Ch10 (2) Handouts 3e

Fixed Window Functions Fixed Window Functions
Using a tapered window causes the height Plots of magnitudes of the DTFTs of these
of the sidelobes to diminish, with a windows for M = 25 are shown below:
Rectangular window Hann window
corresponding increase in the main lobe 0 0
width resulting in a wider transition at the -20 -20
discontinuity -40 -40
Gain, dB
Gain, dB
-60 -60
Hann:
w[n] = 0.5 + 0.5 cos( 2 n ), M n M
-80 -80
-100
2M + 1
-100
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
/ /
Hamming window Blackman window
Hamming:
w[n] = 0.54 + 0.46 cos( 2 n ), M n M
0 0
-20 -20
2M + 1 -40 -40
Gain, dB
Gain, dB
Blackman: -60 -60
w[n] = 0.42 + 0.5 cos( 2 n ) + 0.08 cos( 4 n )

-80 -80
1 2M + 1 2M + 1 2
-100
0 0.2 0.4
/
0.6 0.8 1
-100
0 0.2 0.4
/
0.6 0.8 1
Copyright 2005, S. K. Mitra Copyright 2005, S. K. Mitra

Magnitude spectrum of each window
Main lobe width ML - given by the
characterized by a main lobe centered at
distance between zero crossings on both
= 0 followed by a series of sidelobes with
sides of main lobe
decreasing amplitudes
Relative sidelobe level Asl - given by the
Parameters predicting the performance of a
difference in dB between amplitudes of
window in filter design are:
largest sidelobe and main lobe
Main lobe width
Relative sidelobe level
3 4

Distance between the locations of the
maximum passband deviation and minimum
stopband value ML
Observe H t (e j (c + ) ) + H t (e j (c ) ) 1
Width of transition band
Thus, H t (e jc ) 0.5
= s p < ML
Passband and stopband ripples are the same
5 6
1
To ensure a fast transition from passband to In the case of rectangular, Hann, Hamming,
stopband, window should have a very small and Blackman windows, the value of ripple
main lobe width does not depend on filter length or cutoff
To reduce the passband and stopband ripple frequency c , and is essentially constant
, the area under the sidelobes should be In addition,
very small c
M
Unfortunately, these two requirements are where c is a constant for most practical
contradictory purposes
7 8

Rectangular window - ML = 4 /(2M + 1) Filter Design Steps -
Asl = 13.3 dB, s = 20.9 dB, = 0.92 / M (1) Set
Hann window - ML = 8 /(2M + 1) c = ( p + s ) / 2
Asl = 31.5 dB, s = 43.9 dB, = 3.11 / M (2) Choose window based on specified s
Hamming window - ML = 8 /(2M + 1) (3) Estimate M using
Asl = 42.7 dB, s = 54.5 dB, = 3.32 / M
c
Blackman window - ML = 12 /( 2M + 1) M
Asl = 58.1 dB, s = 75.3 dB, = 5.56 / M
9 10
FIR Filter Design Example

Lowpass filter of length 51 and c = / 2 FIR Filter Design Example
Lowpass Filter Designed Using Hann window Lowpass Filter Designed Using Hamming window
0 0
An increase in the main lobe width is

Gain, dB
Gain, dB
-50 -50
associated with an increase in the width of
-100 -100 the transition band
0 0.2 0.4
/
0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4
/
0.6 0.8 1
A decrease in the sidelobe amplitude results
Lowpass Filter Designed Using Blackman window
0
in an increase in the stopband attenuation
Gain, dB
-50
-100
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

11 / 12
2
Adjustable Window Functions Adjustable Window Functions
Dolph-Chebyshev Window - Dolph-Chebyshev window can be designed
w[n] = 1 [1 + 2 Tk ( cos k ) cos 2nk ],
M with any specified relative sidelobe level
2M + 1 k =1 2M + 1 2M + 1 while the main lobe width adjusted by
M nM choosing length appropriately
where amplitude of sidelobe
= Filter order is estimated using
main lobe amplitude 2.056 s 16.4
= cosh( 1 cosh 1 1 ) N=
2M 2.85( )
and
cos(l cos 1 x ), x 1 where is the normalized transition
Tl ( x) = 1 bandwidth, e.g, for a lowpass filter
cosh(l cosh x), x > 1 = s p
13 14

Gain response of a Dolph-Chebyshev Properties of Dolph-Chebyshev window:
window of length 51 and relative sidelobe All sidelobes are of equal height
level of 50 dB is shown below Stopband approximation error of filters
Dolph-Chebyshev Window designed have essentially equiripple
0 behavior
-20
For a given window length, it has the
Gain, dB
-40
smallest main lobe width compared to other
-60 windows resulting in filters with the
-80
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
smallest transition band
/
15 16

Kaiser Window - controls the minimum stopband
attenuation of the windowed filter response
I 0{ 1 (n / M ) } 2
w[n] = , M nM is estimated using
I 0 ()
0.1102( s 8.7 ), for s > 50
where is an adjustable parameter and I 0 (u )
= 0.5842( s 21)0.4 + 0.07886( s 21), for 21 s 50
is the modified zeroth-order Bessel function
0, for s < 21
of the first kind: (u / 2) r
I 0 (u ) = 1 + [ ]2 Filter order is estimated using
s 8
r =1 r! N=
Note I 0 (u ) > 0 for u > 0 2.285()
20 (u / 2) r where is the normalized transition
In practice I 0 (u ) 1 + [ ]2 bandwidth
17 r =1 r! 18
3
FIR Filter Design Example FIR Filter Design Example
Specifications: p = 0.3 , s = 0.5 , sin(0.4 n)
Hence ht [ n] = n w[n], 12 n 12
s = 40 dB
where w[n] is the n-th coefficient of a
Thus c = ( p + s ) / 2 = 0.4
length-25 Kaiser window with = 3.3953
s = 10 s / 20 = 0.01 Kaiser Window Lowpass filter designed with Kaiser window
= 0.5842(19)0.4 + 0.07886 19 = 3.3953 0 0
-20 -20
32
N= = 22.2886
Gain, dB
Gain, dB
2.285(0.2)
-40 -40
-60 -60
Choose N = 24 implying M =12 -80

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-80
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
/ /
19 20
Impulse Responses of FIR Filters

with a Smooth Transition Impulse Responses of FIR Filters
with a Smooth Transition
First-order spline passband-to-stopband
transition Pth-order spline passband-to-stopband
transition
c = ( p + s ) / 2
c / , n=0
= s p
hLP [n] = 2 sin( n / 2 P) P sin(c n)
n / 2 P n n >0
c / , n=0
hLP [n] = 2 sin( n / 2) sin(c n)
n n >0
n
21 22
Lowpass FIR Filter Design

Example
Example
1 P = 1, N = 40
P = 2, N = 60
0.8
Magnitude
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
/
23
Copyright 2005, S. K. Mitra

Ch10 (2) Handouts 3e

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Ch10 (2) Handouts 3e

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Fixed Window Functions Fixed Window Functions

width resulting in a wider transition at the -20 -20

discontinuity -40 -40

w[n] = 0.42 + 0.5 cos( 2 n ) + 0.08 cos( 4 n )

Fixed Window Functions Fixed Window Functions

Fixed Window Functions Fixed Window Functions

Fixed Window Functions Fixed Window Functions

FIR Filter Design Example

An increase in the main lobe width is

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Adjustable Window Functions Adjustable Window Functions

Adjustable Window Functions Adjustable Window Functions

= 0.5842(19)0.4 + 0.07886 19 = 3.3953 0 0

Choose N = 24 implying M =12 -80

Impulse Responses of FIR Filters

Lowpass FIR Filter Design

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