: b: l' : 0.oI V.
(4 pins) and one output terminal (2 pins). Another
6\ '"
2 pins ae required for poe
A l)
similaly the minimum number of pins required
by quad-op-amp is 14:
(a)': ._ Ua= 1._0.01 :0.99v
4x2+4xl+2:14 The missing entries for experiment #7:
t't
161 ,," : :J!
l)
= _o-051 V
+
-*
|
9r,..
":2.0V + ==
z : - 1.000 V '
For ideal op amp
.: : _l.000V
Measurd voltage at positie input : _ 1.010
2.6
Amplifiergain A= oo
!+-a- z.": : !(q + ')
l vSin (260)
1
z
- _ l.010_2.0
(' l.0) :
, 0.0l Sin (2zi000) : ,_
- 1
# 2.1
R (G"' ,, _ c.' , Refer to Fig. 2.4
': ')
': !':1.: sR (G-" , c.,')
.(x) o.0 0.) 0.)
.00 l.0 o.o .O0 '. = n(c. o2+ 2 G^ 1*
\c.'')
3 (a) 1.OO (b) t.00 (oz - l\
.: LR G.+ '3c^
4 l.) l.l0 0.10 ! 0.1 01 d
, 2.to
CMRR - 20 Iorl | = 26 1on.
"|Aru| " G. There are four possibiiies:
20log,,, , : 80 dB + A, = 10
1 k l k
AcM _ G.
' ' : lrxll: lo
A" C'^- ' ^'^ l
CMRR _ : Ion.
"
= 26 1on
--J-
".l
_ 6
/ |00
^G^
2,4
Circuit 1 J
'\t'
R'"(k) o: : _2 1o k
- l00 = _l lo
10
b -lo lo
c -t0 10
d _ 10
2.9
Rr= 10 k
l R' l0 k
v R l0 k
r!)
\ r, /.,"
_ _l0(l_0.t)
l0( I + 0.01
= _0.98 V/V
: _2N :
)
R," 5 k
11) _ _|0(l+0.l ) _ _-02 /
\ ll.,' l0( I -o.ol)
Range is 0.98 o l.02 vy' 2.1 T
G: -l V/V b. G = - lOv/v
c. c : -0.1 v/v d. G: lV/V
e-
Chapter 2-3
_,..'--l---
R',
d. G: _1v/v
=
-R, + R. : 10k, Rz = 1Mo _Rz_'1:
Rr
___--
'.
G:9= l
vi Rr l0
2.t3 v-: l0Y ,h:0, -!: _5v
2.16
'.: 0k
z1 lk = l v,/v
.: _1o
= 10 x (0.5)
ln the figure
oo
i'' : 2k -5
2k -
25mA
9: _l = -Rz Rr= l0 k
Rr
=tR2:4Rr
Toal resistance used is 1 kC!
.'.Rl+R2: lk
R,+4R,=lk
R, = 20k
and R, : 4, : 36 1
2.14
Gain is 26 dB
o-(u-) o-(-5)
l0 k t k
: +0.5mA
i3: i"- i,= -2.s 0.5
: _3 m
This additiona current is supplid by the op amp.
+
2-17
,(r +ft)
16;r;11 : &: R1
r.?)
Rl l./
26 dB : 20 log lcl
So 2X is the tolerance on the closed loop gain G
G:1o26'20=19.95
: _'gsl : _R,
G:-tooYandx=1
.''9
Rl Gain aiation - 102 <G <-98
Chapter 2-4
2.18 R, : l0o k
-n + o
Rz=5k
R : ll9___-]
_
: 1.66 k
Rr=l5k ]-
2 k resistor coneted to input be shnted o
achiee 1.66 k is R., then
/ R'
1.66 = 2 k i| R 2 k
R,+2ko
+R. : 9.76 k
,-R,R,5
2.20
i R R| 15
,, = oY ',: ":5
For :t l 7o on R|, R,: R = 15 t .l5 kr} Rr= 1k
Rl=1k
R'?:5:!005k(l
=<tsx
" t4 85
4.9v<r,<5.lv
For l, : _ 5:t 0.l5 v la.s x j u' !" = _& = _trv
t5-t5 ur Rr
,l5.!5l!
"
siceRt"=lk:Rl
14.85
.'.R2=ilxl:lk
94.85U<,=5.l5V b. op. Amp has open loop gain of 20 v/v
2.19 o, : _! where:2)ocien
+
c. .et R' .: R.llRl \rhete R, : l kf}
b
Need9:'1vr'
gain apply KcL at node V,, and R, is replaced
by Rr'
pply KcL at node yl
_V1 1_ ,, 7'1 x_0o
Rr
- R2 Ri R1
_ )| y :-oo=
R| = R2 substitute for , and 14 and Substiute
20
01 -ao
Chapter 2-5
& : 18.81 k _4
Use = 13.31 19- 18.80 :t 17o
=;n.+; 'l+
SoR.-: !: R.+ Rz
2.21, '" i, A+l
output voltage .anges from - 0 to + 10v and
openloop gain is 200 v/v
2.4
.'. voIage a inenting input terminal ill ay
6:
,,:'(R2/R|'
o
J! 19 --!q. closedlooDain
16 i.e _5 mv o l5 m.
20 20 .. LJ_!/&
1
ThUs he irtal goun ill depan by a maimum
oft5mV Gain Errr : ljl&lj-i
x trn
2-22
o.t%
b) ForA-finie|
",
= -' " = , i,Rp
R2
t' R,R," \
+u._
" A!'_j,RFR.-__Ro
- i, R, *R"J
,** .-
1+&
Rr
n':!: R l+
' ii 1+
chaper 2_6
,-(t+l) L fr
I
|'-
R2/Rr + Rr.) R:lr, , R, \ + R,/RJl
.: fuR. J: ' R'/
R,
1 l
l+--: +--:
R,
___ ,*_;- R. +-j_ R"
'*
RI
To resore he gain to its norninal aeof }.
Rl
use
l_,, A
R" ,Rr
l+--i Rr
RR,. _
' solving fo. we get
s R|" =
lrn
.------_.l
R,
'00
, : (,-fr: l)
: I - c.-,-,l
/I \
1)
-
b.G,n.in.l = l : ,R2
Rr
R''=2k=R'
''
' R':2k
R,' = R. R G' - R2/ Rt' R,: lR, : 2k
Again G.-", : - l0o and ... :
lt
109o
1+ltR2/Rr'
..,4 : (l - G",,.'.,,)l:
/1
- l
\
n order for G' : G: \ l
'|
^
(,: R,' =--f,,
-R,/'
= rl _ (_lo)r(l _ l)
l+l+R2lRl', R
A :l0lx9
R, R. : 909 V/V
"' R,+R.
( r'f:-in,n.jt) 2,27
- . lcl /lcl l+ R,/Rt
R,R. * r-
al-
=R,'R'-11 1
/
^ ) l 4]9] : o.5%. ^ : soq" 'LR| = 100
G
(R| l ) ' R. t * n.,
R, + R.
'RP,^, 0.5_+1
R'=+cR'+G& .5
R,. _ A-c A = 11(.5) _ 10.1 k
Rr 1+G (.5)
2.26
a. Equaion 2.5 c =
ttn - R2/ Rl
r*(r*&lze
\ R/
and Gn,,.,nu, : - R2
R
Gain error
.:lc
' c*,'-,1 :l c -'l
I c"".'" I lc-,,"", I
Chapter 2-7
.,R. Rn
o'. IM R,. R,
R
lM .,Rn.Ro
f.:
' - (u'*z\ o : 1)o/' : R, R,
\v, I
/ ' _R|
R2
u.9 : y
20
= &('*&*&)
R,\ Rr Rr)
n,= _ |M :5.o5
' (_2+2\
k
231
o' :
'r'
rV = '2o A)R, R
R, = (R ||R)+f =
-: r
n'=_ |M :55.6k
' (-20+2t R)+f :
R: = (Rz ll += (R || R
lM _-
l zY':_
"-1_ ' t2+2) R: (R: ll R)+r: (R || R)+f : R
b) v: : R||:
R/
R,/R, = |QQQ,,: lk Rt : l00
0 _ 1 - 2l++2x: R,
a)R.:R,:l0o 2
_Rr(t, R RI + R : R2.,a 2 = 2
l ". _ *Rl) : _1666
l' R, \ R2 R.'l
= 1+ n = 4+2+4Ix: R1
fR.=R, -R._ l(n -' = -!!9j-
l0 - 2 _-
l R2 +4!x: n'-' = ,
: R| :1kfl a= +4)4:8
230
z 1r:
i,:!."=-i,R,:-9R,
'RRl' R!2 PJ2 '2
t 3 o
'
S --.1 :
R. r -_
z, : R.
___
--:
Rl ' R
c)v,=dR=-/l?
z: _, R _ _2R
R : '4R
': -j
1,
a./. = l_ : .l m .'.y-: y : v
' lK
:1l :0.1 m n,' : ] : Is
.l mA
/2X l0k = /lX1=V,
Aain1-
' i
3'l m _,,/
... r. : r. x !!-!!
lff)
.l m
isneeded
2_73
y,: ( 3m)(5): 1.5v
1.5 3.l m(R) + 12 : 0
R,. = (2 l.5) = ].4k
-1.1 m
7 ,[}n, ]
Lt i, = 6.1 .o
i : 3'1 mA
Chaper 2_9
236
Rr=50
!1gs'r: 1g;,
a' =
'l0kri:R(,; rJ /R, q+ R, R, \
,, |o : ,, = _d i+ l\)
R=
I_|l
:!
l
- !.lk
: -t_ l5o 1), i _5?rr + _50rrrl\
b. nput Resistance Rt =
'!
=9 = o \l'l'|')
_|/U| +:
.t \
outputResistance " : ls : % : - \z) rr2|
lno
Now v, = 2 -6 "= _2
c. & : l k arrd v. in the range of t 10 v
z + 1, _zll
i, + lOk x l,. _ i,(I ._L r " L 2 'J
,\ i, lo '))
V": R,
= r,( k X l0 + 10k)
:20x i' 237
!- : i' a17 ',, = 112
20 R1
d. From part a
--]2-
i,: 10 i,: 10 x 0.2 m
235
Rr: lk_ ro<9< -r Y The eighted output of summe, circuit is
"iV /R. R.
1t : -lJ r,+Jr.
\
R,:R,
" ' \R, R, ')
I
= 11
and in problem
b:--&(R,*&*r')
"" : -(2".*2\
v, R, \R. R' )
_R, _ \ ' 2)
- 0+1:
fl,'r,Rr' _l=9f, _ lkt
i'=!!and=!2
' Rr ' R)
lta:10k.+a = Io Since i,, r, < Mor Mnput signals
i
.'. Rl, R2 10 kf,)
_ " k' l0k
'-(l0 & 'lookrt ''\
"/ &
l"." = 2. if R, = tOk.R.- 20k{!
R,
+1: r!! + 1.!)+R' = .l2k
\R, I' & = 1=*' :2R' = 4o k
R.2'
Chapter 2-10
238 R,:&,=l0k
'':
_(2 + 4r, + 8r,) Rr:&.:5k
'
R,' R" R. > kf) c) 1,. = (v, + 5?,)
\=z.\=&:
R, R, Rl
R] : o k Rr : 80 k!l
R':20k
R':40k
239
a)r.:_(r,,+2'+3l,\
&:'=n,='.
Rl
R,: l0 k
& = z=n.: s
R1 *, = 'oJn
&:,=.:]!
R, ', R": lOk
-1
R,, : 2 kf)
d) v,' = _6 ,
f,= l0 k
R,=
&, : l0k
R":5k
&,:3.3K
b) l. = _(v, + 2+ 20 j+ 2) :
R, 1.67 k
suggested confi guraions:
\ '': _(2'+2v,+2.'
lb
&:
R1
2R''2: k ": (3 l, + 3,)
R, : 2R.: l! k
R4
.,)
Chapter 2-11
10 ko
\:^a\=z
Rr R2
Select R. : 2&: 2Dkdt
Thus R, : 1 1
andi/:R'=20k
2.41
"
:
, 2 _ 3v, _ 4. : ConsideFig. 2.1l.
"
Accordig to eq. 2.8 For a eightd smmer
cicuit:
,R,R- R_i_ R, i
- =
" 'R,Rl,+ z'11]J "-! "J
'==
'RrR, ',Rt 'Ro
R3 = 13.3
2.42
Refer o equaion 2.8 and figure 2.l1 and make
_12 V <," <=&
t6
appopriate change for his problem.
(20x1+2x l +22x 1+2rX )
: 2Si\ (2 l) + 0.0l sin (2?, X l0 t)
'
: 2S|n (2 }t _ o.0 sin (27, X l000 ) _9 _ 12 \,r'hen a" = a = 42 a. |\e
' t6
we wan at he outpu ," : l) r|_ 1o0 r. hae he peak alue at r".
From equaion 2.8
+ RF : 12.8 k
.& &
R, R, =,oo
Equation 2.9
'! : v aR'
R
".9:t:t*&
R
setR,:0'R,:10kf}
f R2 : 100 k
b. '" " ,,R,: R!
R.=5R.=104k
& : t. seR =R': l6k
s;n"" &. & = l Rl
R, Rt
:.R":Rb:R:1k c. b. :ll=l+&
Rr
The output signal is
.: l v, ' l U. = 1 X 0.2 sin (2 X
& = 10, SetRl = lOk'&: lOk
Rl
100 0
: 2 sin (2 X l r) d. 'o 1:1+&Rt
|
and _2 < v < 2 which is less han he limi of
alov '
R2 99. se R, |o.R.:9qk
Rl
2.43
This is a weighted summer circuit:
. o:5xon 2:5a'
we ma \nte:
' o' : 5X a ,l : 5rrx d.
Rl = l0k ?!
short-circui R,:
_. 1/RP,
*'!/R-+,/l I
'' Ro"'
o"n: (
where:
'ff)(*,# ' ',#' #""^)
: -(o&*'*
fr"' * )*
(,--)('*, *fr^,*
2.46
|: : 1'o: R i' i: 100Awhen )
tl) ,': _2 } ,, * 2 n
+R: 10 : "'
0.1 m
l00 k & _ z. .,,: Ok+R. 2ok}
R,,
s indicated, i only depends n R and and he
meter resistance does not affect i. ('-ffo) : '-z: =>n,":
2.47 ( . &'(&') _ z+!L: z+-'
\ R],,\RP2'' '' = !
Refer o he circui in P 2.47:
a) Using sperposiion' we first set
z R 2
P| = P2''. : o. The outpu oltage that where R" = iL& 1;nno.;nn 4-1
' "RPt+ RPz
resuls in respons to v/. ,2, ... ,^/n is: Note that ifthe results from the last 2 constraints
R.
,oN: -Jffirr,';""r' R, *
RF l differ. we 'vould use t addiional resistor co-
***, 1
neced from the ositie input to ground. (Rrc)
",,: (r * &),
R"l
op,
I li RP ' llRP2
*,-J-**l-*,_ R. *' ._tR"" !pt
' '' ''
2,q
.: n+3''_2("+3')
Refer to 2.47
(t * R''lR" = l 9'l&
\ R./R, =(l\ +
2'48 )RP'
: l +9.06 R : Rl
R, : i ll RPz | RP.. RP
Chapter 2-14
l'l_
Rl R"z Rro
(I_ .)9 _ .+o.o} .3+R2::R
\ Rll ) R R",
.o _|
V1
0s.<l+->9=l
1b 1
dd a resistor as shown
' {l -l lOkO
- '_ ;-kfl + R
*,(f,).".:
2.49 "
-
R.
:o'19:1t ,, l0 k
'R,+Ro R
Un_U R' l = 10 kf}
R'R:"- =":"( R,) R
F(or the to above equations: R:lk
u" Rl \: 1+R2/Rl
v, =(,'fr\/
\' n,,/\r, + no/ 1+ R1lR4
t k
2.50
Refer o Fig. 2.50. setting ?, : o, \e obtain the
1] .i = _2o
seing U ! = o, we obtain he oupu component
du to v: as:
ou,:u,(t-)(#h):r*
,^ = .l0 i' *10)
" ,,'l+l l)
The otal output olage is:
1,^: ,
'',
+ ''':2(l'_ ') 6: lo,
For v, : loSin 2 x _ 0. sin (2rr X 10 0
,: : losin 2r X + 0.1 Sin (27 X 1]0 r)
/., = 4sin (2' l0 r)
chapter 2_5
2s.5
for an inverting amplifier
a) Source is ci_nnected direcly.
R.=R,. C:-&Rt
-:
" lgXl:10t o.sq v fol a non-inverting amplifie:
n
' tk(): 9!99 : 6.699.a
i': r R, = c:'*& RI
crrent supplied by the source is 0.099 mA.
case v/v
Gain Rtn Rt R2
b) inserting a buffer
a _0 1010kkf) 100 k
b _1 lk 1k l00 k
o
c -2 50 k 50k tk
d +1 l kfl 10 kf,
k
lv e +2 10k 10 kr
f +ll lk 1 t
c _{.5 lok 10k 5 kf)
i.:1qJ:lmA
" 2.56
current supplied by the source is 0.
The load current icomes from he power suply :50V/Vl*&=tovnr
Rr
of the op-amp.
ifR,:11=*l:k
2.54 AccordiDg to . 2.11:
,.R,
n_!o R
I + RJR,
A
6= l +98/10 : ]9: .::vrv
'I f I +9/l |'2
50
n order to compensate the gain drop,
we can shnt a resistor ith Rl.
-
o=_i Compensated:
oo: I
ut t+! I*(*99)
R"1: 10 =
\t0 R.n/
A
..9.9
error of Cain magnitude
l0 R.h
| 50
l"' lli- _1 1 X (510R, + 90Rsh + 9o0)
A+ I
= 5 X (l0R"h + 90Rsh + 9o)
10 !() o
lRsh : 36 R,t : 36 k
^($)
chape 2'16
2.Sa
for non_invering ampifier, . 2.l l:
fA = l00 then:
G_ Go .. _G,_G*l0
Go
r+29
l
= 0: / '*9
;;@1
Uun.rale! s.9
1.t for inerting amplifier, Eq. 2.5:
G: Go ..:Gr_rl0o
..90.90 ,,1 co Go
l0 36 A
l++ case Go (v/v) c e%
l 16
1 (v/v) (v/v)
_t25: 1.l v/v a-1 l0 -0.83 t6
1.125
b I l0 0.91 9
2.57 c_ll '.98 2
c G)A |l <
c: Go G^
:9-
co tl : -!!- d l0 l0 550
1+9 t +99 _l0
A e l 9 l0
1+--s
G^ f _l lx) -9.89 l.t
n l0 > l']@ r] g+1 0.67 l3
G. = cn \ r - l
-_L
2
AV
.+A>GF hereF: l0-l - !
2.59
x' Refer to fig. 2.59. when poteniomter is se to
the bottom:
_ s + --jjL _ 0.714
" 2+ 0+ 20
F \hen set to the top:
2.62
Refer to fig P2.62:
considering that : +i
u'+-_T=:;9o = 2_l|
ot :
,. onlv: R, :
' R
...& = .sq&
it Rr
ow for the case from "- and 7 fom eqalion 2.l9
^..:
(+)(,-ft,fr)
: ll , only: R, :2:zn
x(r
{ lo \
..qq&.&,i
R. R1l
i4.:0.09
Negecting the effect of resisance variation on ,
R'
"R,t0 : JlQ = t vlv
tr':
CMRR : 20 log| , I
l"'l
: 20 ol |0
_i0.09l |
= 60.9 dR
,s bet\en 2 eminals:
2.61
: R,:lr:2R
fr'e assume R1 R1, Ra: R2, then
u = b: l V/V+R. _
''R lOk(!
Rr:Rz=Rr:Ra:lokt)
- P _ 2R2-
b)d_R 20k(} _ R
R:R1 :10k
d)l' = * - O.5 V/V+R: = 5k = R
Rl
R = R3 : lokt)
chaper 2-l8
R,:!:R
)'
+ = 1 ::
^. iR, : R,
slnce
R il-'
l*':s+l+R RlR: _ R.
R, R,,
2.65
uation 2.l9
A"':!9=(rh'-ftft)
I (t R,. Rl)
,* &t Rr R4/
R1
R,
,'* " . + Rl
" n., -* n.
._lmr",Ra_ _ I : ".. R:
'l l?, + R, R R Rr + R, Fr l & and & haue o be al he
R" + u" R, RI
i=i,+i,='"' R| R.+R4 Rl + R4 minimum alues
l1 resisors are 1 t.7o
if we re'lace & : ; & : t& :
R'')
' Rl Rr \Rr R,/ l0 !9lj
- f! = l0 _.r
... - & ur
I0 +
1= 1 *
l0 r=R:=10+,
|
R, R+R2 Rr+R4
10+ R' 10*,
R5 = (R + Rr) |l (R1 + R4)
ch)se m'inimum alues
2,64
ir _ 10_-r R: _ 10_.
'l0+,' o*
_;#-,(, jt)
n oder o hae an ideal differential amp:
R"+Rr _ R" +R1 ...."'
R2 R4 i3,i,
'' l+,
R,/R + ]_ R,/R3 + 1
1+& - &=R':
,' = l0o -R, ' M
R'
*o l + RzlR'
l.------a-
Ad
= l0 ' 0.25
I_&.
R, Ro
l I wih - o'25%
I I
't+llm'
_ r, l0.|\
llrmJ ""2
= t2
l00_ll-ll
(' lk \
&: & ' ' lol o t/
Refer to 2.17:
R R.'
]: /ot 1 o2 : ' * z Aa : I
=54,., = -:
R,
I
Now \ir'e calculae ".:
b) Since .- : o,
l k
i,'}
}Io
ff) k l l k
theo if we apply v- to v, and v|,' .: o. "a -(-M
l00 k || lo k - l0 k
. ",4
y" : ,_- l
Therefore_
' '- l) + l0
V": " ^ lk,;and
si.niru.l'l o" = 3c
2
z^ _ 1k X l0 X lo
l'' }
we know : and _2.5 < vn < 2.5 U' ,.M + vn * lo X o
-5=I/c=5
c) we aply the suposition principle o calculate
4..
1'.,, is the output otage when , |, = o
:r,""(-r*rz (l ktklo llk)k \
+ k, ||
1,.'2 is he output oltage when v,' = o
_L : 1., =e
-R" Utt :
vnl = _;l ,l Now \re calculate 1,"u range:
_25 D < 2.5 .,a
."
l k ll l0 k
1k k || t0 k) _ l0 k
( 10o
_30V < "." < 30 V
2.69
Refer to Fig. 2.69; rve use speosition:
ul
l
Chaptet 2-21
,aol
^d_ tq_ |-p 25 k 25 k
A': 1.o / _ .9 _ R5
Rr'Rn
Ri1 : 2R : 2 M=R : 1 M d=t
R.+R.<=.
l
1R. s l k
&:6.8k &:680
6'8
-g:' 6.8 + 0.68 --.g ) 9: _t vrv
i)
i, Rt
'':i"':! 25 k 25 k
2R'
hen:
_!ia
i7R2+^"+irR, - 0 + zr, : r,
,(l
- : : 7Rz
"R"Rl
The circuit on the left ideally has infinie inpu
i' : i'+i_ : ia +,a R resistance
" 2R, Rc R,
y9 : +2N
it : io+ i" : i, iiD
[2LR2 + A
chpLer 2-22
2.73
Refer to Fig. 2.20. a.
& _ ,u'
The ain [ he fir stae is: r
+ R|/) ,,
t 14 v :
he opamps of th firs stage satuae at
'14 ' +14 v _14 v < 10l .". = +14 V
=
_.14 v < rtc. < 0.14 v
=9
S explaind i the tex, he disadvantage ofcir-
cuit in Fig. 2.20a is ha ,,.M is amplified by a
ir1:
,2 +1vrv - 14 < ,,< l4+-14<Ui.m= l4
This circuit allo for bigger range of u...
!=,,
2" 2.74
R: = l0 kC
Rr= l0 k
chapte 2_23
: 2o1 N
^-:L:o'oz
'_ 5
Uo : Ucm oo,r+!ft, us : :
CMRR 20 lo|20| |
"lo.o2l
s dB
R" \
Un2: Um*i'/ ,*J
1'
R :1 k' i3 20 k :
we use a series configuration ofRl ad
: kot
!oz_ a : * (r * ,r,, : l+L R, (ot); R 1
:
(Fixed)
ft)- Rt
Minimum gain
-.-'-_%.. (,.ft)=.'|.,.-{hl
\2/
CMRR : ,"-l*l : zoc(l *ft)
n 2.2, he common mode oltage is no ampl
1=,, i(nl : o.s(r -;ft-)
fi and it is only propagated to the outputs ofthe +R+ 1 : 2R2 (1)
first stag.
Malimumgain - l = o.5 (' _
#;)=
Refer to figure 2.20b. 2&: |99 R ('2)
B4ation 2.22, (1)'(2) RtF = 0.505 k:0.5k
l'" _ \( R:') l k(, k) & : 50.25 k : 50 k
R.\' ' R'] = l k l
loo
5 k /
= 2| N 2.77
The commn mode gain - is zero baause of he al!!:
,r
| *?9 =:r.
l
differencing action ofthe second stage.
_:0 uc: : _:vrv
CMRR: zolog |a| = o o lo
l..
f all resistors are :t l7" differential gain d will b) . : g_ " : |l^a!9 : 6y
7tA
emain almos he same but - \ill not be zero.
(V')
To calculate "., apply .o both inputs and at
both output termiaIs offirst sage y_ ill
appear. Now one can ealuate v" by analyzing
second sage. The second stage analysis has been
done in problem 2.65. s shown in 2.65, ifeach
1 k resistor have tx% tolerance, the - of
the differenial amplifier is:
:I l'^^=:f=o-2
'- 5 5
CMRR: locl2ll = .4 dB
lf2R =lk
R' R' : l k / l0o k\
'* ,, l k ' 5oo ,
ch^ler 2_24
2,78
-1.5
.
'. --01R
Fig. P2.78.8
: Z}o
'\i
e use supeosition:
v^ Zo
on]|y:vB= --! :
2
zi" :!_i^|(,+R)
ur
'2- ----
Rr &
,( +l,:i',R+i_,:1
.', R
Now if only (_ ,) is applied:
'=i'R=-'__-L
',. R
The toal current due o both sources is:
;:i +i 1'r:y)
=J
fRR
The circuit in Figure P2.78(a) has ideally infinite
input resisance, ad if requires that both term
nals of
be available' while the othercircui has
- 1.5 lnite inpU resisance \rr'ih one side ot
gounded.
Chapter 2-25
2.79
,,(s): _l _ I ,(r) : _ lo + 1fla
sCR jwCR c)
';(S)
= I0+.
1
jx1xlo 9X lX lo] c
a'
o-
= '1 : -, : loa rad/s and : 1+1
i J| RC
1= J9 v"(r) reaches o at , : l0RC:1
"2 = 1591 ,
u.(r) reaches 10V at, : 2s
b. i = ( j) : j
I
This indicaes a
2.E
of9
l _ _]=
phase i.e. output eads input by 90"
if |T| = l V/V tor/- l kz,
.. b : , if he fequency is decreased
oRC
then for |T| = l v/v, /has to be l kHzX =
by a factor of lo, the oupt \rill increase by a fac- kHz.
tor f 1. Aso
d. The phase does not chage, it wil be the same
relation as in part b. Rc:4T 2lkzl : l.59s
Lao 2.42
Rh : R, Thus R : l0 k.
l:
RC=111 -=l. Rc
<o : l().167" : *6 : -----.!-- : lgF
Rc l0 X 12
ith a 2v-2ms pulse at the input' the output falls
iinearly until , = 2ms at hich
/ = - v = _
-]-L : I,..
R lK
The votage r,. rises lineaily. fat l: o, v. : l0 v
then
voQ)
(ms)
0v
chtel226
(v)
, (ms)
(ms)
2.83 tt _
?,_l) = ----:||-d 62_8l o< r<.ms
R,"=R:20kc) RCI
lrl = Rc
-l: lar :
?.(.l) 6.2s v
:2nx l0kHz+C = b) /ith R: v"(r) : 7,,1;1i - e-lcRr1
2ex1okz2o
(Refer to pg. l 2)
C : 0.796 nF
Refer o discussion in page l10. .la-)= lR.' Ivx2M _ _l,v
2K
-" : R / R
i I+SCR.
and he finie dc _
ain is -&_
R ,,'(r): _100(l e ll'5)
There fore for 40db gain or equialently 1 v/v
()
wehae':& : l v/v
R
f, = l020k:2Mf}
The comer frequency i.,
L=-l=-
/ IF
_--J- : 628 7
0.796m 2M
, (ms)
vr (v)
) "rlonenial
2.U
?l{rl=o_
RC --_ !ms
"(0.5) : _0.5 v
Chapter 2-27
(\
, (ms)
, (ms)
, (ms)
for.5<t<1ms:
2,t5
/' (, )= ,_{o.5)-[_ra,
" RCI Each pulse lowers the output voltage by:
0.5
_ 10s _
1''l|: o.5+ a._.5)
RC #f'"= l0 s
RC 1ms '6.,,
'l l ms)
r,_( : 0.5 + : v Therefore a total of 0 puses are required to
cause a change of Mn ,"(r).
Another ay of thinking about this circit is as
follovs:
' = _c^l+^ _ _! - -!
cRc
hich indicates that he ouput voltage is linearly , (ms)
decreased, reaching -0.5 Vat , :
0.5 ms m
l0
-20
-30
Chapter 2-28
,,,(2)
|
R
l- 22 = R2 ll
,, l
+ and Z' = R,
v .:2 "(L)
,,,
= Z': Y|
'
Y2 ' 1+
|/R| - 'Vo1
o'l.* lr
Z
R7
sc v^:
" _Vo_l"
(RrlR,) ]t'
I + sCR2 ,,o vo vo vt
-R
-
v
This function is of a sTc' lov pass circui haing
"
I
cR. vo : RCs
n,.:n,=i
dc gain : 20 dB : 10
v
(' .;(' .
#")
.'. l _ &=f' = l0R, _ l0ok
R, '
I
vo : RC"
v |
A^RC, + Rc. + !l
AoRC{ "
Yo:-#''o"t/':-
v Rcs(iqo+ l)+ l Rcs(o+ l)+
Ao
l
tt
l (Lo_pass STc)
l
l!
tt
Dole freouenc - Rc(o + l)
tt
tl The ideal integraor only has a'poe frequency at
the origin. The above poe frequency makes it a
(kz) more stabe circuit.
fT=cR then =
2r (Recall
that : 2d
T
3dB frequency at l0 kz and f t.
T
.'. o : 2r'X l0 X l03 _1
CRt vo : _1_ _1 I
:---:-159
I
chaper 2_29
- ,. )0 : --159
(J-zn1'rl,m)" + '
2.8E
|:e|
d
':r:_lXl-ux.lnn" '
2f9
, (ms)
vo{
, (ms)
2.9r _(R2lR)J
-
RC : lO']s hen r+-l-
c = lomF R : lk RtC
oo :
sRc, 19(jrr) : jRC
i i
= '90" always
If |al
Gai : 4 dB : 1 v/v
R: : l
For a sain of
'Rl .
= -Zz = - I :,
oo
Z Z'' (*, *
*!)(or;. ".,)
Zr : n,*!,2, :Rz oo:- R2/ Rl
l .eL ,sC
(, *;fi)' *,*,.,l
Cain : o: Z-2
=
_R2
i Z ,nl
, sC
chater 2-3 l
" (, -
,+a;},
+ ih,R2c2'
_ R2/ R
_
('.ft)(,.,;)
where w,' I --,:
= R,C, I
' RrC,
a) for v = u, << r:, ,,,=.(t*fr)
^'' _R'/R, -R'R' .R' ,,
-|'Jl)=-:--:#
(l + ] |/J$l
: 'Rt', -o.: "..(r
*$)
\ jwl
b) for w, << w << v2
uor : 4 mV
'i.\ _-
u-9(
& 2.95
R|
voJ : i:2 mV
,o : 0.0 sin, X 2
c) for w >> w2 and 2 >> w1:
+ ,os X 2
: r(fr*) :2sinrao4v
'"i,l=ffi;ffi
from the resuIts of a), b) and c) e can da the 2.96
Bode-plot: nput offset voltage = 5 mv
outpu dc offset oltage =
r+l 5 mv X closed oop gain
:5mVXl00
- 2b/decade
The maximum ampifier of an input Sinusoid tha
results i an output pak amplifier of 13 _ 5 = 8v
is given by:
,.:
' _!-
l00
= 3-
RzlR R]R famplifier is capacitively copled then
1?
1+:r l+:-
-.i_ w2
a.,, =
ffi: 13 mv
HP STC LP STC
2-y
= C,
: 1.59 ,P 2.98
M
f1 : |0z='w2 : 2x ox l0r : I
10
i, c,
=+ C, : 15.9 pF
2.94
nverting confi gration
chpter 2-32
R, : l?, || ,
o ' _X lo I loors| ,,,,#) -
k
1 k 15 k
9
5 kf
chaper 2_3]
: (.,_)
o.45 A
5l
+ = -B7x (l0k|l l M) = '0.45 AX9.9kf}
-4.46 mV
oz : +* lo"(l,' + ft)]
[r
/ 4.,t6 m\
=- 4.46 | lMX0.55* .n-/
Rr: fl., : 11 :99.5 mV
The orst case dc offset voltage at the output is
t*&:z
R
(99.5 + 404)mv :
503.5 mV
-!- : 2o y l)= C, :
R,C' 5 X 2r' X l
: 3.l8 F
_J- = 2l- x I+c. : I
R,, C, l0oK2'X0o
: 0.16 F
2-101
R.= 1M : 23 vos
:23X4mV
Rl=l0k =8V
For capacitively couled input
vo
= -
., )"^
: 0.55 A
"': "-!2
chter 2 34
Vo = Vo5 '.'i = O
V6 = l mV 1+0.1 V:2mV:0.2V
v'- _ y.. l c) For bias current compensation e connec a
v_ v"+ !Mx-j-]
Ik
0yo\ resisto. Rl in series with the positive inpu termi-
nal of the op-amp, wih; Rl : R || R,
= 1l Vos
= 1001 4mV = 4.4V r-" : ]!9
"" l to n.
:
A large capacitor placed in series \,r'ith l k Rl : ok|| lM:10kf)
resisr
The offse cuent alone result in an outpu offse
olage of
tM lM
losx : lox lO ex I x 106 : lOmV
R2
d)Vr:1rnu+10mv:llomv
-'
I
2-l0s
Rl=0k
V*=V = Ve5
o dc crrren flows hrogh Rt, c branch
..Vo: VA+Vos See ation 2.39
R, = R, ll R' : lokl| M : 9.9k
= 2Vo51 V5
Fom equaion 2.
= 3V os
V6: I6R7andY6: o-2|
= 3X4mV
: 12 mV
Rz= lM
2.103
t 0'c, \e expec
: l0 25 1000 = :t250 nV Rl=l0
At 75'c, \e expct
:i1050X1000::t5mV
we expect hese quantities to hae opposie po|ar-
iies.
2-lA
lM fV65:1mV
V- : BxR\ ! vos
,",_
, ,82RrayOS , /srR] a yos
n, &
_ ,3'
+vos
_
'Dl Ao fb(z) f,Glz)
1 1 1
so the offset curren is :t0.1
l l 1
Ll
a) To compensate for the effect of dc bias cent 107 106
2.109
tdx
b) As discussed in section 2.8.2 the dc ouput
. voage of he inlegraor vhen he inpu is
vo : : mv( - lon X l M
ib$)-
o = .8.3 X lo] v/v
= 0.303 V + 0.01 V
Vo : 0.313 V q' 2.25| A : Ao
-
t+iL " f
2.07 "
e4.2.281
+ f' : of
Chaper 2_36
X tor 2.|1
5.t x l0 : 8.3
* * ('*7")'
' G*". _ != _ron- |oav/v
,(
f-(!!q_J'
= 2.65 f = |06ltz
f6: 60.1 kz Eq.2.35:
: : , 2rr 106
f,: Aof = 8.3 X l03 x 6o.',.kl'z 5o3 MHz ''
l+Rrf' = l+20
2.110
: 2 x 4'.6 kz
\ir'e have: J y6 : 47.6 kz
o(db) = 2 dB + (db) F4.2.34
: 20 log10 Ao : loA
20 db o- _RzlR _ _2o
u,_ 1+ s t *-ll-
a)o: 1x3x l05: 3X lo6Hzv/v 2 |06
,,.(r.&)
,\
A= l+ Ao
RI
_ls=rc-
,
jflf=l*;/l _+:
_ o.l/',dh|Uol
| "b A "r l9.9 v/v
./ = |o/\.h|Uo| = + = l9.9vr'
: 60.3 z Jl + l|'il
'+ 'f
I /,,1- *A
I + --i
l, Rl
fo
f ,: Aof : 50Mz | J|! : t00
--------7-
' t+j/_
J 1dB
c):5v/vo=15Vr' t-L
-5:' 1-,
|' * 4l = Io't }
l" .] : lokz f tot
= [u
l lhl l For 6 : -6"
/6= l50X 10K:15oMHz -f = "/:on x tan6" : 10.51 kHz
: 84'' f : /3dBXtan84' : 95l kz
d)r:16rl:10vr'
_ 2.\t3
|' , n| |o
o'l ) loa = l MHz
os = 7o
l Jbl J al & = _ l /v. """
r,-. = l kHz
R'
/, : l0 X l0 MHz : l0 GHz
.235:
f, = Aof : X loa X = Hz
:
25 2.51 103 62'7.5
r, = r,.(r *ft) ,ovr,
Chapter 2-37
:10MHzX2:2oz : : :
/, (r + 10 7.96 79.6 MHz
ft)n,'
_ft : -2VlV, /.,oo : 10kz 2.117
a) ssume two identical stages, each wih a gain
/, : loMHz(l +2) : 30Mz
Go
function:c : Go
= 1+ jfl.
-fr : lov/v, /3db : 2okz
l+iy"
o
f : 20 kHz(| + l) : 20.02 MHz
'
l+ ft:rv,/316:lMz
lMx1: lMHz
2.115
.r,: $ = o'l"'
n;7
= rulP,r.
"'" achieved using single op amp.
*(-
*(-' (case b above)
2.118
|Gl : 0.99+/ : o.l42 1z
The folower behaves like a low-pass sTc circuit _ l y5 : 5 MHz ifsingleop-ampis
wih a ime constant : --l -: ln. used.
' 2 |o6 2' ith o_amp that has on|y f, : 4o |Hz
'
tr : 2.20 : 0.35 s (Refr to Apendix F) he possible closed | gain a 5 Mz is|
v _ RllRl
vl - l+Rt/R1
t
which atf= 5 MHz becomes: , f, f. R,
1,.- = ----j-L = "-r- srnceJ =
2
I
..R. R,
Rl
. (*)'
set:o' v. : z.=\
.R, = z
,
JrdR -
f, f,
R, - I +2
I + --r
R2
k= 5.7
: f_,
Thus [r each cascade sae: r,-. _ 1q l
5 '''
f16:1z 2.121
The 3-db frequency of the overall amplifierr, can The peak ale ofthe largest possible sine wave
tha can be applied at the input wihou oupu
31ug = !29 = 35
Jz
2.119 2,122
R,
a) = t. "/ldb: J, : f, l(nk
R' I+
RI
GBP=GainX"fi
1b
GP : k b
I +t
L
b)l+ft=/',,1b: l
k
a)le,:1L
cP : k+: f, for ., = 16. = J9
,"'tm
uP : 0'l V
The non-inerting amplifier realizes a higher
cBP and i's independent of k.
when o is a is ea. r. _
l
-'::: _ 16 .o
2.1?,0
_ lo 0- l m herefore l'
_ l0 + 0.l
I k
: 10.1 m is well nder i.,.", : 20 m.
v1 b)R: ld)
lf oout is is oeak' 1, _ J!! _ l0om
v1
at
" 0.t
which exceeds i"* : 20 mA. Therefore canno
go as high as 1 v. instead:
2.126
= lo"in-+ _ t-"o.-=
(V)
,"drdl
: l0 o
The highes frequncy at which this outpu is pos_
sible is hat for which:
resutts in l = SR.
d l,"^
0.9 l,=10u'sin220X1
0.5
d""| : lo'l.2X2o lor
d l...
1/'lo 6
0.1
Ths ,,. = _ 0.795 v
' 10 X 2' 20 X l0r
c) v, _ 50mV . = 500mV _ 0.5V
W=2s slery rate bens a he frequency for which x
.2w:
,, + r,. = .4 s .5 : sR
,:F=0.2uS
chapte 2-40
X t0 = SR+' _ l/|o 6
2 / 5 \ !0\ l0
: 3,r8 V
such an inpt voltage' however would ideally
resul in an outpu of 3l.8v \hich exceeds 4'.",.
y.'-' :
ThUs j-9_E : I v Deak-
l
chapte 3_ 1
= l00'C : 373 K:
n,2
\
P.= , 2.2] o-lcm'
n._ X l0l2cm l 1 _ 2.87x lo
'N l.43 " At 398 K' ho|e cocetration
. :
": :
p_ 1.5 x-loro x lorcm r Using l l lO cm2lVs and
1.5
l'
hosphorus doped Si so
: 400 cmz/Vs, we have:
r-cm;R = 188.
nn = o : Pnno: n2 :5.63 Xlo
s expeced, since ND is increased by l, the
nh :
:,
n' p'
( I._5 x !o0l2 resisiity decreases by he same faco
I5 x !O'
chaper 3_2
E = lv
2
1;n, :l /cm
(d) p-No: acm = l01
1016cm l0 m l0. l0
Need '6,in = l m^]fi1 :qNDo
: 2.25 X lOa cm-l
= 1.56 -cm; R: 52.1 k _ l.6 |o |o
D Y l.15o / l0
'9r'o '
l0'cm"
(e) since iS gien to be 2.8 X 0'6 -cm, we
R = 9.33 lo-'?f}.
= D: 4'63 X 1o|7/cm3
direcly calculate
3. 0
3.7 Electric Field
-. 5V 5V
n,t (1.5x lor")2
10 m lOx l0 6m o-, - - : 2.25 x l.a/cm,
ND t|6
: 5V From Figure p3.10
10x lO acm
: 5000 V/cm : _10"p-_ p','-_ _
'|o"
,.
d- lV 6.lxloo
since o.1 m : 0.l x l0 cm
a
_ loxX2.25Xlo1
dr .1 X104
: 2.25 x l0t1
ence
+5 V- J' : _D
' dx
:
: _ 1.6 X o '9 x 12 x (_2.25 1o|1)
v2 a.ir, = ,, 480 X 500
: o.432 cm2
= 2.4 1 cm/s
n ,ih : [n: 1350 x 5
D" : : ,
:6.75 X l6 cm/s 3.11uaion 3.2l
lL. ll'
,,_ 6.75 X 16 : 2.8125 or Dn = nvTa\d DP: PvT
P 2.4 x 106
': 2.8125 n Doping
, lP D,l Do
Concentration
o aIteraiey, Caffiers/cm. cm,/V.s cm,/V.s
it can be shown as
ntrinsic l 35 48 35 t2.4
':!":,_1350
l 10 400 28.5 10.4
uo ln L\ 480 1'"
= 0.633 V w
u" : o_f;!.",
ee W: 0.3 m : 0 'cm
0.3
4)2
1.6 o-9 X 1016 x (o.3 X 10
SoV:
2X_MX10 2
: 0.69 V
P xn Q, : A (" w - q1' o1 w
* 11 o)
Depletion \rith Since iy'1 >> N,^
<- equation 3.26 3.t6vo: v, lnf&&)
1 li.
: 0.8642 m ln(N,,'l
t n,t
'
':w N+o o = 0.95l y tos
'' !0|6 lo|5 3.17 Using (3.22) with e= 106cm-3,
= 0.8642 m r,: 1016cm_3,adni= 1.5 x 10t0, we have
use uation 3.29 o calculate chage stor on Vo : 635 mY
eiher side
Using (3.31) and yi: 5 Y e hae
0, __ on(#:#") W wherejuncionarea W _ 2.83 10'cm : 2.83 m.
Using (3.32) with : 4 X 16 crn1, e hae
: 4oO m2 : 4 x Io_8cm2 Qr: 4'l2 |" c'
3.2| n, = T32e-Eol2'
30 K,
l\(
]
| + a.lv^
s N, N"l " n, = 7'3
.,' tz.,.
y |o''x (l)''' z" "'(
ln .. .")
_^Fm;q
'n * t 305 K.
^ "
- lr'Jr'rnz' ," ''
':7.3 tl)x (3o5)''' /e ""J
=2.152 x l0ro
_
^*1141.1 K) : 4.63l x
,,'?(at 3o5 lO20
=Qn l *!
v
.n
,,'(ut 305 K) :
2-ls2
,r,2(at 3 )
3.22 uation 3.39'
= Qtn
'.,0(#!u"")u, _ qn,'(!+,
' ' \,,D
&)1"'"
L"N
l)
o
3.19 uation 3.39
' l, vl'
so : A'nL--L! ll
: Aqni2(;* " 'L"No
;)"''"' ''
]" :1a'z_1"'u
''L.No I)
Here 1, : lon'
, , !,u {nu'ut- I )
" LrNo.
Fot p* n junction y'v >> ND
'' = An2 2u r"u'u' ,', _11
L' o '.. -''= tron''!-r"u'u,
' 'L,No
u %.'
" = D' L'ND
^ For his case using equaion 3.41
/
y v
3.20 Equation 3.41'' : o''i;(+- V, =
= 0.6645
Y
:ft;) 3.23 12
Rae power dissipaion of diode = 0.25 W
2m2:2xl0 3 cm2 fcontinuous current '7' raises he poer dissipa-
2X10 3 1.6X l0 ''x11.5 x l"'1' tion to halfthe raed alue. hen
l0 12x 1xo.zsw
5 x lo-o x 1o''
+
x lo
l8
x lo'o
.2=
10 't = o.42 mA
:1.44X lO 6A For raed value of0.25 w. the curren will
0'25 W : x |2
1 : 20.8 m
= 1 .44 x 1o 16
e1lx|
l 25'9
='79
chater 3_5
f in 20 ms, breakdown occers only for 1 0 ms' substifute for from equation 3.43
then during l0 s the cuet can be
, ,,'l
o E*.-!o!o
?9
10
z. _ \ "' + /D
X Js
:41.6 mA z^]n. + s'
3.24 uaion 3.48,
',':oFffi
:
v, r, ln(o'')
t n,'
:43.7
.r l0t" + l0I110.635 ro pr = [----':-),
\ l -.'
25_9
r , ro '
f F
q : C' : 10X 1o-'' x25'9
' : 43.7 f F
-y" : 259 pS
|+ ---:-
.635 For=0.lm
: 14.65 fF c,: jlxl
3.25 Equaion 3.49' c': =':'
o '.'z') X
(,- (259 .1 X o r
\ 25.9 x to '''
ForYi=lV ar: OU'O, :1pF
3.28 quaion 3.51,
('.#)' -' L (lo x o n)'
= 0.45 pF
6',_ ---
cm
note Im:10
For=loYc;: -qq : l ns
('.#)' Qp : p
:0.25 pF =lX1o'xo.2xo'
= 20 10
l2c
3.26 ation 3.43
c' = [!!|
.: o *^-!'! "
/ "'N + D
Equaion 3.45 1
l x l-' 1 r o.2 x I0 ,
\zs.q r l '/
' 2Jvo+ vR
772 pP
chaper 3_6
3.29
a,
Pn.np
ln-regron
L- p"(x")
fut-- o^,*,
no({
n {x)
2',"
',^
{_ _ _ -1p"
'":^
ll
I
-Wp Xp o Xn Wn
f T::;"--l I
b. The current / = 1, + /,
Qo: Aqxn'x'l_ n'.l',
Fid curent component 12 ''l
p'1x'1 : ."ev/u' 'd l,,'', : )
2
: lt'."u"' - '.l'' x')
\n
^ : o.. + 1e/v' _ l11w _ X'1
Io: AJo: AqD,,fi L
oo
'
' = AoDvd ^dod
' " dv 'dv
= tron,, _ ) x
,--!4 X"
' ' \w" q""t' t)
But 1 : r ("u'. _'|)
Similarly d se '
l"-
,
Aqn!
D
-i x1"v/-' l) dv
" 'lWo ,,']
-
_
' )
''n''' ------------:-
= An''|
D-I
+ ---'''''''''''!! soCo=1t'L
|w; x l' lw', x'A] v
(e - l\
d.-," = !w: tr to'' _ 8., lo,/F
The excess change, Qr,, can be obtained by mul- 2 t0 25_9a 1'
iplying he aea of the shed triangle ofthe sole for
p"(r) distibution graph by Aq. W" : 63'25
chaer 4_l
4.1 4A
(a)
t-5 v
: 0.l m
1 k
(b) Diode is ct of
V: 5V /=OA
(c) Diode is conducting
yp+
=0v y- =
_1ov
/= kH:
1= 5_(_5) :0.t
1
m
10 k
(c)
(d) Diode is cu off.
V=_5V /=o
43
(a)
o, y'"u'oo
+1V
vo=0V
Neither Dt nor D2 conducts so the.e is o otput.
+2
(d)
: 2 _(_5)
2k
= 3.5 m
-5V
+,='-l*" (e)
:2A
D,\
' 'cltlT
chapr ,-2
G) (k)
-10v
y+=v y_=_lov /=1k1
D| shorts o gound \hen ,/ > 0 and is ct ff
4.5
Uo = 0v - The utput is aways shorted to grcund
as D conducts.rhen z/> 0 and D2 conducs when
For<3V.D1 is on and D2 is off J ir=0
?l0. For > 3 Dl isoff and is on + = 60 mA.
( V'()
i"( 0i
ri
Vr+=loV y-=_5v /= 1kH3
When 1> 0, D1 is cutoff and v follorvs z1
= m : 24.2 mA
(b)
.60
'"o""'
i\. o.+ .r
4.6
1:Omn,f, Dr D2
Cutoff Conducting
0 0 0
_3+ .4 (5)
0 I 0 1
I 0 0 I
I 1 1 I
-3V
=AB y=A+B 4.10
- and, ae he same fo. (a)
A=B
, and y ae opposite if A * B (l0 || 20) k
4i
The case for the highest current in a single diode
is when only one input is high:
V,=5v
J<2mAR25
R
: O.15 mA
(0|| 20) + 20
4.8
The maximum inpt current occurs when one v = (
,,2o
1011 20) + 20
x4=3v
input is low and the other two ae high.
_j s o.t mn (b)
R
R>50k ',y'= i5 _ ''= _'s v
/
4.9
V+
(a) l0||o 5k cutoff 10|l0 5 k
l0 x 6 =0A 5(l0)
10+ 10 10+ t0
5k * :o.u.o :2.5
1:0.3m4 4,11
n=-&'=..4n
50
Conducting
ff=o.:,"l The lagest reerse voltage appearing across the
diode is ual to he peak input voltage
-3V l2o^2 : 169.'
chaper
4.12
4.14
V()
,,:|,,
'2' 3
-l v
voG)
2
D stats to conduct when ,a > 0
v;k"8): l.5
.o"rt1 : 30 m
i6,,ur, : 15 m
4.13
For > 0V: D is on, V = |'' io=Vi / R
For<v: Disoff' vo=o' iD=0
viG)
vo
a
o : 2o m
""oo':
1r,o,*, 10 mA
condcion occurs
die voltage: V : V9:
everse V1
z1 : sin = 2-conducion across D occurs
Vr ^^"l: 2 For a condcion agle Q _ 2) that iS 20% ofa
cyce
_2 _ |
25
:0.3zr
chapter 5
: 12 / sin : 14.83 v
;. eak_o-peak sie wae votage xt"cl Vr[mV]
=2^=29.67 -40 20
Given the aerage diode curren to be
0 23.5
l IAsin _ 12
d6 = ! mA 40
2nJ R
21
50 36.5
l _ |4.83cos6 _ |21 o'1
2L R ].=o.." for y = 25 mv
R:3.75 r: 16.8"C
15sin : l2
4.19
= 0.93 rad o1-
coduction stops at 7_ il=l,e '= o_'
.'. Fracion ofcycle ha cuen flows iS
n_2xl:2o'5 qi
I : e s
l>: ..''--
2 :.r .o.25
10-'
=2O%
verage diode current = :
iz 0.335 A
o:
o'n'
,eu
vDl v v/v
4.11
b|o = r''uo ^v)/v : se
v, :
q Taking the atio of the aboe two uations' we
where:1.38X1o-'3J/K have:
4.21 4.23
u9 V The oage across three diodes in series is 2.4 v:
,s can be found by using I s : JD' e
thus the volage across each die must b .8 v
Let a dec.ease by a facor of l0 in /D resl in a
decrease of V2 by V :
Using , = /.e " ' . he required curren is
found to be 7.9 m.
lf l m is dra\n away from the circuit'
1D will be
/s can be found by 8
Let an increas by a factor of 10 in /D resu in an 91 : 2:2 rnA
increase of yD by v : we can write the folowing KvLequations for the
diode voltas:
lo= se" ' V= V2_ V1
lf ,2 has sauration cuent Is. then D, which is
loo: 3e(vD+v)/v : 1r"vo'v '"v/v l0 times lae, has saturation crrent 10/s. Thus
Taking he ratio ofthe above two uations, e we can write:
have:
- - |
'V
l: ,nv
"o'"'=y:
Thus th reslt is an increase in he diode oltage
by 60 mV to = lol<e "' '
vD : o.1o V' /, : l0 mA=9rs : lo.7 lo_l5A: Taking the raio of he to equations aboe' we
/DX10givesvD:0.76 hae:
^'
:=4=-P . l |Vn |ol'! l v'v
vD = o3oV, 1r: l m+/5: l-07X lo_'5; o, lo l0
ID : 0''76
X l0 gies Vo +v :92.2m
Vr: 0.8OV, Ie: 10A+Is: 2l l0 15; To instead achieve y : 50 m we ne:
/D X 10 gies Vo : 0.86 v
D2 _ I_ 12: -|onn,ronr, = 6.739
o, 2 '|o
Vo: 010 V,/, = 1A/s : 1.7X lo-|8; Solig the above equation wih r/ still at 10 mA,
/D X 0 gives Vo : o.'6 we find 12 : 5.75 m.
Chapter 4-'7
o' = V/R
vy'e can \/ite the folloing KvL uations for he
diode volages:
v : vo, vo,
we ca write the follo'ig diode equations:
. - Vol|
+ov
430
'[,
, Given two different voltagy'cent measu.ements
fo a diode- we can write:
Rr 2 kd
+
o, : reno'' ''
o, = o"'u'
reu
Dr
Taking ihe ratio of the a'ove two equations, we
have:
_ o)/v'
:
D2
i: ""
_
= V ol V oz r,
^(E)
Fo /p = 0.5 m, we have:
V : V,,(o#a): _248mV
t 20"c :
Vnt:Vz=520mV yD=552mv
Rl : 520 k For ID = 1.5 mA, we hae:
chaper 4-8
\y _ y" |n(
l.5 X lo .) _ _z-z. , : o.6v. i : . ?
' \ l )
yD : 580 mv = lO t2 eo6t0n2s
ssumingD changes by _2 m per 1' c : 0.03 m
increase
:
l 0.65 V, i: 0.2 m
c
,:
i tmperanrre, e have, for :t25" chaflges:
:
0.7 V, i:1.45 mA
For ID 0.5 mA, 52 mv < v D 602 |
Make a skech showing these points and load line
ForlD : 1.5 mA, 530 mV = YD < 630 mV and deermine he operaing point. The poits for
Thus the oveaIl range of yD is between 502 mv the load line are obtained using equation 4.7
and 630 mY ,
D
voo- vo
R
4J1
Gie t\i,io different voltage/curren measurements
for a diode. we hae: i(mA)
o\'v
-2!
- ,' "'uo' '-u^, v^ _ u,t,(P)
For he firs diode, witb ,D : 0.1 mA and
Vo : '7) mv, we hae:
1, : 0.5 m: 1.0
.8
V : V : ,10 mv yD = 74o mv .6
0.4
',(3j) o.2
1D : l.5 m: 0 (v)
0.4 0.6 0.8 l.
v = v'' rn(!) _ 67.7 mV+ v^ _'761'1 m
\0.1./ From this sketch one can see tha the operating
For the second diode, rvith point must lie bewe ,: 0.65 v to
o = A andvD = 7(n mv, wehae:
/D : 0.5 mA:
Fori:0.3m,,:u,'(i)
V : V,"(,) = _ l90 mV = Vo = 5l0 mV
: 0'025 n|
/1\
---::
/, : l'5 mA: l ''l
I
\
: 0.661V
v _ v,'\tl
ln(0'l5) = luz.u m vD
Fori=0.4mA, r: .668 v
Now e can refine he diagam to hae a better
= 537 .4 m
Fr th ID : 0.5 mA and 1D = l.5 mA, the
estimate
4i2
R=lk
voo
1V
0.660 .664 0.67
"=
,,'(i)= o.oXl"(+) uatin 4.5
7: |+:v'(?)
: 0.6637 V
The differece between the exponential mode 1 v:0.7V
and graphica resIts is : 0.6637 _ 0.6635 i: 1-0.7 = 1.5 mA
: 0.0002 v o'2
+ 3 :0.'7 + 23 X'o25loc(!#)
: 0.7093 V
_
;= l 0.7093 : 1.4517 n
0.2 k
= 0.6607 V 435
we first find the alue of s for the diode, given
,, ='_of': 0.3393m
by:s: De " ' wih/r= lmAand
3 vD = o.o2sh(q) : o.o: v Vo = O.7 V This gives /s : 6.914X lO_16 .
n order o have 3. v acfoss the 4 series-con-
,": t-ffut':0.3362m4 nected diodes, each die dro mus be 0.75 V
pplying this olage to the diode gives crrent
4 vD _ 0'o25kl(9!e] = 0.6635 v /p = 7.39 m. 'lr'e can then find he resistor alue
\ / 0 '" using:
A y^ - 0_7 ^' = 2 I
o'1 _ I._t mA
43E
Refer o example 3.2 - coNsTNT VOLTAGE
DRo MoDEL
y^ _ 0.6 i^' 2 _ 0'6 l.4 mA (a)
I
2=lj:l. +lv
io l-3
Thus he percentage difference is
8% @t.-I:
0.86 m
1 k
*'o i '0 =,o.o
437
v:ov
ailabl dies hae .7v drop a 2 m curren
Since 2YD = 1.4 V is close to 1.25 V
@ o.; v
Use /v paallel pairs of dies o spli he l m
curren eenly.
'l v
lm
)i 7
7
\
\
+
v
(b)
+lv
: z*u + z..lv.lo9J)l
-\ 2./l
t
: l'25M
5V
-5+0-7: -4.3V
5+4.3
l0
0.93 m
chaper 4_l l
(b)
, Cutoff
10 k
v
v
I
-5V
-5V
s-/(10): sv
V = 2-0.7
:1.3v
(c)
, _ r.3-(-5)
: 3.15 mA
(b)
-5V
. 4.1 +5 : 9.3 m
t0
v:5-0.7 D2
(d)
:5_l.'l:1.65mA
V: |+o.7:1.1
{r
4.41
v (a)
*
tT'' :oou*9
-5V
o.7 v
:o
-3V
Chapter 4-12
(b.) 4.43
-"*:-9J:o.rsrmA
l0 k
t20\ =:e
Io
6" \l For +5 mV change
:"515:l.22l
Io
q chnge
_-!_ !]- :
= (|l| o.l24 mA : ior_ io'
x 1 : 1?LJ 1 1U0
20) + 20 io l
V:2o:2.48 : 22.1%
For -5 mV change
(b)
i_"5n5=o'zz
<-- 5k : - la.\%
Maximum alo\able volage signal change when
V+ he cuent change is limit to t 1%.
so he cuent varies from 0.9 o l.1
3V 2
:2.5 iot
:
For0.9 y = 25 l(o.9) _2.63 mV
Forl.1 y : 25 ln(l.l) : +2.38mv
.'<]
"rtnrf '2 2 For :!:|oo cuent change he olage signal
change is from _2.63 mv to +2.38 m
../ = oA
v:' 22 ] = --s
chapter '_l3
Nowr:5mvx 25mV,
25 mV + 10'l
: .)5 x 0'025
_o25 + l],
1m o.|22 ro
nq :2!:
l
o,zta Fo l.1m V : 2.38 mV
The va.iation is _2.63 mv to 2.38 mv fo t 10%
f here is singe diode conducting alI the 0.l A ariation obtain the imit on he i!pua signal,
curent. he connectio resistence needed for he divide this by the gain given in the problem.
singe diode \ill be = o.21 o.25 = o.02 oo _ 2.63 mv o 2.38 2l
" (6l1)
^,," 1lq 6,
4.6
The dc cuen / flows hrough he diode giing
ow for he given alues of (v6lvr) caculate
and rs using uation (l) ad (2)
rise o he die resis,-"" .,(= L) ano ,n"
"\ ]
small_signal equialent circuit is repfesented by o /in m v, in mV
&
0.5 0.25 -5.26 to 4.76
0.1 o.0225 -26.3 to 23.8
0.01 0.2475 -263 to 238
.0o1 2.4975 -2630 to 2380
Lx r, V,ll
"^: ' ,r*R, "V'o
"
v
"y+/Rs
Chapter 4-14
4.48 4.49
r
rl
0A 0
NoI= o, 19: o
i
l 5 k 0.167
: , ls:
r:0'lV l 5
tt0
o.9524
1 l0o
lmA 5 0.995
1= 5 A, k: sx O ] = 0.5V
10 m 5 0.9995
1 : 900 , 19:soxl0r:0.9V
= 1 A 1s = l0o r l0_3 = lV
ivalent circuit
Chapter .1- I 5
+2.5- +2.5-
;' "';)
l0 mV
b: : .9 to l.1
"ouo'u'
o : _2.u' mv to +2.3 mv
: :t 2.5 mV
so he signal oltage across each diode is limited
to 2.5 mv \hen the die cuent .emains vr'ithin 4.50
l0% of the dc bias cuent.
.'.3o: l0 _2.5 _2.5:5
: JI! : 0.5 uA
^n6; t0 K
Th crrent through each diode
: 9 *l : 0.25 u
2
The signal curent i is 0.5 ' and this is 10%
of the dc biasing curren
.'. Dcbiasingcurrent /: 0.5 lo : 5
c.Now/:1m
.'. 1, : .5 ,o
Maximum crren derivation l0%
.'_ i,' : 0'5 : 0-o5 m
l
ad i
= 2io = 0.l mA
.'. Maximum ,o : i X 10 k
: 0.1 x10
Each die exhibits 0.7 v drop a 1 mA cuent.
lso Q of each diode sing die exponential model e hae
/ : 7 + 25 ln(0.5) :683 mv
0: !1 : ::683mV
From circi
!: U+tr1+/o: 683+683+0: v
Frr^ - l_i- - l| - o-lm
Because of symmetry ofhe circuit
i' _ i' _ +!
22 = 6.5+0.5 = o.55m
and ia = i, = .45
7 . 2.5ln(!] _ 685 mv
\l'l
7, = 7| = 7 + 25ln(i!) : 680 mv
,'('
(mA) (m) (m) (rv) (mv) v, } lnV
o 0.s 0.5 683 683 0
+1 0.1 0.55 o.45 685 680 1.005
t0 I I 7 0 lo.7
]t = _1
U2+r: -0.680
+ 4.51
+ 0.685+ I = 1.05 v Representing diode by the small signa! resis-
tances, the circuit is
similarly othe. values are caIculaed in the table
fo boh posiive and negative alues of ,,,
The largest vales of r., on posiie and negaie
side are +l0 V and -10 V rescivey. This
restrictio is imposed by the current 1 1 m : +
A similar able can be generated for the negaie i + C
alues. t is symmetricaI.
For V, > 10, b wi1l be sauraed at l0 v and it is
because/:1m4.
Fr .5 m_ will satrae at 0_5 mA lo K = ,, _-vt
= " o
5V
I
b= - _ 1
. | 1+scr,
ror4l?=smv
4s2 / m
v* - 0.7 5mv
i.". -Lx
D v+v''o.7= m
t0.025.- l _o_7 l'-mv
l " 0.025 + !0_ 0.7l -m
D:-- 4.987 mA
/,3 5 mA
^
_vt-o.1 ro 0.7
D 5 m
R = 1.86 k
Diode should be 5 m diode
c. For m diodes conectd in series
^ Vo r! _ v/
- v- , v'-o1m
y* R + rd
R+J "R
v-
_ v 1.d r' : mx -!
" D
R+ v
: V* 4& : - I
Fo no load 1
R
vo so no,v
L 1.f
R mr
Io * o
-o'7m
v* mV
: _.vt
D mV
v+ - o.'7 m
y* -0.7m
: -av,
D v* -o.7m+nv,
Small-signal model
Chapter,tr-18
4.53 10 - 0_7
D 5 mA
R = l.86 k
Diode should be 5 m diode
c. For m diodes connecd in series
, v' 0.7 m
'o_-____F-
v-
D
so now f __
t,1
1
R mr,1
Io + o
v* - 03 rn mV
^V,
lo mV7
Small-sign-al model y*-0.7m
a. From small-signal model
: mV v* _o.'rr,
v o , (r2|| R) v' o.7 m+mv
Vo : _,'l| nl -
4s4
b.Atdc 1
v+ - o.j +5V
=
__ I
l
r R
l^ ^
-__-__,!_ + ,,:!
v
v+ - o.1
v '' l
I D v
v+ - 0.7
""
: ur"(:o): o.o25 .(S3#) .'. oad Reuaion
'
: V
l'
o :
5
39
g: l.5 V + 5
oI
l50
I.varies from 2 to 7 m
1':0'717xz:9.56m
' 15
- 1.42
5.8
.301
4.2
X |m
:. I' = | 9.56 : 19.81 9.56 = lo.25 m ='.4%
so no 4.57
v. :
vo : 2vo : zlo: + 2.3v. r"c(l!#)l
(a) v-o + r.-
l0 = 9.6+"X50Xlo'1
: 1.,1 v r.:8
s found earlier, ith no load y" : l.434 v Po\ir'er aaing:
V' : V-o! r-x2',
b.
9'l=v,,,+30Xl0x0_3
y _ l.401 - l.30l _ .05 v "=8.8v
2
: 8.8 + 30 x 20 x 10 3:9.4V
v: P:9.4x20 l0 3:188mW
,," = !..10|
8.7m
l_50 (c)6.8:6-6 + 2 1r
:. I: ID +/. = ,4 16.1 /.7 : 1 m
., New value of 5V supply : V"= 6.6+22uJx 10 3:7V
l80 X 16.l nA' + vo= 4.2 P:'1 x2 10-3:1.4W
so the 5 v supply can be owered to'4.2 (d)18:17.6+r.X5l0_3
d. New value ofthe olage supply = 5 +
.:80
(5 4.2) _
v. No\, do he problem again as
5.8 ,:17.6+ 80X 10X 10 ]:18.4V
done in the begining and in pas a and b. : 18.8 x 10 x l0_3 = 184 mW
/^:5.8_20.7
" = 24'4mA
18
chalet 4_2l
9'o^ _
V : ll , X I.2 || 0.03
^
25o+ (|a-l J-'
: 10.1 v
THUS yo : +7 .4 'o +7 .6
wT y* :llv ND ,.:0
v-: v.^+ 1l- /, x o.o-l
small-signal modl .25
.'. vo : : x t.o
;vs
: 57.5 mV
4.60
V, : V'o+ r'"'
9.1 :vzo+ 5 x 28 x 10-3
V"o: a.96
z: vzo + 5/. : 8.96 51"
For 1' : 10m :9.0l v
For/z : l mA V.:9.6 9V
9-7.155
25 t
!
4.6t
JR,
{
^ 7.55
"MN 7.38 _ ._5
_
< l5 (9.825 + 7(0.5))
13.5 V 25
S 205.6 .
.'. use i : 205
t5v
)_v-
:9825+7x--:-----:L
205
2O5 V, : 26519.925\ +',t(25) - 1V,
9vz = |0.326
_
P-:
'\205lo.326 r25
10.326)
1
_ (Vzo
: 739.4 mW
+ rzz)
r -15
20+5 ltemate circuit to calclate yz
chatel 4-24
V2x: 9.825
(b)
:1d
,
z 25_ zo -0.7 v
250+7
_ 25 - 9.82.5
205+1 _ 12
71.6 m
O
9.825+0.07167 (c) The diode conducs a an angle
V
10.326
as ave!
o : .in-,l9J) : ]-}4o & so's
\12 )
4.65
a_: |'76.65"
Thus he conducion angle is 2
: I73.111" or 3.025 rad.
0
t _ 0.7)d
Uo.,,": :-.l | (t2sin
' zJ
: _4.572
vD
ideal :0.7V rD:0 (d) Peak curen in diode is:
t2 -
0-7 _ 2.5j mA
t.5 x Iol
4.66
,r:
',
: !_'m
1
t2 : O.43 T
= !"es 0.7)r(;,,,)
= , l., rl!
r\4) .z)
,b ID(,' lmll/v
o'1'A
i"
iD( m)
4.6A
_ I'D(at lmA) = v.ln ideal v
D
i2 .7
= s_ D(al lmA)_vrln(f)
here R is in k
4.67
l x t = 48_7% of he cvcle
n_0
(
V" *" _ !- | (l2J2sin _ 0.7)d
' 2J
0
= 5.06 v
;r.*. : '?"" : 5.0,6 mA
2.5
!'
4
+ rl = 0.07 '
chaPte 4_26
4-69
eak oltage acfoss R : Drt 2V o
Dl : l2^2 l.4
J' : 15.57 V
12 lk
1 ^
J.
'. z ^,D'
Cont.
Itt
I a+
= 0.l2 V 1J
i^_-:l'|2=l0_l2m
rko
Refer to Fig 4.23.
Fo2V9g<<V''
4.70
uo : ?V,
*"' 2v oo = ?, _
'.o
(a) For t, = 10 V
"'.
: 1.4 : 17.91 v
'l
u
'
D\
Tums Ratio : - = g 'll ,o
t'7.91
Chapter +27
i
D4 R
Tums Raio _ Aort :1.g65 tol
159.3 J +
3Y, D2
4.12
Refer to Fig. 4.23
For 2Vpn<< V,
(a) For ,n , = l0 V
rc=?-v" l.4
+y":t.4r):t59v
" \2)
o,,',- _ ||1v.sin - o.)d : 15
Turns ratio = !2 : 'ol ,n
J
159
=\_o:l: s
4.73 assum ys >> 0.7 v
nort !. rcs. 24rt ! nqo
v."2= 15+0'77: :z-'66
turs Ratio = 5:l
ThuS oltage acros secondafy winding
n.=24rt-oq"
"2 = 2vs : 49.32
Pl = 2V 5|^^' _ Voo roking at Da
P : Vs_ V
: 2x X 1.1 _ o.7
= vr + (vs - 0.7)
: 36.6 V :2Vs-O.1
using a factor of l.5 for safey we select a diode : 48.6 V
having a PIV rating of55 V f hoosing a diode, allow a safety magin of
4:74
l.5IV = 73v
The circuit is a full ae rectifier with centre
4-15
tapped secondary winding. The circuit can be ana-
lyzed by ooking a $ and o seperately.
v.+
chaper 4_28
D'""c: ,'(1-"ffr)
Vo.*J,, l2(Vp Voo)
--'-"^]01"-r"",
:
ff('."8)
_
DL
: 233 mA
(1) ],
= (v P v F4. .28)
(ii) ip : !$1l +
o.|(vP_ vD: "_ votn "', "'."D-)
= 735 m
:
: vp
l66:t 'F voo
0_l60\I0- NB next user /, = ylR
R
(ii) for vP vD
v, : o.l(V, ," : # but hee ae used iD' a"e =
(a)
\ir'hich is more accurate. 'v,
u ,.l\
z Fv
)
v
: vP_vDo_'v (d) (i) iD'p"^k = l,(t +
^l
(i) vo'.,
= (2rt_ o.,z)(1 _
: .49 m
)
: 15.5 V (ii) i2',""1 : tr(, - r"ffi;
ii) vo""_q = 'z{z ol( ) : 1455 m
= 16.19 V 4,76
(b)
(i) v, : 0.1(Vp_ v"a: !#
i) using eq (4.30) ve have he conduction angle = The facor o[ 2 accouns'for dischrge occurin8
.=,!2v.lo_-1 nl half of he erid Tn : L
2t
c = .=-l^- l, F
(2FR)0.l 2(60) lo X 0.l
8.1..]
= Joj
: 0.447 rud
(ii)c:____-:-=833F
2() 0'0.0l
.'. Fracion ofcycle for
(b) 4ia
(i) Fraction ofccle _ 2 , v
" 0.7
2zt '
:@",*
N 120 Vrms
: :J2(.l) > l = |4.2%
60Hz
Vp : 16"1
(c) use eq (4.34)
v.-.: : rI.
(i)io.."s= '(t.ffi| J2
:
(Vp- v Dot;i
= E(l *" .1 : D44 rA
(b\ V. E4(4.28\
I\ 2(0.1)-/
^/
^ t6
(ii) ie',".:
('- "#) =:ro. XCX150
C:889F
(d) use (4.35)
4.71
-vP
1) , : g.71"_ Voox2) : v P2v
2fcR
po
(iil c : V
= ----!-:8]3 r.F 31.7
2(0.01)/R
Fo a 50% safety ma.gin PV : 1.5 x 31.7
: 41 .6
) (i) Fraction ofcyc1" : 19&11go
(d)io'^:
',('-'ff|
(ii) Fracion ofcycle
using /. : = *e aue
f;
: ]@
N
I : 4.5%
;".-= *(, ."P)
(c)i) iD'a"e :
(' *,fi) : ,'o,e : I.36
(ii) i2'"". = 4 + nt^!-o.oz1 = 356 m (e) io,"" : r( + zo
(d)(D ?o :
(' - z"
fi) = zzz - rso\+z. ^,t@\
|5!
2t
,'',; : 5i9(r - r",ffi): 7o4mA 2.61 A
chaper ,-30
4.79 4.80
vr= 15 :l l v, R= l50
Dl
J -l
= rv
.v" 7v c R.
v
i, = 16 + 2y oo = 17.4y
t-
J+ RMs seconday volage = .j-:j: = |2.3 v
,tilfE
' J2
)
(a),: v 16
.'.i,s: 16 +oo:16;
RMS Voltage across secondary
_ 2x t6.7
J' v,,: 15 x I v R: l50f)
= 23.6
(b)= vP
2fcR
l6
2 X X c X 15
c = 444.4 F
note: we got he same vale for c as he fu| wae
rectifie as dischage is over he same am of ime
T/2 and the peak is he same _6 V
c)
= .11(r
l50\ *. fJ-)2) i2."'r= l1-( l + 11
^l2 "tzv
= 0.734 = -ji |+ n1l6/2x)\
l5'
(e) Using .(4.35) = 0.734
i'^^'= ll + zn^[_vrlzv'1
(e) Using (4.35)
*zowz'z) . 0 .9}
|ftl T/4 ,
l.36 = o.o2325T
^
= 0.02325 ms
4.E1
(d)r...ar= cl
il l",nn*, nr.nou.,on
I
aot
c
a
=lXt0-6X40X1or
t<_T _ lms +t
9.3 . = 32.4
9.3
:
-
8.4
v, RMs across secondaf
'rt=
32= 22'9 ,-"
v- 4.U
' 2fcR , > 0 D| coducts D2 cutoff
(4.28) vr<oD|cuoff
1
DISCHARCE OCCURS OVER 7,' 2=
2f D.conducts
' - k=
ltl
-l
^ 15.5
2 x60x75
where 20o m = ]l
R
R= .!= 75
0.2 vt
C= 1722 F a): |v
Consider rJ when looking at PIV
6:oV
A: _o''v
eeps D, off so no current flows through R
Pv= i1 + J, = 0V
= 15.5 + 16.2= 3.7 v. (c) : lv
Allowing for 50 % safety margin
V= x v
1.5 31.7= 4'1'6
1 : 1.7
use Eq(4.34) to find
ip''""= (| + L_v"lz11
= oV
- vinuai gnd as negaive feedback is closed
= o'2(l + l5'5/2') throgh R.
= 1.95 A (d) : _2+o: 2
4-83 1 : 2.7
"=(l+R/R) v :0V
= 2 when he diode is conducting
(a) z,:11 c=2 q: l.7V : :lV
4.85
l0v lk
5V
Diode stats condcting when v, :2.5 V
Diode conducs fully vhen :2.7 v
5V
l."', : 5 V
Chapter 4-33
lk
v"N) d.
2.7
tk
2.5
_2
V, (V)
v'() Vr (V)
2.7
2.5
t.5
yl)
4.U
For 2.5.< < 2.5 both D, and are off ard
-2
chapter ,_-34
+2
D|oFF D| & 12 D oN
D2ON OFF D2OFF
4-88
lk
-2
y" v)
+2
v, (v)
**n
4-89
I kfl
o=o..1 +r.'(#)
10 K
iD t k
Using hese equations calculate ?, for he different
aIues of r., FoD2,: ,o_iDx l k
" (| ' (
.5 y 0.s003
,,"r 1 .6 o.62
o.7 1.7 t0 K
I
0.8 55.4
0
*0.5 _.503
-0.6 -o.62
D2 on
-o.7 1.7
-0.8 - 55.4
/" (v)
v(v)
10 K va
.l mA diode
Chapter 4-36
: v'
I
'
1, = r K()
Vo: Vg* 5/, is ofoints for y > 0
/ (m) V= V, ye()
V 'Vou (v)
(v) +vD3+
Vo
0.4 -o .8 .8
V, (V)
0.5 o-0o3 -0 t.0 l.o
0.6 o.(n2 0.2 t.202 t.212
3k
v, (v)
-2
4
_2
o:o+lKXrDl -2
-3
l,:3io'+vD|+1.iD|
-4
=4.io*,o
4.94
caculation for ,,, ,, etc. \hen D, and D] are con-
dcing. lso ,, < 2.5y
Fo table 3, use he following
: v+2 (1)
uaions
\-/ "_F---
ior: ,
"''o''u'
(2) lv.-. +
D2 : D!+. vA+2
l k
.^.
J, o^/' o- +
= 14.14 V
Chapter 4-38
4,95
:
(a) lool lvrl " "c"''
+1 a lhe end of T, t: T' o=v,1
\rhere
v; = 1vr1
" ''""''
: u,t'' r"l
(b) = lv'(t - fi7)
+20 No
Vtt + lV 21 : 20-Vt + |V1|_v'-20(l)
0v and
-L_.'
The result is:
+ 13.33 V
(e)
+10v
(c)
l0v
+18V
(f) Here there are wo differen time constats
inoled. To calculat he output leels e shal 2
ageate the discharge and charge wae forms.
_6'67
<-T1*''2'