Bahan Ajar KALKULUS INTEGRAL

Oleh: ENDANG LISTYANI

ANTI TURUNAN

(hal 299)
Anda tentu sudah mengenal invers atau balikan suatu operasi hitung
Invers dari operasi penjumlahan adalah pengurangan; perkalian dengan
pembagian, pemangkatan dengan penarikan akar.
Demikian pula turunan merupakan invers atau balikan dari anti turunan dan
sebaliknya.
Definisi
Suatu fungsi F disebut suatu anti turunan dari suatu fungsi f pada interval I jika
F(x) = f(x) untuk setiap x pada I
Ilustrasi
Jika F(x) = 3x3 + x2 2x 7 , maka F(x) = 9x2 + 2x 2
Jika f adalah fungsi yang didefinisikan sebagai
f(x) = 9x2 + 2x 2, maka f turunan dari F and F adalah anti turunan dari f
Jika G(x) = 3x3 + x2 2x + 5, maka G juga anti turunan dari f karena G(x) = 9x 2
+ 2x 2
Secara umum, fungsi yang didefinisikan sebagai 3x 3 + x2 2x + C, dengan C
adalah konstanta, merupakan anti turunan dari f

Secara umum, jika suatu fungsi F adalah suatu anti turunan dari f pada interval
I dan jika G didefinisikan sebagai G(x) = F(x) + C dimana C adalah konstanta
sebarang, maka G(x) = F(x) = f(x)
dan G juga merupakan anti turunan dari f pada interval I
Notasi untuk Anti Turunan
Ax(9x2 + 2x 2) = 3x3 + x2 2x + C
Bagaimana dengan

1
Ax( 2 x3 + 2x2 2 x )=?
Tentu bukan pekerjaan mudah menentukan suatu fungsi yang jika diturunkan
berbentuk

1
2 x3 + 2x2 2 x
Untuk itu diperlukan notasi dan aturan-aturan yang dapat mempermudah
menentukan anti turunan

1
Anti turunan dinotasikan sebagai .... dx

f ( x ) dx = F(x) + C

Teorema A (hal 301)

r +1
x
r +C
dx
x = r+1 untuk r bilangan rasional dan r - 1
Sifat-sifat

1. dx = x + C
2. af (x )dx = a f ( x )dx
3. [ f ( x )+ g( x ) ]dx = f ( x )dx + g( x )dx
Dengan demikian

1 1
Ax( 2 x3 + 2x2 2 x )= ( 2 x3 + 2x2 2 x ) dx

1 3 1

2
x dx 2 x dx2 2
= + -
2 x dx
3
1 1 4 1 3 2 2
. x 2. x x
= 2 4 + C1 + 3 + C2 2( 3 + C3 )

1 4 1 4
x 2. x 3 x x+C
= 8 + 3 - 3

Soal-soal 5.1 halaman 307. Tugas individu

Untuk dikerjakan hari kamis tanggal 14 Feb 2013
No 2 26 no genap saja
No 27 50 semua

FUNGSI-FUNGSI APA YANG DAPAT DIINTEGRALKAN?

2
Sebarang fungsi yang terintegralkan pada [a,b] harus terbatas di
[a , b]. Yaitu: terdapat konstanta M sedemikian sehingga
|f ( x)|M
Contoh
1
f (x )=
Perhatikan fungsi x2 pada selang [-2 , 2]
merupakan fungsi tak terbatas.

Tidak terdapat suatu bilangan M sedemikian sehingga

|f ( x)|M untuk semua x pada [-2 , 2]
1
f (x )=
Dengan demikian x2 tidak terintegralkan
pada

Lihat soal no 21 hal 347

f(x) = x3 + sin x

Ada M = 9 sehingga |f ( x)|M untuk setiap x pada

[-2 , 2]

Jadi f(x) = x3 + sin x terintegralkan pada [-2 , 2]

3
 f(x) = 1/(x+3)

Ada M = 1 sehingga |f ( x)|1 untuk setiap x

pada [-2 , 2]

Jadi f(x) = 1/(x+3) terintegralkan pada [-2 , 2]

f(x) = 1/(x-1)
pada [-2 , 2] maksimum dan minimum di dan di -

tidak ada nilai M sehinngga |f ( x)|M

jadi f(x) = 1/(x-1) tidak terintegralkan pada [-2 , 2]

f(x) = tan x

pada [-2 , 2] maksimum dan minimum di dan di

-

f(x) = x3 + sin x

Ada M = sehingga |f ( x)|M untuk setiap x pada

[-2 , 2]

Jadi f(x) = x3 + sin x terintegralkan pada [-2 , 2]

f(x) = 1/(x+3)

Ada M = 1 sehingga |f ( x)|1 untuk setiap x pada [-2 , 2]

Jadi f(x) = 1/(x+3) terintegralkan pada [-2 , 2]

f(x) = 1/(x-1)

pada [-2 , 2] maksimum dan minimum di dan di -

tidak ada nilai M sehinngga |f ( x)|M

jadi f(x) = 1/(x-1) tidak terintegralkan pada [-2 , 2]

4
f(x) = tan x

pada [-2 , 2] maksimum dan minimum di dan di -

tidak ada nilai M sehinngga |f ( x)|M

jadi f(x) = tan x tidak terintegralkan pada [-2 , 2]

TEOREMA A (hal 342)

(Teorema keintegralan). Jika f terbatas pada [a , b] dan kontinu
di [a , b] kecuali pada sejumlah terhingga titik, maka f
terintegralkan pada [a , b].
Khususnya jika f kontinu pada seluruh selang [a , b], maka f
terintegralkan pada [a , b]

f(x) = sin(1/x)

Ada M =..... sehingga |f ( x)|M untuk

setiap x pada [-2 , 2]

Jadi f terintegralkan pada [-2 , 2]

5
 f(x) =
{
x 2 jika 2x0
1 jika 0<x2
Ada M = 4 sehingga |f ( x)|M
untuk setiap x pada [-2 , 2]

Jadi f terintegralkan pada [-2 , 2]

FUNGSI LOGARITMA ASLI

6
Teorema (hal 453)

ln 1 = 0

2ln x
x
dx
19)

Misal ln x = u
1
dx=du
x

2ln x
x
dx 2 u du=u 2 +C=( ln x )2 +C
=

1
x(ln x )2 dx
20)

Misal ln x = u

7
 1
dx=du
x

1
x(ln x )2 dx u2 du
=
1 1
= u-1 + C = u +C= ln x +C

Hitunglah

2
)

FUNGSI BALIKAN/INVERS

Misalkan y = f(x) = x3 + 1
3
-1
x = f (y) = y1

Apakah setiap fungsi mempunyai invers?

Perhatikan fungsi y = f(x) = x2

x= y bukan fungsi , jadi y = f(x) = x2 tidak mempunyai balikan/INVERS.

Tetapi jika domainnya di batasi misalnya y = f(x) = x2 didefinisikan pada [0 , ]

maka y = f(x) = x2 mempunyai invers yaitu x = f-1(y) = y

8
y = f(x) mempunyai invers jika y merupakan fungsi satu-satu atau fungsi monoton
Jika f memiliki invers, maka y = f(x) x = f-1(y)

Grafik y = f(x) sama/identik dengan grafik x = f-1(y)

Pembahasan lebih lanjut yang terkait dengan fungsi invers adalah

-1
menggunakan bentuk y = f (x). Perhatikan bahwa posisi x dan y dipertukarkan
Dengan demikian grafik fungsi y = f-1(x) dapat diperoleh dengan mencerminkan
grafik y = f(x) terhadap garis y = x
y=x
-1
y = f (x)

y = f(x)

FUNGSI EKSPONEN ASLI

Invers dari fungsi logaritma asli adalah fungsi eksponen asli

y = ln x x = ey

Grafik y = ln x identik dengan grafik x = ey

9
 y = ln x
x = ey

Grafik y = ex diperoleh dengan mencerminkan grafik y = ln x terhadap garis y = x

(hal 468)

y = ln x
x = ey

y = ex

y = f(x) = ex disebut fungsi eksponen asli

Sifat-sifat:

ln e = 1

Contoh

10
Turunan dari ex

dy
y=e x =e x
dx

Contoh

11
 dy
y= e x =e x e x dx=dy
dx
e x dx= y +C = e x +C
e x dx=e x +C

Contoh
Integralkan

e2 x+1 dx
Misal 2x+1 = u
2 dx = du

1 u 1 1
2 x+1 e d u= e u +C= e 2 x +1 + C
e dx = 2 2 2

Fungsi eksponen umum

dy
y=ax =?
dx

dy
y=ax y =e x ln a =e x ln a . ln a
dx
dy
=a x ln a
dx
ecara Umum

12
Contoh

dy
Tentukanlah dx

x26 x
1) y = 5 2x+3
(2) y = 7

dy
y=ax =a x ln a a x ln a dx=dy
dx
a x ln a dx= dy
a x dx=1ln a dy
1
= y +C
ln a
1
=( )a x +C
ln a

Contoh

u=sin x
du = cos x dx

Fungsi logaritma terhadap basis a

13
 Definisi (hal 479)

y
y=log a x x=a

ln x
y=log a x x=a y ln x= y ln a y=
ln a
ln x ln x
y= log a x=
ln a lna

ln x
log a x =
ln a

dy
y=log a x =?
dx

ln x dy 1
y=log a x y= =
ln a dx x ln a

Fungsi Invers Trigonometri (hal 494)

y=sin x x=arc sin y

Bagaimana grafik fungsi y = arc sin x ?

14
 dy
y=arc sin x =?
dx

y=arc sin x x =sin y

dx
=cos y
dy

dx
1
=cos y= 1x 2
x
dy
yy y dy 1
=
dx 1x2

1
dx= dy
1x 2
dy 1
y=arc sin x =
dx 1x 2
1
1x2
dx=dy

15
 1
dx= dy
1 x 2
= y +C
=arcsin x+C

1
du=arcsin u+C
1u 2

Introduction to Differential Equation

We know that the expression F(x) = f(x) is equivalent with dF(x) = f(x) dx,

so we can write dF( x )= f (x ) dx =F ( x )+C

this formula will help us to solve differential equation.
What is differential equation ?
Let start with an example.
Suppose we want to find out xy-equation of a curve passing through a point (-1,
2) with the gradient on each point of the curve is equal to twice the absis of the
point.

dy
Hence dx = 2x on each point of the curve.
Now, we will find a function y = f(x) satisfied that condition.
Method 1. If the equation is on the form

dy
dx = g (x), then y = g( x ) dx ,
y=
2x dx = x + C2

Method 2

dy
Think dx as dy is divided by dx, so we can write

dy=2x dx
Integrate two sides dy = 2x dx
16
 y + C1 = x2 + C2
y = x2 + C2 - C1 y = x2 + C
If the curve pass the point (1,2), we can find C :
2 = (1)2 + C
So C = 1 and the xy-equation is y = x2 + 1

dy
The expression dx = 2x is called differential equation.
Other examples of differential equation are

dy
dx = 2xy
y dy = (x2 + 1) dx

d2 y dy
dx 2 +2 dx - 3xy = 0

An equation that contains an unknown function and some of its derivatives

is called differential equation.
In this lecture, we only consider separable first order differential equation.
Notify that the equation
2
dy x +3x
dx = y2
can be written as
y2 dy = (x + 3x2) dx

Here, x and y term are separated. To solve this equation, we use method 2
2 2
dy
y = (x +3x ) dx
3 2
y x
3 + C1 = 2 + x3 + C 2
2
3x
y3 = 2 + 3x3 + 3C2 3C1
2
3x
y3 = 2 + 3x3 + C

17
y=
3 3 x2
2
+ 3 x 3 +C

Supposed we have y = 6 for x = 0,

then we can find C:
3
6= C
C = 216
Hence,

y=
3 3 x2
2
+3 x 3 +216

Check this result by substituting it in differential equation. The left side of the
differential equation becomes

2 2
dy
dx =
1
3
( 3x
2
+3 x 3+216 )

3

(3x + 9x2)
2
x+3 x
2
3 2
=
( 2
3
x +3 x +216 ) 3

and the right side of the differential equation becomes

2
x+3 x
2 2
2 2
x+3 x
y2 =
( 3
3
x +3 x +216 ) 3

.
Those give the same expression.

Evaluate

1. The point (3,2) is on a curve, and at any point (x,y) on the curve the tangent
line has a slope equal to 2x 3. Find an equation of
the curve

18
 Solution
Suppose y = f(x) is the equation of the curve

dy
dx = 2x 3
dy = (2x 3)dx

y= (2x 3)dx = x2 3x + C
The point (3,2) is on a curve, so 2 = 32 3.3 + C C=2
Hence the equation of the curve is y = = x2 3x + 2

2. The points (-1,3) and (0,2) are on a curve, and at any point (x,y) on the curve
Dx2y = 2 4x. Find an equation of the curve
Solution
Suppose y = f(x) is the equation of the curve

dy
dx = (2 4x) dx = 2x 2x2 + C1

2
y= (2x 2x2 + C1) dx = x2 - 3x3
+ C1x + C2
The points (-1,3) and (0,2) are on a curve so,

2
3 = (-1) - 3 (-1) + C (-1) + C ..(1)
2 3
1 2

2
2 = (0) - 3 (0) + C (0) + C ..(2)
2 3
1 2

2
From (1) and (2) : C = 2 , C = 3
2 1

Hence the equation of the curve is

2 2
y = x2 - 3x + 3x + 2
3

3. An equation of the tangent line to a curve at the

point (1,3) is y = x +2. If at any point (x,y) on the curve, D x2y = 6x, find an
equation of the curve
Solution
Suppose y = f(x) is the equation of the curve

dy
dx = 3x2 + C1

19
 y = x3 + C1x + C2
The slope of the tangent line to the curve at the
point (1,3) is1, so 3(1)2 + C1 = 1, C1 = -2
The point (1,3) is on the curve, so
3 = 13 + (-2)(1) + C2 , C2 = 4
Hence the equation of the curve is y = x3 - 2x + 4
4. The Volume of water in a tank is V cubic meters
when the depth of the water is h meters . If the rate
of chane ofV with respect to h is given by

DhV = (2h+3)2, find the volume of water in the tank

when the depth is 3 m
Solution
Suppose V = f(h)

dV
dh = (2h+3)2 , V = (2h+3)2 dh

1
V= 2 (2h+3)2 d(2h+3)

1 1
= 2 . 3 (2h+3)3 + C

1 1
When h = 0, V = 0, so 0 = 2 . 3 (2.0+3)3 + C,

9
C=- 2

1 9
V= 6 (2h+3)3 - 2

1 9
If h = 3, V = 6 (2.3+3)3 - 2 = 117
The volume of water in the tank when the depth

is 3 m = 117 m3

Evaluate

1. The point (3,2) is on a curve, and at any point (x,y) on the curve the tangent
line has a slope equal to 2x 3. Find an equation of the curve

2. The points (-1,3) and (0,2) are on a curve, and at any point (x,y) on the curve
Dx2y = 2 4x. Find an equation of the curve

20
3. An equation of the tangent line to a curve at the point (1,3) is y = x +2.
If at any point (x,y) on the curve, Dx2y = 6x, find an equation of the curve

4. The Volume of water in a tank is V cubic meters when the depth of the water
is h
meters . If the rate of chane ofV with respect to h is given by D hV =
(2h+3)2, find
the volume of water in the tank when the depth is 3 m

Evaluate

1. The point (3,2) is on a curve, and at any point (x,y) on the curve the tangent
line has a slope equal to 2x 3. Find an equation of the curve

2. The points (-1,3) and (0,2) are on a curve, and at any point (x,y) on the curve
Dx2y = 2 4x. Find an equation of the curve

3. An equation of the tangent line to a curve at the point (1,3) is y = x +2.

If at any point (x,y) on the curve, Dx2y = 6x, find an equation of the curve

4. The Volume of water in a tank is V cubic meters when the depth of the water
is h
meters . If the rate of chane ofV with respect to h is given by D hV =
(2h+3)2, find
the volume of water in the tank when the depth is 3 m

Evaluate

1. The point (3,2) is on a curve, and at any point (x,y) on the curve the tangent
line has a slope equal to 2x 3. Find an equation of the curve

2. The points (-1,3) and (0,2) are on a curve, and at any point (x,y) on the curve
Dx2y = 2 4x. Find an equation of the curve

3. An equation of the tangent line to a curve at the point (1,3) is y = x +2.

If at any point (x,y) on the curve, Dx2y = 6x, find an equation of the curve

4. The Volume of water in a tank is V cubic meters when the depth of the water
is h
meters . If the rate of chane ofV with respect to h is given by D hV =
(2h+3)2, find
the volume of water in the tank when the depth is 3 m

Introduction to Area
Consider a region R in the plane as shown in Fig. 1. The region R is bounded by
the x axis, the lines x = a and x = b, and the curve having the equation y = f(x),
where f is a function continuous on the closed interval [a,b].

21
 R

a b
Fig. 1
Divide the closed interval [a,b] into n subintervals
For simplicity, now we take each of these subintervals as being of equal length,
ba
for instance, x. There for x = n
Denote the endpoints of these subintervals by x 0 , x1 , x2, . . . , xn-1 , xn
where x0 = a , x1 = a + x , xi = a + i x
xn = b

Let the ith subinterval be denote by

[xi-1,xi].
Because f is continuous on the closed interval [a,b], it is continuous on each
closed subinterval.
By the extreme-value theorem, there is a number in each bsubinterval for which f
has an absolute minimum value.
In the ith subinterval, let this number be c i , so that f(ci) is the absolute minimum
value of f on the subinterval [xi-1,xi].
Consider n rectangles, each vhaving a width x units and an altitude f(c i)
units see Fig 2.

R
f(ci)

a x b
Fig. 1
Let the sum of the areas of these n rectangle be given by S n square units, then
Sn = f(c1) x + f(c2) x + . . . + f(cn) x
n

= i=1 f(ci) x .(*)
The summation on thr right side of (*) gives the sum of measures of vthe areas of
n inscribed rectangles. Thus however we define A, it must be such that A Sn

DEFINITION
Suppose that the function f is continuous on the closed interval [a,b], with f(x)
0 for all x in [a,b], and that R is the region bounded by the curve y=f(x), x
axis, and the lines x = a and x = b. Divide the closed interval [a,b] into n
subintervals
ba
each of length x = n , and denote the ith subinterval by [x i-1,xi]. Then
if f(ci) is the absolute minimum function value on the ith subinterval, the measure
of the area of region R is given by
n
lim f (c i )
A= n i=1 x
Example

22
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = x 2, the x axis, and the line
x = 3 by taking inscribed rectangle.
Solution
Devide the interval [0,3] into n subinterval, each of length x;
x0 = 0 , x1 = x, x2 = 2 x, . . . , xi = i x
xn-1= (n-1) x , xn = 3
30 3
x= n = n
Because f is increasing on [0,3], the absolute minimum value of f on the ith
subinterval [xi-1,xi] is f(xi-1)
n
lim f ( x i1)
There for A = n i=1 x
Because xi-1 = (i-1) x and f(x) = x2,
f(xi-1) = [(i-1) x]2
Therefore
n n
f ( x i1) (i1)2
i=1 x= i=1 ( x)3
n
(i22 i+1)27
n3
= i=1
= .lanjutkan
Gunakan (pilih) rumus sbb
n n
n(n+1) n(n+1)(2 n+1 )
i= 2 i2= 6
i=1 ; i=1
n
n2 (n+1 )2
i = 4 3

i=1 ;
n
n( n+ 1)(6 n3 +9 n2 + n1
i =30 4

i=1

THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

In the preciding section the measure of the area of a region was defined as the
following limit:
n
lim f (c i )
n i=1 x ..(*)

23
To define the definite integral we need to consider a new kind of limiting process,
of which the limit given in (*) is a special case.
Let f be a function defined on the closed interval [a,b]. Divide thus interval into n
subintervals by choosing any (n-1) intermediate points between a and b.
Let x0 = a , and xn = b , and let
x0 < x1 < x2 < . . . < xn-1 < xn

The points x0 , x1 , x2, . . . , xn-1 , xn are not necessarily equidistant. Let

i x be

the length of the ith subinterval so that

i x = xi xi -1
A set of all such subintervals of the interval [a,b] is called a partition of the
interval [a,b].
One (or more) of these subintervals is longest. The length of the longest
subinterval of the partition called the norm of the partition, is denoted by

P
Choose a point in each subinterval of the partition P. Let x i* be the point chosen in
[xi -1 , xi]

Form the sum f(xi*)

1 x + f(x2*)
2 x + . . . + f(xi*)
i x + . . . + f(xn*)
n

n
f ( xi )
i
x= i=1 x
Such a sum is called a Riemann sum, named for the mathematician George
Friedrich Bernhard Riemann (1826 1866)

x2* x3* xn*

x1* xi* X

Definition
If f is a function defined on the closed interval [a,b], then the definite integral of f
from a to b, denote by
b

f ( x) dx
a , is given by

24
 b n
f ( x) dx lim f ( x i )
i
a = P0 i=1 x if the limit exists

Note
That the statement the function f is integrable on the closed interval [a,b] is
synonymous with the statement : the definite integral of f from a to b exists
b

f ( x) dx
In the notation for the definite integral a ,

f (x ) is called the integrand, a is called the lower limit, and b is called the
upper limit.

The symbol is called an integral sign

Definition
b a

f ( x) dx f ( x) dx
If a > b, then a =- b
a

f ( x) dx
a =0

THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF THE CALCULUS

Theorem
If f is a continuous function on the closed interval [a,b], and F is an any
antiderivative of f on [a,b], then
b

f ( x) dx
a = F(b) F(a)
b
We should write F(b) F(a) =
[ F( x) a ]
Example

25
 2

x3 dx
Evaluate 1
Solution
2 2
x 3 dx
1 =
[ ]
1 4
4
x
1 =
1 4
4
(2)
-
1 4
4
(1)
=4-
1
4 =3
3
4

Properties of The Definite Integral

Theorem
b b

kf ( x) dx k f (x ) dx
o a = a
b b b

[ f ( x) +g( x )]dx f ( x) dx g( x) dx
o a = a + a
b b b

[ f ( x ) g (x )]dx f ( x) dx g( x) dx
o a = a - a

Kerjakan secara kelompok, 2 3 orang

Tentukan panjang busur

1. y3 = 8x2, dari x = 1 ke x = 8
2. 6xy = x4 + 3 , dari x = 1 ke x = 2
3. 27y2 = 4(x-2)3 , dari x = 2 ke x = 11
4. x = 5 cos , y = 5 sin 0 2
5. x = 2 cos + cos(2 ) + 1 , y = 2 sin + sin (2 ) , 0

Jawab

Kerjakan secara kelompok, 2 3 orang

Tentukan panjang busur

1. y3 = 8x2, dari x = 1 ke x = 8
2. 6xy = x4 + 3 , dari x = 1 ke x = 2
3. 27y2 = 4(x-2)3 , dari x = 2 ke x = 11
4. x = 5 cos , y = 5 sin 0 2

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 5. x = 2 cos + cos(2 ) + 1 , y = 2 sin + sin (2 ) , 0

Kerjakan secara kelompok, 2 3 orang

Tentukan panjang busur

1. y3 = 8x2, dari x = 1 ke x = 8

2. 6xy = x4 + 3 , dari x = 1 ke x = 2

3. 27y2 = 4(x-2)3 , dari x = 2 ke x = 11

4. x = 5 cos , y = 5 sin 0 2
5. x = 2 cos + cos(2 ) + 1 , y = 2 sin + sin (2 ) , 0

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