25_9
r , ro '
f F
q : C' : 10X 1o-'' x25'9
' : 43.7 f F

-y" : 259 pS
|+ ---:-
.635 For=0.lm
: 14.65 fF c,: jlxl
3.25 Equaion 3.49' c': =':'
o '.'z') X
(,- (259 .1 X o r
\ 25.9 x to '''
ForYi=lV ar: OU'O, :1pF
3.28 quaion 3.51,
('.#)' -' L (lo x o n)'
= 0.45 pF
6',_ ---
cm
note Im:10
For=loYc;: -qq : l ns
('.#)' Qp : p

:0.25 pF =lX1o'xo.2xo'
= 20 10
l2c
3.26 ation 3.43
c' = [!!|
.: o *^-!'! "
/ "'N + D
Equaion 3.45 1
l x l-' 1 r o.2 x I0 ,
\zs.q r l '/
' 2Jvo+ vR
772 pP
chaper 3_6

3.29
a,

Pn.np
ln-regron
L- p"(x")

fut-- o^,*,
no({
n {x)

2',"
',^

{_ _ _ -1p"
'":^
ll

I
-Wp Xp o Xn Wn

f T::;"--l I

l ,enh of p and n fegion


l

b. The current / = 1, + /,
Qo: Aqxn'x'l_ n'.l',
Fid curent component 12 ''l
p'1x'1 : ."ev/u' 'd l,,'', : )
2
: lt'."u"' - '.l'' x')
\n
^ : o.. + 1e/v' _ l11w _ X'1
Io: AJo: AqD,,fi L
oo
'

d - P"(.X") ""_P..e '_P"" : ont*,r.


L, .11eu', _l1
dx W"-X" W"-X"
(w"_ x^'2
("/u _ 1 _'
- 1 '
'"
'* w,- x,
_ n;(e '- l) .!4.,-
2 D"
u
ror lry->> ^
"w- "


' = AoDvd ^dod
' " dv 'dv
= tron,, _ ) x
,--!4 X"
' ' \w" q""t' t)
But 1 : r ("u'. _'|)
Similarly d se '

l"-
,
Aqn!
D
-i x1"v/-' l) dv
" 'lWo ,,']
-
_

' )
''n''' ------------:-
= An''|
D-I
+ ---'''''''''''!! soCo=1t'L
|w; x l' lw', x'A] v

(e - l\
d.-," = !w: tr to'' _ 8., lo,/F
The excess change, Qr,, can be obtained by mul- 2 t0 25_9a 1'
iplying he aea of the shed triangle ofthe sole for
p"(r) distibution graph by Aq. W" : 63'25
chaer 4_l

4.1 4A
(a)

t-5 v

The diode can be reverse-blased and thus no cur-


ent would ffow. or forward_blased vhere curren
would flow. ve+=|0 vp_:0
(a) Reers biased / :
o V, 1.5 : /: 1 kH3
(b) Foward biased / : 1.5 yD : 0v
(b)
4,2
(a) Diode is condcing and thus has a ov drop
across it. consunly

: 0.l m
1 k
(b) Diode is ct of
V: 5V /=OA
(c) Diode is conducting
yp+
=0v y- =
_1ov
/= kH:
1= 5_(_5) :0.t
1
m
10 k
(c)
(d) Diode is cu off.
V=_5V /=o
43
(a)

o, y'"u'oo
+1V
vo=0V
Neither Dt nor D2 conducts so the.e is o otput.
+2
(d)

: 2 _(_5)
2k
= 3.5 m
-5V

V,= 10v yp_


= 0v /=1kH3
Both Dt and D2 conduct when Y, > 0

+,='-l*" (e)
:2A

D,\
' 'cltlT
chapr ,-2

Vr+ = 10V y =_10v /= l kH3 )


Dr conducts when ,/> 0 and D2 conducts when 1,/

< 0. Ths he oput follows he input.

Vo+= 10V Yr=-5V /= I kH1


when ,/ > 0, the outpu follo\,s the inpu as DI is
conducing .
Vo+= loV vP-=o f= 1 kr when va < 0, Dt is cut offand he circuit bcomes
_Dl is cutoff when / < 0 a volage divide

G) (k)

-10v
y+=v y_=_lov /=1k1
D| shorts o gound \hen ,/ > 0 and is ct ff

Vr. = lV V,-=-9V /= I kH3


when U, < 0 \r,/hereby he output follows rr

when / > o, Dl is cutoff and D2 is


(h)
conducting.The output becomes 1 V
\y'hen ,/< 0' DI is conducting and D2 is cuoff.
The output becomes:-

4.5
Uo = 0v - The utput is aways shorted to grcund
as D conducts.rhen z/> 0 and D2 conducs when
For<3V.D1 is on and D2 is off J ir=0
?l0. For > 3 Dl isoff and is on + = 60 mA.

( V'()

i"( 0i
ri
Vr+=loV y-=_5v /= 1kH3
When 1> 0, D1 is cutoff and v follorvs z1

When 1< 0, D1 is conducting and the circuit 60 mA


becomes a voltage divider \here the negative
0
ak is
Ik . tv: 5v l'6,n"o1, = m
l k+ lk
Chapter 4-3

= m : 24.2 mA
(b)

'"o'", .60 +.1 v


For ak reduced by 107o
ir,n""r, = 60 mA
k 3-(-3): ml
: m : 23.5 mA
1
15
o.+

.60
'"o""'
i\. o.+ .r
4.6
1:Omn,f, Dr D2
Cutoff Conducting

0 0 0
_3+ .4 (5)
0 I 0 1

I 0 0 I

I 1 1 I
-3V
=AB y=A+B 4.10
- and, ae he same fo. (a)
A=B
, and y ae opposite if A * B (l0 || 20) k

4i
The case for the highest current in a single diode
is when only one input is high:
V,=5v

J<2mAR25
R
: O.15 mA
(0|| 20) + 20
4.8
The maximum inpt current occurs when one v = (
,,2o
1011 20) + 20
x4=3v
input is low and the other two ae high.
_j s o.t mn (b)
R
R>50k ',y'= i5 _ ''= _'s v
/
4.9
V+
(a) l0||o 5k cutoff 10|l0 5 k

l0 x 6 =0A 5(l0)
10+ 10 10+ t0
5k * :o.u.o :2.5

1:0.3m4 4,11

n=-&'=..4n
50

Conducting
ff=o.:,"l The lagest reerse voltage appearing across the
diode is ual to he peak input voltage
-3V l2o^2 : 169.'
chaper

4.12
4.14

V()

,,:|,,
'2' 3

-l v
voG)

2
D stats to conduct when ,a > 0
v;k"8): l.5

.o"rt1 : 30 m
i6,,ur, : 15 m

4.13
For > 0V: D is on, V = |'' io=Vi / R
For<v: Disoff' vo=o' iD=0

viG)

vo
a

o : 2o m
""oo':
1r,o,*, 10 mA
condcion occurs
die voltage: V : V9:
everse V1
z1 : sin = 2-conducion across D occurs
Vr ^^"l: 2 For a condcion agle Q _ 2) that iS 20% ofa

cyce
_2 _ |
25
:0.3zr
chapter 5

: 12 / sin : 14.83 v
;. eak_o-peak sie wae votage xt"cl Vr[mV]
=2^=29.67 -40 20
Given the aerage diode curren to be
0 23.5
l IAsin _ 12
d6 = ! mA 40
2nJ R
21

50 36.5
l _ |4.83cos6 _ |21 o'1
2L R ].=o.." for y = 25 mv

R:3.75 r: 16.8"C

Peak diode current =


A - 12 : o.75 A 4.18
R
eak rcese votage : A + \2 : 26.83
For resistrs specified to only one sigigicant .'. 10 15 : s
"'"0025
digi and peak_to_peak voltage to the nearest vot = 0.173 V
then choose A :
at : o.7
l5 so lhe pea{o-pea sine
wave voltage: 30V and R=
3
conduction stats a U, = Asin = 12
i: r"o.,'o'.': l.45x 10l2/s

15sin : l2
4.19
= 0.93 rad o1-
coduction stops at 7_ il=l,e '= o_'
.'. Fracion ofcycle ha cuen flows iS
n_2xl:2o'5 qi
I : e s
l>: ..''--
2 :.r .o.25

10-'
=2O%
verage diode current = :
iz 0.335 A

+-u-*g]|=,,,,: "u,"o 4.?,O


Given ID and yD in a forard_biased diode, e can
Peak diode curren
_ 15_12 _ find /, Usig: , _- o' e " ' using v, : 25
3
Peak eese voltage : x 10 16
mv, we have ! s= 3.46 A , which e
A+12:27 can use to calclate the following diode cents:
Vo:0''71 v/D: .746 r
4,16
Vr: 0.80V=1 :27.32nA
V RED GREEN
Vo: O.69 V+1, : 6.335ntr
3 o oFF - D condcts yD = .vID :9.l1 A
O OFF OFF - No cent flows -t a decrease by a factor of 10 in /D result in a

-3V OFF ON - D2 conducts decreas of vD by v :

o:
o'n'
,eu
vDl v v/v
4.11
b|o = r''uo ^v)/v : se
v, :
q Taking the atio of the aboe two uations' we
where:1.38X1o-'3J/K have:

T = 273+x'C lo: e '=V:57.56mV


l9c
4 = l. lo
Thus the result is a decrease in the diode oltage
by 57.56 mV
chapter,-6

4.21 4.23
u9 V The oage across three diodes in series is 2.4 v:
,s can be found by using I s : JD' e
thus the volage across each die must b .8 v
Let a dec.ease by a facor of l0 in /D resl in a
decrease of V2 by V :
Using , = /.e " ' . he required curren is
found to be 7.9 m.
lf l m is dra\n away from the circuit'
1D will be

6.9 m. hich rouId gie yD= .794v giving


n . l' 6vl l . vo' v
-:-":."
l " an Upu volage of 2.]9 v Thus he change in

Taking the ratio ofthe aboe two equations, e


outpu otage is
l0.5 mV
have:
424
1:ro''"=v:6.v Connecing an identical diode in paallel ould
Thus the result is a decrease in the diode voliage reduce he current in each diode by a factor of 2.
by 60 nV wriing expressions for the cuens' \e hae:

vD: o1o V,/, = 1+/r:1.7X ll2A:


|U of o gies V=o.64 ^ lD 5|l v VD'Y -v v
:=":"P
yD: 0.65 'o: 7 mgrs: 7.69 x l0_I5; 2'
Vo=o'59 Taking the raio of the above tra uations' e
10 of Bies
have:
vD: 0.65 v'/D: lo = /, : 76.9 X l0 8;

l0% oflo gives Vo 0.59 V


2:e 'y = l7_6m
=
Thus the reslt is a decrease in the diode voltage
vD __ o3o V, /, = 16 m+/s : lo_7 X l0 l5A: by 17.6 mY
l0% o gies Vp= 0.
4,25
4.22 we can write the following KcL ations for the
Dlv dide currents:
using s : ]D'e 2: l1_ 2: m
)

/s can be found by 8
Let an increas by a factor of 10 in /D resu in an 91 : 2:2 rnA
increase of yD by v : we can write the folowing KvLequations for the
diode voltas:
lo= se" ' V= V2_ V1
lf ,2 has sauration cuent Is. then D, which is
loo: 3e(vD+v)/v : 1r"vo'v '"v/v l0 times lae, has saturation crrent 10/s. Thus
Taking he ratio ofthe above two uations, e we can write:
have:
- - |
'V
l: ,nv
"o'"'=y:
Thus th reslt is an increase in he diode oltage
by 60 mV to = lol<e "' '
vD : o.1o V' /, : l0 mA=9rs : lo.7 lo_l5A: Taking the raio of he to equations aboe' we
/DX10givesvD:0.76 hae:
^'
:=4=-P . l |Vn |ol'! l v'v
vD = o3oV, 1r: l m+/5: l-07X lo_'5; o, lo l0
ID : 0''76
X l0 gies Vo +v :92.2m
Vr: 0.8OV, Ie: 10A+Is: 2l l0 15; To instead achieve y : 50 m we ne:

/D X 10 gies Vo : 0.86 v
D2 _ I_ 12: -|onn,ronr, = 6.739
o, 2 '|o
Vo: 010 V,/, = 1A/s : 1.7X lo-|8; Solig the above equation wih r/ still at 10 mA,
/D X 0 gives Vo : o.'6 we find 12 : 5.75 m.
Chapter 4-'7

4.26 520 rnv


we can write the folloing KcL equations for the 520 kf)
diode currents:
A 'c, 1 4A
oz = |0mA_V/R =

o' = V/R
vy'e can \/ite the folloing KvL uations for he
diode volages:
v : vo, vo,
we ca write the follo'ig diode equations:

. - Vol|

. . Vo'V 480 520 mV

Taking the ratio of the two uations aboe,we


have: Vz = 48O + 2.3 xIx 25 lol4
'oz _ |o|, R= _ r : 514.6 mV
Io, '
--V/
V /R "'vD2-D|/v " V7:4A X520kf}:2.08v
To achiee y = 80 mY we ned'
et "c.l : l ,'l
/D2 _ lm_o.o8/R _ -o.oq/0.o254 _ 4'
o, o.o8/f
23.1
Vz: 5-2.3xlx25|o4
solig the above equaion 're hae
: 525.4 mV
R: t94 .
^4: !x 520 : o.ll v
v",
427
For a diode condcting a constat cuent, the
4.29
die oltage decreases by appoximately 2 mv
Fo a diode conducting a constant curnt, the
r increase of l ' C. diode olage decreases by approximaeIy 2 mv
T : _2o"c corresponds to a temperan.e per increaseof 1" C.
decrease of ' C ,hich results in an increase of decrease in yD by 100 mv corresponds to a
the diode voltage by 80 mV Thus yD = 770 mV junction empera|ure increase of 5o c.
T: +1o" C corresponds to a tmperature The power dissiparion is given by:
incease of 50' c , hich reslts in a decrease of PD :
(ts A)(0.6 v) = 9 w.
the diode volage by I mV Thus Vo = 590 mV. The thermal esistance is given by:
5" c
= 116" (: / \
4.8 P'
^T 9 w

+ov
430
'[,
, Given two different voltagy'cent measu.ements
fo a diode- we can write:
Rr 2 kd
+
o, : reno'' ''
o, = o"'u'
reu
Dr
Taking ihe ratio of the a'ove two equations, we
have:
_ o)/v'
:
D2
i: ""
_
= V ol V oz r,
^(E)
Fo /p = 0.5 m, we have:

V : V,,(o#a): _248mV
t 20"c :

Vnt:Vz=520mV yD=552mv
Rl : 520 k For ID = 1.5 mA, we hae:
chaper 4-8


\y _ y" |n(
l.5 X lo .) _ _z-z. , : o.6v. i : . ?
' \ l )
yD : 580 mv = lO t2 eo6t0n2s
ssumingD changes by _2 m per 1' c : 0.03 m
increase
:
l 0.65 V, i: 0.2 m
c
,:
i tmperanrre, e have, for :t25" chaflges:
:
0.7 V, i:1.45 mA
For ID 0.5 mA, 52 mv < v D 602 |
Make a skech showing these points and load line
ForlD : 1.5 mA, 530 mV = YD < 630 mV and deermine he operaing point. The poits for
Thus the oveaIl range of yD is between 502 mv the load line are obtained using equation 4.7
and 630 mY ,
D
voo- vo
R
4J1
Gie t\i,io different voltage/curren measurements
for a diode. we hae: i(mA)
o\'v
-2!
- ,' "'uo' '-u^, v^ _ u,t,(P)
For he firs diode, witb ,D : 0.1 mA and
Vo : '7) mv, we hae:

1, : 0.5 m: 1.0
.8

V : V : ,10 mv yD = 74o mv .6
0.4
',(3j) o.2
1D : l.5 m: 0 (v)
0.4 0.6 0.8 l.
v = v'' rn(!) _ 67.7 mV+ v^ _'761'1 m
\0.1./ From this sketch one can see tha the operating
For the second diode, rvith point must lie bewe ,: 0.65 v to
o = A andvD = 7(n mv, wehae:
/D : 0.5 mA:
Fori:0.3m,,:u,'(i)
V : V,"(,) = _ l90 mV = Vo = 5l0 mV
: 0'025 n|
/1\
---::
/, : l'5 mA: l ''l
I
\

: 0.661V
v _ v,'\tl
ln(0'l5) = luz.u m vD
Fori=0.4mA, r: .668 v
Now e can refine he diagam to hae a better
= 537 .4 m
Fr th ID : 0.5 mA and 1D = l.5 mA, the
estimate

difference bween he two die !olages is


23 mv since' fixed diode current, he diode
for a
olage changes with templature at a constant
.ae (_2 mv per'c temp. inc.ease). his voltage
difference ill be independent of temperaure !

4i2
R=lk

voo
1V
0.660 .664 0.67

/s= l0 lsA: l0 12 From this graph we get the operatig point


mA
i: 0.338 m' = 0.6635 V
calculae some poins
chapter 9

Nou, one compare graphical reslts with the expo-


1^:1 -07 :1.5mA
nential model.
x1
" .2 k{)
ti:0.338mA b) Die has 0.7 drop at l m current. Use

"=
,,'(i)= o.oXl"(+) uatin 4.5
7: |+:v'(?)
: 0.6637 V
The differece between the exponential mode 1 v:0.7V
and graphica resIts is : 0.6637 _ 0.6635 i: 1-0.7 = 1.5 mA
: 0.0002 v o'2

= 0.2 mV 2= o'7 *z.:r.zsl"(f)


433 : 0.7101 V
R=lk ' _ t _ 0.7101 = l.4494 m
0.2

+ 3 :0.'7 + 23 X'o25loc(!#)
: 0.7093 V
_
;= l 0.7093 : 1.4517 n
0.2 k

/s:l0"A:l0''mA 4 = 0''1+ 23 X o.o2sloc(l 4i37)


Use teraive Anaysis procedure
v
t vo:11.7v,r, : 'i*' :
= 0.7093
0.3 mA
i_l-0.793:|4517m
-2 k
2 v": v,h(?): o.orsh(-g+) sop aS we are getting the same resIt.

= 0.6607 V 435
we first find the alue of s for the diode, given
,, ='_of': 0.3393m
by:s: De " ' wih/r= lmAand
3 vD = o.o2sh(q) : o.o: v Vo = O.7 V This gives /s : 6.914X lO_16 .
n order o have 3. v acfoss the 4 series-con-
,": t-ffut':0.3362m4 nected diodes, each die dro mus be 0.75 V
pplying this olage to the diode gives crrent
4 vD _ 0'o25kl(9!e] = 0.6635 v /p = 7.39 m. 'lr'e can then find he resistor alue
\ / 0 '" using:

= 'loiff" = 0.3365 m : l0V_3v


7.39 mA
- ra.r r'
sop here as we are geting almost same value of
pa,d Va 436
constant oltage drop model:
434 using ,D.: 0.7 V + ir, : v - 0.7

2 sins ^: 0-6v+i^' _v 0'6

For the difference in currents to va/ by only


+
1%+
lv io, = .o|io'
v-0.6: 1.01(v-0.7)
V = 10V
ForV=2V&R = lk
Chapter 4-10

A y^ - 0_7 ^' = 2 I
o'1 _ I._t mA
43E
Refer o example 3.2 - coNsTNT VOLTAGE
DRo MoDEL
y^ _ 0.6 i^' 2 _ 0'6 l.4 mA (a)
I

2=lj:l. +lv
io l-3
Thus he percentage difference is
8% @t.-I:
0.86 m
1 k
*'o i '0 =,o.o
437
v:ov
ailabl dies hae .7v drop a 2 m curren
Since 2YD = 1.4 V is close to 1.25 V
@ o.; v
Use /v paallel pairs of dies o spli he l m
curren eenly.

'l v

lm
)i 7
7
\
\
+

v
(b)

+lv

The olage drop across each pain ofdioder is


v .'. volage drop across each
1.25

61o6" _ ! _ 0.625 v Euaion 4.5 is


)'
Vz_V = 2ryrloc(i)
^-v'\/^
lz: le '
(.625 7l/]5
^
-!0v
: 0.957 m
so current though each branch is 0.09957 mA
,^'
"' - l0 t5l0) - 0.7 - t.29m
|
lmA\ill sr,i
' in = 0.09957 = l0.M
,D = - l0+ l.29(10)+o.7 : 3.6V
branches.
choose N = 1 4i9
There a.e 10 pain ofdiodes in parallel (a)
.'. Need 20 diodes
curreo hrough each pair of
diodes :1: o.l .,n
t0
1o k
.. Voltage across each pair

: z*u + z..lv.lo9J)l
-\ 2./l
t
: l'25M

5V

-5+0-7: -4.3V
5+4.3
l0
0.93 m
chaper 4_l l

(b)

, Cutoff

10 k

v
v
I

-5V
-5V
s-/(10): sv
V = 2-0.7
:1.3v
(c)
, _ r.3-(-5)
: 3.15 mA

(b)

-5V
. 4.1 +5 : 9.3 m
t0
v:5-0.7 D2
(d)

:5_l.'l:1.65mA
V: |+o.7:1.1
{r
4.41
v (a)

*
tT'' :oou*9
-5V
o.7 v
:o

-3V
Chapter 4-12

(b.) 4.43

-"*:-9J:o.rsrmA
l0 k

o0A+ lt.2.5 + 0.': 0.5.15 v ;_ _ Ui.,",L_0'7=s--


-,nc R
v:-3+0.3s3(s) R - l2o {2 o.'| : 3.]8 k
v= l.235 v 50

Ree.se oltage : \2o rt : rcgJ .


The design is essentially the same since the sup-
3V ply volage >> 0.7 v
4.44
4.42
use exponential diode model to lind the percent-
(a)
age chage in he curren.
(l0 ||
20) k

i^' (' 1'lv "lv

t20\ =:e
Io
6" \l For +5 mV change

:"515:l.22l
Io
q chnge
_-!_ !]- :
= (|l| o.l24 mA : ior_ io'
x 1 : 1?LJ 1 1U0
20) + 20 io l
V:2o:2.48 : 22.1%
For -5 mV change
(b)
i_"5n5=o'zz

q chn1e : 'oz._'ol y 1 : 0.818_ l X )


:0 lo I

<-- 5k : - la.\%
Maximum alo\able volage signal change when
V+ he cuent change is limit to t 1%.
so he cuent varies from 0.9 o l.1
3V 2

:2.5 iot
:
For0.9 y = 25 l(o.9) _2.63 mV
Forl.1 y : 25 ln(l.l) : +2.38mv
.'<]
"rtnrf '2 2 For :!:|oo cuent change he olage signal
change is from _2.63 mv to +2.38 m
../ = oA
v:' 22 ] = --s
chapter '_l3

Nowr:5mvx 25mV,
25 mV + 10'l
: .)5 x 0'025
_o25 + l],

1m o.|22 ro

Ten diode connected in parallel current operates 0.1 1.0 mV


at a total current of 0. A. so the current through
1 5.0 mV
each diode : QJ : o.o l
1
- l..
roao=;vs:rJx-; .- o.25
small signal esistance of each . o(ns + lo'
diode = L:25.V: z.s +:25'A
iD 0.l
uivalent resistance, Req, of 0 diodes connected
1
4.47
in parallel As shon in rob 4.46
n = 4: o.zs a v 0.025
'q |
+ Rs _o25 + t4,
f thee is one diode condcting 0.1 cuet,
then he small Signal resistance of this Herelts:10k
61o6" : 4Y : 2.5 The cu.en changes ae limi t l0%. using
0.1 A exponential model e get
This value is the sam as of 10 diodes conneced
in parallel. -!!: P :09l_l
iot
f 0.2 is the resistance for makig connectio,
the resistance in each = 25 x l-rIn(b-2)
\in'l
ana e.e
branch : ra + O.2 = 2.5 + O.2 = 2.7 dl,

For a parallel combinaion of l0 diodes. equia-


lent resistance, Req, is For 0.9mA V : _2.63 n

nq :2!:
l
o,zta Fo l.1m V : 2.38 mV
The va.iation is _2.63 mv to 2.38 mv fo t 10%
f here is singe diode conducting alI the 0.l A ariation obtain the imit on he i!pua signal,
curent. he connectio resistence needed for he divide this by the gain given in the problem.
singe diode \ill be = o.21 o.25 = o.02 oo _ 2.63 mv o 2.38 2l
" (6l1)
^,," 1lq 6,
4.6
The dc cuen / flows hrough he diode giing
ow for he given alues of (v6lvr) caculate
and rs using uation (l) ad (2)
rise o he die resis,-"" .,(= L) ano ,n"
"\ ]
small_signal equialent circuit is repfesented by o /in m v, in mV

&
0.5 0.25 -5.26 to 4.76
0.1 o.0225 -26.3 to 23.8
0.01 0.2475 -263 to 238
.0o1 2.4975 -2630 to 2380
Lx r, V,ll
"^: ' ,r*R, "V'o
"
v
"y+/Rs
Chapter 4-14

4.48 4.49

when both D and D2 ae conducting he small_


signal model

r
rl

The currcn hrouh each diode is t


a.
"2
v 2v, 0.5
since cl and c2 are large capaciors, hey are "l
replaced by a short circit fo Ac. t
v From the equivalent circuit
7]o f,2 _ lm_ _ o: R
7li= t|+ r2 _ R
* v'
\k lm 1,i R + (2ro||2ro\ R+r,
rn_
No 1is expressed in mA
o
1? : / where 1is in m

0A 0
NoI= o, 19: o
i
l 5 k 0.167

/: lO A, ls: lor10 3:0.0lV l0 5k o.66-

: , ls:
r:0'lV l 5
tt0
o.9524
1 l0o
lmA 5 0.995

1= 5 A, k: sx O ] = 0.5V
10 m 5 0.9995

1 : 900 , 19:soxl0r:0.9V

= 1 A 1s = l0o r l0_3 = lV

ivalent circuit
Chapter .1- I 5

b. For signal current o be limited o !lo% ol


(1is the biasing curren) the change in diode olt-
age can be obtained from the eqation

+2.5- +2.5-

;' "';)
l0 mV

b: : .9 to l.1
"ouo'u'
o : _2.u' mv to +2.3 mv
: :t 2.5 mV
so he signal oltage across each diode is limited
to 2.5 mv \hen the die cuent .emains vr'ithin 4.50
l0% of the dc bias cuent.
.'.3o: l0 _2.5 _2.5:5
: JI! : 0.5 uA
^n6; t0 K
Th crrent through each diode
: 9 *l : 0.25 u
2
The signal curent i is 0.5 ' and this is 10%
of the dc biasing curren
.'. Dcbiasingcurrent /: 0.5 lo : 5
c.Now/:1m
.'. 1, : .5 ,o
Maximum crren derivation l0%
.'_ i,' : 0'5 : 0-o5 m
l
ad i
= 2io = 0.l mA
.'. Maximum ,o : i X 10 k
: 0.1 x10
Each die exhibits 0.7 v drop a 1 mA cuent.
lso Q of each diode sing die exponential model e hae

: L: so ,,- r, : V-' fn(!)


D \i, /
ccording to current ariations (see the figure) and Ut : 0.7v, il : 1m
he ac olages across diodes are shown and
1 :2.63m + 2.38 mv + iv +z:o.7+y-"rj)
' l'/
= l.5 V : 7 + 25ln(,)
calculaion for different values of vo
o : o' io = 0, the cuent / : 1m,
diides eqaliy in D3, D4 side and Dt, D2 side.
Chapter 4-16

i,: l': i' = i':1:2 .s.l ,.'"(v)

/ : 7 + 25 ln(0.5) :683 mv
0: !1 : ::683mV
From circi
!: U+tr1+/o: 683+683+0: v
Frr^ - l_i- - l| - o-lm
Because of symmetry ofhe circuit

i' _ i' _ +!
22 = 6.5+0.5 = o.55m
and ia = i, = .45

7 . 2.5ln(!] _ 685 mv
\l'l
7, = 7| = 7 + 25ln(i!) : 680 mv

,'('
(mA) (m) (m) (rv) (mv) v, } lnV
o 0.s 0.5 683 683 0
+1 0.1 0.55 o.45 685 680 1.005

+2 o.2 0.6 0.4 -647 677 2.010

+5 0.5 0.75 0.2s -693 665 5.028

+9 0.9 0.95 .05 -699 425 9.O74

+9.9 0.99 0.995 0.5 -7 568 0.


9.99 0.999 0.999s 0.]05 -7 51 10.18

t0 I I 7 0 lo.7

]t = _1
U2+r: -0.680
+ 4.51
+ 0.685+ I = 1.05 v Representing diode by the small signa! resis-
tances, the circuit is
similarly othe. values are caIculaed in the table
fo boh posiive and negative alues of ,,,
The largest vales of r., on posiie and negaie
side are +l0 V and -10 V rescivey. This
restrictio is imposed by the current 1 1 m : +
A similar able can be generated for the negaie i + C
alues. t is symmetricaI.
For V, > 10, b wi1l be sauraed at l0 v and it is
because/:1m4.
Fr .5 m_ will satrae at 0_5 mA lo K = ,, _-vt
= " o
5V

I
b= - _ 1

. | 1+scr,

Phase shift = -,rn - '(sC'a)


\1./
chapter 4_ 7

= tan (crd) b. f m dies ae in series


Vo
: an
\ ,./
,r..!] y+
mra :
mr+ R
mV
mv+ R
For phase shift of 45" mV

45 . an '(z xlx tJX to o'ofs)


_ o'-'
\
r 'x
'{"!'":'ru-
Vo _ v
+I = 151 : 2.68 mV/V
v+v+ -
^v*
o.'7
No aries from
f , to r57 x 10 A Form:3
Range is 15.7 A to 1570 A Vo _ mV
Range ofphase shift is 84.3" to-5.71' y* mv+lo mxo.7

ror4l?=smv
4s2 / m

v* - 0.7 5mv
i.". -Lx
D v+v''o.7= m
t0.025.- l _o_7 l'-mv
l " 0.025 + !0_ 0.7l -m
D:-- 4.987 mA
/,3 5 mA

^
_vt-o.1 ro 0.7
D 5 m
R = 1.86 k
Diode should be 5 m diode
c. For m diodes conectd in series
^ Vo r! _ v/
- v- , v'-o1m
y* R + rd
R+J "R

v-
_ v 1.d r' : mx -!
" D
R+ v

: V* 4& : - I
Fo no load 1
R
vo so no,v
L 1.f
R mr
Io * o
-o'7m
v* mV

: _.vt
D mV
v+ - o.'7 m

y* -0.7m
: -av,
D v* -o.7m+nv,

Small-signal model
Chapter,tr-18

4.53 10 - 0_7
D 5 mA
R = l.86 k
Diode should be 5 m diode
c. For m diodes connecd in series

, v' 0.7 m
'o_-____F-
v-
D

so now f __
t,1
1

R mr,1
Io + o
v* - 03 rn mV

^V,
lo mV7
Small-sign-al model y*-0.7m
a. From small-signal model
: mV v* _o.'rr,
v o , (r2|| R) v' o.7 m+mv
Vo : _,'l| nl -
4s4

b.Atdc 1
v+ - o.j +5V
=

__ I
l
r R

l^ ^
-__-__,!_ + ,,:!
v
v+ - o.1
v '' l
I D v
v+ - 0.7

v+ - o.j Diode has 0.7 V drop at 10 mA cuent


'D v+v'-o'7 v., = 1.5 v \hen i, : l50 Cl
1v-
V'=
/. 'V
F.,. s
mA
10x 10 ] : /s.7'n025
v, v*-oi
.'e' _Xy,-v- ,5mv
/s: 6.9l X l_5
oJ= r
l0_0.7 l_. volage drop acfoss each diode = jjl = 0.75 V
.025 -
L l, 0.025 + l0 .7l .A
o-_ 4.987 mA
:.o:1r"v|v = 6.9i 10 "'" "n'""'n"
/: 5 mA : 73.9 mA
/=1.5/l50:10m
Chapter ,r-19

: o+ I': 73.9 m + 10 m Io _ ' o"' " n'


w"h^"" 2v'tacause there ae 2
: 83.9 m _'
.'.:5-'s : 4l.7
diodes
83.9 m v /2 v
_3 ,o9
Use small signal model to find voltage u, when 10 to
load resisor, R, has loe vales
Fo. a, : ,v,h(f6) : -60.2 mv
,'" : V, :0.025 _
o 7].9 0._]4 10 ^v
8, v: zy-n(!]
when load is disconneced all the cuent / flo\rs l ' \1., = l.2 m
through he dile.
y" aiation is _.2 mv to _ l l.2 mv
.'./r:7: 33.9 rO Peak o peak ripple : -.2 ( ||.2' = _39 mV

""
: ur"(:o): o.o25 .(S3#) .'. oad Reuaion
'
: V
l'
o :
5
39

,, : 0.753 V : -7.8 mV/mA


So No load, ,, = 2V,: 2 Y 0.753 = 1.506 V. Using l5 m source, i.e / : 15 m
ncrease in votage 1.506 : _ l.5 : 0.6 v ow the diode crrent changes from 8 (: l5_7)
Now load is changed to 13 (= l5_2)
R.: tgo: l': l: ls,,,l, yo : 2yh(l3!) : _24'3 m
I0
The diode curent reduced by = l5 _ 10 : 5 m
.'-^vo: _5 mxrr: _l.7
I'"
24.3
mV Loa relaln
_2l
" ^v \1
R' =75: l:26rna
7, = _4.9 mv/m
75 =
Diode current reduced by 20 t0 : l0 m
clearly he l5 m cuet source provides lower
.'. vo : - 1q ra = _ 10 0.34 : _3.4
load regulation but it is at the cost of highe cur-
mV
rent and higher power dissipation.
R,:50: 1,: l:36.a 5
The l0 mA current source ill be a better choice.
For l0 m sorce when he load cenl aries
Diode cu.rent reduced by 30- l0 : 20 mA oer full.range' i.e from 2 to 7 m; the output
vo = _2o r7: 6.8mV oltage aiation is % = -39 mV.
4-56
4J5
+5V

g: l.5 V + 5

oI

l50

I.varies from 2 to 7 m

Both diodes are 0.7 v. l0 m diodes


First find % wih no oad, i.e 1 : 0 and 1 :
To supply a load cuedt of 2 to 7 m, the curent
1..
must be greater than 7 m. so can b only l Use iteration to fild v" and /,
m or 15 m.
No\ le us ealuate load regulaion for both 10 r^=5-:-9Jjl:zome
" 18 ll
mA and 15 m sources, l0 m source:
Since 1. varies fmm 2 to 7 m, the current ID il
v2- vt = 2.3v,bE(?)
varry from 8 to 3 m
'
.'. I = +In
chaper 4 2

Vz : 0.7 + 2.3 x 25 lo-r loc(?8) v2 : v|+ 2.3vbB(?)


:0.7l'7
o|r{
: o'1 + 2'3v -' b(24.4\
'\
'"
=
' "' : 23.19 A
:
0./
0.722
V, : O.? + Z.lY- 79) 5.8 2 x 0.722
' '
' tnn(23 ./
180
: 0''72|6 : 24.2 A
o = -2'_x0.lz:
5 Doing one more iteraion, almost same value is
19.76 m
obtained
:. o : n'722 ' o : 24'2 mA
V':
V

' o:] + z'v. n(|9'76\


-\ 10 Now \rr'hen l50 load is presen
.,

: o.'7l7 ,' 2 \0.'122 = 96 mA


t50
,^ _ 5_20'717 - t9.8l m, So .: A)-9'6 : 14.6 |^
" 18
t is almost similar to earlier result' \e stop iera- .'.vo: o1 + 23 x v, bc(ff)
ion here
V o :
v ad ,D : 19.8l
o.'ll1 mA = 0.7095 V
Sovo=zo.717=1.434 Vo: 2 V o='|.42
.'. Loaded output oltage : l.42
a. Load of 150 is connected e. ercentage change in output oltage

1':0'717xz:9.56m
' 15
- 1.42
5.8
.301
4.2
X |m
:. I' = | 9.56 : 19.81 9.56 = lo.25 m ='.4%

so no 4.57
v. :
vo : 2vo : zlo: + 2.3v. r"c(l!#)l
(a) v-o + r.-

l0 = 9.6+"X50Xlo'1
: 1.,1 v r.:8
s found earlier, ith no load y" : l.434 v Po\ir'er aaing:
V' : V-o! r-x2',
b.

c. with 150 load conneced ad % is lowered :9.6+8Xl0olor


by 0.l v ofis nominal value. : lO.4 V
vo : - 0.1 : v
1.401 1.301
P: l0.4 X 100 10-3: 1.o4W
volage across each diode : l.3ol/2 : 0.6505 V
a l v (b) V. : V. +
ln = lO < lO 'e ' where
r_1.1

9'l=v,,,+30Xl0x0_3
y _ l.401 - l.30l _ .05 v "=8.8v
2
: 8.8 + 30 x 20 x 10 3:9.4V
v: P:9.4x20 l0 3:188mW
,," = !..10|
8.7m
l_50 (c)6.8:6-6 + 2 1r
:. I: ID +/. = ,4 16.1 /.7 : 1 m
., New value of 5V supply : V"= 6.6+22uJx 10 3:7V
l80 X 16.l nA' + vo= 4.2 P:'1 x2 10-3:1.4W
so the 5 v supply can be owered to'4.2 (d)18:17.6+r.X5l0_3
d. New value ofthe olage supply = 5 +
.:80
(5 4.2) _
v. No\, do he problem again as
5.8 ,:17.6+ 80X 10X 10 ]:18.4V
done in the begining and in pas a and b. : 18.8 x 10 x l0_3 = 184 mW
/^:5.8_20.7
" = 24'4mA
18
chalet 4_2l

(e)1.5: V.,,+ 1.5 x 200 x 10 3


r.:30f'
v- = 1.2 /r* : 0.5 m
Vz:'7.2 + l.5 X 4 X lo_3 : V
7.8
Vz: '7-5
P:7.8X4x 10 3
= 3.l2Vr'
z: 12 mA
458
(a) Three 6.8 V zeners provide 3 X 6.8 20.4 V : 7'5:V2+1230X1o_3
wih 3 x 10 = 30 resistance. Neg|ecting R, we vzo = 7.|4
hae
Load Regulation = _3 m/m. 1-: a :
' t.2 6.25 -,
5.l v zeners we use 4 diodes to proide
(b) For sELEcT / : 10 m so that
20.4wih4x.10_ t20 resisance. /. = 3.7m \r'cH s > ,z
Load.e8uIatio = l20 mv/mA
4.59
R:10-7.5:25o
. 10
82 For V+ : :tl V

9'o^ _
V : ll , X I.2 || 0.03
^
25o+ (|a-l J-'
: 10.1 v
THUS yo : +7 .4 'o +7 .6
wT y* :llv ND ,.:0
v-: v.^+ 1l- /, x o.o-l
small-signal modl .25

From the smal-signal model -' vo : 7.55


,o 5
r, = 5+82
5
87
Now : 1.0 V

.'. vo : : x t.o
;vs
: 57.5 mV

4.60
V, : V'o+ r'"'
9.1 :vzo+ 5 x 28 x 10-3
V"o: a.96
z: vzo + 5/. : 8.96 51"
For 1' : 10m :9.0l v
For/z : l mA V.:9.6 9V
9-7.155
25 t
!

4.6t

_ lo_ 7.5 250 = 7.38 mA 25o


l
= 7.4 + 0.03 X 0.5

JR,
{

^ 7.55
"MN 7.38 _ ._5

: 1.o4 k and V, : 7.155


chapte 4_23

_
< l5 (9.825 + 7(0.5))
13.5 V 25
S 205.6 .
.'. use i : 205

(c) Line reaion _ 7 _ mv


' 205+7 _]1
V
!25% chge in vs = :t5 V
V6 chages by :t5 X 33 : :t165 mV
*165
coesDondin to
t0
X - * |.65%

(d) Load Regulation : (rzl R)


: _(7|l 205) : _6.77 {
or 4.77 l^
Loest output voltage = 8.83 V v o = 6.17 x 20 mA': _ 135.4 mV

: tz 30 corresDondins o _0'l354 l : _1..l5%


-
Line Reulaion
R * rz
=
3+30 t0

:96mV (e) The maximum zener cuent occurs at no


v
load 1 =
Load Regulation : -(rrll : gf = ad the spply a
R) -29.1
2 + !zl
4'
: zs .

4.64 Vr: Vrorr,


(a) Vz : Vzo * r'z
l0 : V ro + 1(O.O25) 25
+ Vro = 9.325 Y

(b) The minimum zener curent of 5 mA occurs


when , : 20 m and ys is a its minimum of
2l _ 0.25)
= l5 v. see the circuit below:

t5v

)_v-
:9825+7x--:-----:L
205
2O5 V, : 26519.925\ +',t(25) - 1V,
9vz = |0.326
_
P-:
'\205lo.326 r25
10.326)
1

_ (Vzo
: 739.4 mW
+ rzz)
r -15
20+5 ltemate circuit to calclate yz
chatel 4-24

V2x: 9.825
(b)
:1d

,
z 25_ zo -0.7 v
250+7
_ 25 - 9.82.5
205+1 _ 12
71.6 m
O
9.825+0.07167 (c) The diode conducs a an angle
V
10.326
as ave!
o : .in-,l9J) : ]-}4o & so's
\12 )

4.65
a_: |'76.65"
Thus he conducion angle is 2
: I73.111" or 3.025 rad.
0
t _ 0.7)d
Uo.,,": :-.l | (t2sin
' zJ

: lt- l2"o, _ 0_76l o


2'
_ ltz , 2cos _ o.?(7 _ 2)
using the constant voltage drop model:
2' |

: _4.572
vD
ideal :0.7V rD:0 (d) Peak curen in diode is:
t2 -
0-7 _ 2.5j mA
t.5 x Iol

(e) P occurs when ,s is at is the peak and


o:o'
V : l2V
(a) uo = , + 0.7 V, For vs = '0.7 v
0, io . = 0.7 V
Chapter ,1-25

4.66
,r:
',
: !_'m
1

t2 : O.43 T

o(ae') = 1 area of shaded triange

= !"es 0.7)r(;,,,)

= , l., rl!
r\4) .z)

,b ID(,' lmll/v
o'1'A
i"
iD( m)
4.6A
_ I'D(at lmA) = v.ln ideal v
D
i2 .7

I' = t'ta .l1 * v, tn["/{l


-'.]
L l

= s_ D(al lmA)_vrln(f)
here R is in k
4.67

to = l2J1 - o.1 : 16.27


conduction begins a
r:12{7i16=6.1
,: tt '(#)
: 0.M12 rad
conduction ends at -
.'. conduction angle = _ 2 : 3.06 rad
The diode conducts for

l x t = 48_7% of he cvcle

n_0
(
V" *" _ !- | (l2J2sin _ 0.7)d
' 2J
0

= 5.06 v
;r.*. : '?"" : 5.0,6 mA
2.5

First find rr and ,2


2.5 _ O.'7

!'
4
+ rl = 0.07 '
chaPte 4_26

4-69
eak oltage acfoss R : Drt 2V o

Dl : l2^2 l.4
J' : 15.57 V
12 lk
1 ^
J.
'. z ^,D'

Cont.

6 : .;n ,-14 = 0.0826 rad


t2J2
Fraction ofcycle that Dt & D2 condct is
n_2x1l = 4l '4Eo

Note D3 & D4 cond in the other half cycle so that


: 94.8% conduction inte.va.
is 2(47.4)
;o _ 2rt _ Voo = 16.2'7
ther
0
: ";n '-9a ^r
' ?
6 o^''= (lzJzsin 2vD)d
J |
cnduction starts at
12J2

= 0.M12
'
ad
and ends at _ - conduction
: 1t nrtcos l.4]; '
7
angle : _ 2 :
3.06 rad in each half
cycle. Thus the fraction of a cyce for which one
_ 2(|2{2cos) _ l.4(r 2)
of the t\,r'o diodes conau"t : 2(3') x t.l : 9.44
2r
: 1- : 24 :
vo.ar g.44 -a
9' .49

Noe hat during 97.490 of the cycle here will b


".' R l
conduction. Holreer each of the two diodes con-
4-1t
ducts for only ha|fhe ime, ie. for 48.770 of he
cycle.
0 J.. -r
tt +
^ ".^ l l zJzsin _ .7) d R
J t-

Itt
I a+
= 0.l2 V 1J

i^_-:l'|2=l0_l2m
rko
Refer to Fig 4.23.
Fo2V9g<<V''
4.70
uo : ?V,
*"' 2v oo = ?, _
'.o
(a) For t, = 10 V
"'.
: 1.4 : 17.91 v
'l
u
'
D\
Tums Ratio : - = g 'll ,o
t'7.91
Chapter +27

(b) For v',". : 100 V


v, : 101.4 : 1s9.3 v l'r v.-
;t Ja,

i
D4 R
Tums Raio _ Aort :1.g65 tol
159.3 J +
3Y, D2
4.12
Refer to Fig. 4.23
For 2Vpn<< V,

v..", = ?v, - 2v o" : 2v t.4

(a) For ,n , = l0 V

rc=?-v" l.4

'..v': 11.4|;) = l7.9

Trms ratio = !4-&' : 9.5 ,o 1


7.9
(b) For yons = l l0 v
lv=2.y"_1.a

+y":t.4r):t59v
" \2)
o,,',- _ ||1v.sin - o.)d : 15
Turns ratio = !2 : 'ol ,n
J
159
=\_o:l: s
4.73 assum ys >> 0.7 v
nort !. rcs. 24rt ! nqo
v."2= 15+0'77: :z-'66
turs Ratio = 5:l
ThuS oltage acros secondafy winding
n.=24rt-oq"
"2 = 2vs : 49.32
Pl = 2V 5|^^' _ Voo roking at Da

P : Vs_ V
: 2x X 1.1 _ o.7
= vr + (vs - 0.7)
: 36.6 V :2Vs-O.1
using a factor of l.5 for safey we select a diode : 48.6 V
having a PIV rating of55 V f hoosing a diode, allow a safety magin of
4:74
l.5IV = 73v
The circuit is a full ae rectifier with centre
4-15
tapped secondary winding. The circuit can be ana-
lyzed by ooking a $ and o seperately.

v.+
chaper 4_28

(c)(i) use eq (4.31)

D'""c: ,'(1-"ffr)
Vo.*J,, l2(Vp Voo)
--'-"^]01"-r"",
:
ff('."8)
_
DL
: 233 mA
(1) ],
= (v P v F4. .28)
(ii) ip : !$1l +
o.|(vP_ vD: "_ votn "', "'."D-)

= 735 m
:
: vp
l66:t 'F voo
0_l60\I0- NB next user /, = ylR
R

(ii) for vP vD
v, : o.l(V, ," : # but hee ae used iD' a"e =

(a)
\ir'hich is more accurate. 'v,
u ,.l\
z Fv
)
v
: vP_vDo_'v (d) (i) iD'p"^k = l,(t +
^l
(i) vo'.,

= 12{2 o.7 \rtzJ1_ o.llo. _ t5.42(t + 2, E\


l0' \ 'i 0.1,,

= (2rt_ o.,z)(1 _
: .49 m
)
: 15.5 V (ii) i2',""1 : tr(, - r"ffi;
ii) vo""_q = 'z{z ol( ) : 1455 m

= 16.19 V 4,76

(b)
(i) v, : 0.1(Vp_ v"a: !#
i) using eq (4.30) ve have he conduction angle = The facor o[ 2 accouns'for dischrge occurin8
.=,!2v.lo_-1 nl half of he erid Tn : L
2t
c = .=-l^- l, F
(2FR)0.l 2(60) lo X 0.l
8.1..]

= Joj
: 0.447 rud
(ii)c:____-:-=833F
2() 0'0.0l
.'. Fracion ofcycle for

conduction 0'447 X 1 (a) i1 V6 = Vt - voo I


- 1l
:7.1%
: (V_ Vo ,r(,- )
o.'7)
ii) / : 2"6.61(Ve :0.141 rad
: _ 0.t)
= 9!!1
y n0 :
( t6.2?)l I
)
Fracion of cvcle
' 2
2.25'o

(ii) yo = (t6.27)(l _ : l.lo v


$)
chaper ,1_29

(b) 4ia
(i) Fraction ofccle _ 2 , v
" 0.7
2zt '
:@",*
N 120 Vrms
: :J2(.l) > l = |4.2%
60Hz

(ii) r.ltonrocy"t" :'' r*


: 45%
o'p"u = Vr_Vp6: 16

Vp : 16"1
(c) use eq (4.34)
v.-.: : rI.
(i)io.."s= '(t.ffi| J2

:
(Vp- v Dot;i
= E(l *" .1 : D44 rA
(b\ V. E4(4.28\
I\ 2(0.1)-/
^/
^ t6
(ii) ie',".:
('- "#) =:ro. XCX150
C:889F
(d) use (4.35)

ili - 2",___L-) - 23. m


1,'(1 ,
' Jz1'I1,,
v
io = '( *z,') _ 735 m
\ /o'02 ' vo-voo

4.71
-vP
1) , : g.71"_ Voox2) : v P2v
2fcR
po

dischare occrs onl oer !7 _ :


2 2f PV Vp_ vDo_v'2+vP
(Vp-2VDd : = vo''+vP
^ I
83.3 F
: 15 + 16.7

(iil c : V
= ----!-:8]3 r.F 31.7
2(0.01)/R
Fo a 50% safety ma.gin PV : 1.5 x 31.7
: 41 .6
) (i) Fraction ofcyc1" : 19&11go
(d)io'^:
',('-'ff|
(ii) Fracion ofcycle
using /. : = *e aue
f;
: ]@
N
I : 4.5%
;".-= *(, ."P)
(c)i) iD'a"e :
(' *,fi) : ,'o,e : I.36
(ii) i2'"". = 4 + nt^!-o.oz1 = 356 m (e) io,"" : r( + zo

(d)(D ?o :
(' - z"
fi) = zzz - rso\+z. ^,t@\
|5!
2t
,'',; : 5i9(r - r",ffi): 7o4mA 2.61 A
chaper ,-30

4.79 4.80
vr= 15 :l l v, R= l50
Dl

J -l
= rv
.v" 7v c R.
v
i, = 16 + 2y oo = 17.4y
t-
J+ RMs seconday volage = .j-:j: = |2.3 v

,tilfE
' J2
)

(a),: v 16

.'.i,s: 16 +oo:16;
RMS Voltage across secondary
_ 2x t6.7
J' v,,: 15 x I v R: l50f)
= 23.6

(b)= vP
2fcR
l6
2 X X c X 15
c = 444.4 F
note: we got he same vale for c as he fu| wae
rectifie as dischage is over he same am of ime
T/2 and the peak is he same _6 V
c)

(b) Using Eq.(4.28)


.. v- 16
' )fcR 2l6cXt5
c= 444.4 F _ 16"
PV : (V _ vDo' + vP (For D|) voltage a anode
for D3
Y of D,=0 V
= 2(16.7) - O.7 PIV=16_(_Vo) :_vD
: 32.7 :16+0.7
.'. Using a 50 % magin
: 16.? V
v= 1.5(32.7)= 49 v
|lowing a 50 7o margin = 16.7 l.5
(d) Using (4.34)
= 25
i..,r= 1-( I + ^]i nl z 1
(d) Using 4.34

= .11(r
l50\ *. fJ-)2) i2."'r= l1-( l + 11
^l2 "tzv
= 0.734 = -ji |+ n1l6/2x)\
l5'
(e) Using .(4.35) = 0.734
i'^^'= ll + zn^[_vrlzv'1
(e) Using (4.35)

](l + 2. E\,2 ir.."*= /.( l + 21 J;-/2v ')


= l50\ 12
= l.36
Chapter 4-31

*zowz'z) . 0 .9}
|ftl T/4 ,
l.36 = o.o2325T
^
= 0.02325 ms
4.E1

(c).'. Charge gained during condction :


Chage lost duing discharge
C i".", r= c
, _ Cur_
_ -i]-- lXlo 6
------------_-_-
Xo.93
'..a
.02.]25 X l0
= 4.
aD'p
io,",g=i",u,.+i".,.
R
toY = 4.6 a M= 4.rnr
t 1

(d)r...ar= cl
il l",nn*, nr.nou.,on
I
aot
c
a
=lXt0-6X40X1or
t<_T _ lms +t

i''",= i6 .,* * i.,,


During the diode's ofiinterva, the capacor dia-
chages throgh the resisor R according o : =4+o.^u'/
e-"Rc _ T/cR) = 4+9.3/l)
v"= 9.3 = 9.3(
j.= _ 9.3(l _ T/cR) = 4.O9 A.
9.3
Note that in this case iD-! : iD-. during to the lin-
- 9.3 ear input ( is constant and i is approximately
CR constant).
o1
= -jj1
fcR
B hi( ic F,{4'l8l
4-42
= .g3v Refer to Fig P 4.73 ad let capacitor c be con-
nected across each of the load rsistors R. The tlvo
n'^""=Vo_Voo l2 supplies, * and lg are identical. Each is a full_

= 93 ! .q; ave rctifier similar to hat baed on the center-


2 tappd-transformer circuit for each supy' he dc
= 8.84 V outpu is 15 v and the ripple is l v peak{o-peak.
Thus 6: 15 :t l/2 V t follorys that the peak
(b) alue of mus be l5.5 + .7 _ l6.2V

l0.v .'. Voltage across secofiary =2(16.2)

9.3 . = 32.4
9.3
:
-
8.4
v, RMs across secondaf
'rt=
32= 22'9 ,-"

Trms Ratio = = s'z,


22.9
Use .(4.35) to find
ia.^^'= /| + 2]vJff')
= .2(1 + z tz'
"ss
= 3.7O A
chape 4_32

v- 4.U
' 2fcR , > 0 D| coducts D2 cutoff
(4.28) vr<oD|cuoff
1
DISCHARCE OCCURS OVER 7,' 2=
2f D.conducts
' - k=
ltl
-l
^ 15.5
2 x60x75
where 20o m = ]l
R

R= .!= 75
0.2 vt
C= 1722 F a): |v
Consider rJ when looking at PIV
6:oV
A: _o''v
eeps D, off so no current flows through R

virta gnd as fdbk is closed hrough D,


v oer Dl
(b) ' : 2y
6:0V

Pv= i1 + J, = 0V
= 15.5 + 16.2= 3.7 v. (c) : lv
Allowing for 50 % safety margin
V= x v
1.5 31.7= 4'1'6
1 : 1.7
use Eq(4.34) to find

ip''""= (| + L_v"lz11
= oV
- vinuai gnd as negaive feedback is closed
= o'2(l + l5'5/2') throgh R.
= 1.95 A (d) : _2+o: 2
4-83 1 : 2.7
"=(l+R/R) v :0V
= 2 when he diode is conducting
(a) z,:11 c=2 q: l.7V : :lV
4.85

(b) v,=2 o:4v^:4.'l :2


a.

(c) rl: tv ,. = ' l2v - diode is c off +2


uo=0V
=oV
(d) ': 2y :_l2 vo:ov U :ov

l0v lk
5V
Diode stats condcting when v, :2.5 V
Diode conducs fully vhen :2.7 v
5V

l."', : 5 V
Chapter 4-33

b. Diode tarts conducting hen ,, : _ 1.5 v and


conducts fully he ,, : _ 1.3 v
+2
vo'

lk

Diode stops condcing when U, : l.5 v and after


h : n

v"N) d.

2.7
tk
2.5

_2

Diode conducts for v < _2.7 Diode stops con-

yl) ducting for q> -2.5 V

V, (V)

v'() Vr (V)
2.7
2.5

t.5

yl)
4.U
For 2.5.< < 2.5 both D, and are off ard

tk For ' > 2.5 v


'
the dide D| is oN ad it satu_
rates for , > 2.7 v at a alue of 2.7 V The sat_

miona ,,'2_ 2 + ! 1 m= 3.2 V

-2
chapter ,_-34

+2

D|oFF D| & 12 D oN
D2ON OFF D2OFF

4-88

lk

-2

y" v)

Each diode has 0.7 v drop \/hen conducing


The zener has 8.2 v drop \hen conducting. so
the limite hreshods are

4.E7 !(2 x O.'l + 8.2) :x9.6 V

+2

v, (v)

**n

4-89

I kfl

Diodes have 0.7 V drop at l m curren


.. For diode D,
i^ |o-\1\/
lmA
- |^U - |l'7't -
io: t\ | '"
Chapter 4-35

o=o..1 +r.'(#)
10 K
iD t k
Using hese equations calculate ?, for he different
aIues of r., FoD2,: ,o_iDx l k

" (| ' (
.5 y 0.s003
,,"r 1 .6 o.62

o.7 1.7 t0 K
I

0.8 55.4

0
*0.5 _.503

-0.6 -o.62
D2 on
-o.7 1.7

-0.8 - 55.4

/" (v)

n the lirniting region


,o: l0 -n.r'
,/ 10 + R
R 52.6 d'

v(v)

lt is a hard limiter wh a gain K : 1 and L, : 0.7 V,


L: 0.7V
4.92
4.
a.

10 K va

.l mA diode
Chapter 4-36

Diodes exhibit 0.7 V drop at 0.1 mA . . y" the


o.7 o.t 1.4 1.9
voltage drop across a diode when conducting is
o.73 o.332 1.46 3.t2
Y-ln( iD
v^ = o? +
" ' \o.l mA/l rna
o.74 o.495 - 1.48 -3.955
o''])/v
io : O.1 x e(v in mA For Vo > 0
0.75 0.718 - t.5 -5.19
D, and D, arc oFF and , =

: v'
I
'
1, = r K()
Vo: Vg* 5/, is ofoints for y > 0

/ (m) V= V, ye()
V 'Vou (v)
(v) +vD3+
Vo
0.4 -o .8 .8
V, (V)
0.5 o-0o3 -0 t.0 l.o
0.6 o.(n2 0.2 t.202 t.212

o.1 .l -l l.4l l.9l


0.73 o.332 0.332 '!.792 3.452

0.715 .46 .406 1.876 3.91

o.14 0.495 0.495 1.975 4.45

o.7 45 .65 .605 2.O95 5.12

3k
v, (v)

-2

4
_2

-5 For Currents ir, > I mA


o = o"
: 0.71 v, s that v1 > 5.7 V
l'l. D|
List of points for < 0
6:1.1l+lKxiDi
' v"(\ v^ l'7t.
= l-?l + 1
(v) (mA) "'_ 4

o.4 -o 0.8 __8 ^=!+l.2a25


0.5 - l. - t.o
slooed'o
' =.1
0.6 o.(n2 t.2 - 1 .2t d 4
Chapter 4-37

Table l for 1 > 5.? V


}ere 1, : 6.91 X 10 16

1(V) "( - loz (5)

5.8 2,1325 _3kio'


Table 3
6 2.1825
7 1.0325
Ye(v) ,od) i2(A) oz() v,(v) (v)
8 3.2825
_2.1 7.2xt0- t6 l0-6 o.527 2,524 -2.531
9 3.5325
-2.O1 lo-1s 1'5 0.585 2.595 -2.625
10 3;1825
-2.10 3.8x l0-r4 t-4 o.642 -2.7U -1.O24
Points for _ l0 = r = 6 are caculated as shown
in tables 2 and 3 -2.2 2-l x10 12
o.2x lo 3 0.659 -2.459 3.459
Diodes exhibi a 0.7 v drop at a cent of l mA
- 2.5 33.5X l _8 0.5 lo_3 0.682 -3.r28 -4.624
-2.6 l8X t_6 0.6x 1_3 0.687 -1.247 -5.087
" = |o _ tX Io-] :6.9l X l |6
-2.7 l.7X l-3 0.713 -3.413 -8.5 r6 c
' vn/vr o,7 /0.025 l x 1-3

Table 2 2.7 | 1.5x 1o-3 2.2x tO-3 o.720 -3.43 -to


Fo z, > 0 diode D2 not conducting
'
, so iD2 = 0

ior(A) u,(v) v1(V)=4K


'or(V) A- For small ip2,D3 is OFF, D2 is ON, i2 flows
id l + ",

1- 10 o.291 1.297 -1.291


through 1 k resistor
B_ D3 starts conducting when ther is 0.5 v drop
o-6 o.521 1.524 I _5313 across D3

.584 1.595 t.625 C- V6 = 2.7 V , the 0.7 v across D3 clamps the


_5
volta8e across R3 and D3 controls he cuent iD2
I O-4 o.642 1 .'7 42 2.M2
2.7 5.' vo{9
lo-3 o.'l
4
o-2xto 2 o.717 2.7 t7 8,717
3

o-5 1o-2 o.74 s.14 20.14 2 crc D !s alms consa'


oltlg dfup ard i|' i:
I

,,, : v.|"() von8e _ _ 3-4 Y '_? 4 6 810


YrN)

o:o+lKXrDl -2
-3
l,:3io'+vD|+1.iD|
-4
=4.io*,o
4.94
caculation for ,,, ,, etc. \hen D, and D] are con-
dcing. lso ,, < 2.5y
Fo table 3, use he following
: v+2 (1)
uaions
\-/ "_F---
ior: ,
"''o''u'
(2) lv.-. +
D2 : D!+. vA+2
l k
.^.
J, o^/' o- +

"',: v'h(T) ) erage (dc) alue of output = 1O'2

= 14.14 V
Chapter 4-38

4,95
:
(a) lool lvrl " "c"''
+1 a lhe end of T, t: T' o=v,1
\rhere

v; = 1vr1
" ''""''
: u,t'' r"l
(b) = lv'(t - fi7)
+20 No
Vtt + lV 21 : 20-Vt + |V1|_v'-20(l)
0v and

(c) ]v]| + v, : 2ov|+ |v2|_ 2|v7| = 20


(2)

from (l ) & (2) we find that


Vt:2Vt
(d) -_," Then usig (1) ad noglecting y yieds
3|v2: 20|vr|: 6'67
Yr : 13.33 v

-L_.'
The result is:

+ 13.33 V
(e)

+10v

(c)
l0v
+18V
(f) Here there are wo differen time constats
inoled. To calculat he output leels e shal 2
ageate the discharge and charge wae forms.

During7l, ;o : V e'lRc (h) Using a mehd similar o that employed for


case (f) above we obtain
A t=T:T=a:v|
+13.33 V

_6'67

<-T1*''2'

Where for f<< CR


yl = y,(l - T/cR) : V'(l - )
\here << 1
During the period T:

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