Contents

1 Applications of Derivatives 3

1.1 Slope of Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2 Related Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.3 Maximum and Minimum Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.4 Using Derivatives in Curve Sketching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.5 Optimization Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.6 Newtons Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 The Integral 3

2.1 Area Under a Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.2 The Definite Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.3 Antiderivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.4 Some Techniques of Antidifferentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.5 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3 Transcendental Functions 3

3.1 The Natural Logarithmic Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3.2 The Natural Exponential Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3.3 Logarithms and Exponentials with Arbitrary Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3.4 Logarithmic Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3.5 Inverse Trigonometric Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3.6 Hyperbolic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

4 Techniques of Integration, LHopitals Rule and Improper Integrals 3

4.1 Integration by Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

4.2 Trigonometric Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

4.2.1 Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Sine and Cosine . . . . . . . . . 4

4.2.2 Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Secant and Tangent and Cosecant

and Cotangent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

4.2.3 Integrals Involving Products of Sine and Cosine with Different Angles . . . . 13

1
 4.3 Trigonometric Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4.4 Partial Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4.5 Indeterminate Forms and LHopitals Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4.6 Improper Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5 Applications of Integration 14

5.1 Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5.2 Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5.3 Arc Length and Surfaces of Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5.4 Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5.5 Moments, Centers of Mass, and Centroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5.6 Fluid Pressure and Fluid Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

6 Functions of Several Variables 14

2
1 Applications of Derivatives

1.1 Slope of Curves

1.2 Related Rates
1.3 Maximum and Minimum Values
1.4 Using Derivatives in Curve Sketching
1.5 Optimization Problems
1.6 Newtons Method

2 The Integral
2.1 Area Under a Curve
2.2 The Definite Integral
2.3 Antiderivatives
2.4 Some Techniques of Antidifferentiation
2.5 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

3 Transcendental Functions
3.1 The Natural Logarithmic Function
3.2 The Natural Exponential Function
3.3 Logarithms and Exponentials with Arbitrary Bases
3.4 Logarithmic Differentiation
3.5 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
3.6 Hyperbolic Functions

4 Techniques of Integration, LHopitals Rule and Improper Inte-

grals
4.1 Integration by Parts
4.2 Trigonometric Integrals
In this section, we

solve trigonometric integrals involving power of sine and cosine

solve trigonometric integrals involving power of secant and tangent

solve trigonometric integrals involving power of cosecant and cotangent

solve trigonometric integrals involving sine-cosine product with different angles.

3
4.2.1 Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Sine and Cosine
In this subsection, we will study techniques for evaluating integrals of the form:
Z
sinm x cosn xdx.

To find the integrals of this form, try to break them into combinations of trigonometric integrals to
which we can
Z apply the power
Z rule. We look at the following cases:
Case 1: sinn xdx or cosn xdx, where n is a positive odd integer.

Factor
n1 n1
sinn xdx = sinn1 x sin xdx = (sin2 x) 2 sin xdx = (1 cos2 x) 2 sinx dx

Factor
n1 n1
cosn xdx = cosn1 x cos xdx = (sin2 x) 2 cos xdx = (1 sin2 x) 2 cosx dx

sin3 xdx.
R
Example 4.1. Evaluate
Solution.
Z Z
3
sin xdx = sin2 x sin xdx
Z
= (1 cos2 x) sin xdx
Z Z
= sin xdx cos2 x sin xdx
| {z }
u=cos x;du= sin xdx
Z
= cos x + u2 du

u3
= cos x + +C
3
cos3 x
= cos x + +C
3
cos5 xdx.
R
Example 4.2. Evaluate

4
 Solution.
Z Z
5
cos xdx = cos4 x cos xdx
Z
= (cos2 x)2 cos xdx
Z
= (1 sin2 x)2 cos xdx
Z
= (1 2 sin2 x + sin4 x) cos xdx
Z Z Z
= cos xdx 2 sin x cos xdx + sin4 x cos xdx
2

| {z }
let u=sin x;du=cos xdx
Z Z
= sin x 2 u2 du + u4 du

2 sin3 x sin5 x
= sin x + +C
3 5
Z
Case 2: sinm x cosn xdx, where at least one of the exponents is a positive odd integer. The
solution of this case is similar to the method used for Case 1.

If m is odd, factor

sinm x cosn xdx = sinm1 x cosn x sin xdx

m1
= (sin2 x) 2 cosn x sin xdx
m1
= (1 cos2 x) 2 cosn sinx dx

If n is odd, factor

sinm x cosn xdx = sinm x cosm1 x cos xdx

n1
= sinm x cos 2 x cos xdx
n1
= sin x(1 sin2 x)
m 2 sinx dx

If both m and n are odd, choose either sinm x or cosn x to be factored.

Z
Example 4.3. Evaluate sin3 x cos4 xdx.

5
 Solution.
Z Z
3 4
sin x cos xdx = sin2 x cos4 x sin xdx
Z
= (1 cos2 x) cos4 x sin xdx
Z Z
= cos x sin xdx cos6 x sin xdx
4

let u = cos x; du = sin xdx

Z Z
= u4 du + u6 du

u5 u7
= + +C
5 7
cos5 x cos7 x
= + +C
5 7
cos3 x
Z
Example 4.4. Evaluate dx.
sin x
Solution.
cos3 x
Z Z
dx = cos2 x(sin x)1/2 cos xdx
sin x Z
= (1 sin2 x)(sin x)1/2 cos xdx
Z Z
1/2
= (sin x) cos xdx (sin x)3/2 cos xdx
let u = sin x; du = cos xdx
Z Z
= u1/2 du u3/2 du

u1/2 u5/2
= +C
1/2 5/2
2(sin x)5/2
= 2 sin x +C
5
Z Z Z
Case 3: sinm xdx, cosn xdx or sinm x cosn xdx, where both m and n are positive even
integers.
In this case, we make repeated use of the half-angle identities
1 cos 2x 1 cos 2x
sin2 x = and cos2 x =
2 2
to convert the integrals to odd powers of cosine and use Case 1 or 2.

Express

sinm xdx = (sin2 x)m/2 dx

1 cos 2x m/2
 
= dx
2

6
 Express

cosn xdx = (cos2 x)n/2 dx

1 + cos 2x n/2
 
= dx
2

Express

sinm x cosn xdx = (sin2 x)m/2 (cos2 x)n/2 dx

1 cos 2x m/2 1 + cos 2x n/2
   
= dx
2 2
Z
Example 4.5. Evaluate cos4 xdx.
Solution.

Z Z
cos4 xdx = (cos2 x)2 dx

1 + cos 2x 2
Z  
= dx
2
1 + 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x
Z  
= dx
4
Z Z Z
1 1 1
= dx + cos 2xdx + cos2 2xdx
4 2 4
| {z }
let u=2x,du=2dx
Z Z
1 1 1 1 + cos 4x
= x+ cos udu + dx
4 4 4 2
Z Z
1 1 1 1
= x+ sin u + dx + cos 4xdx
4 4 8 8
| {z }
let v=4x;dv=4dx
Z
1 1 1 1
= x+ sin 2x + x+ cos vdv
4 4 8 32
3 1 1
= x+ sin 2x + sin v + C
8 4 32
3 1 1
= x+ sin 2x + sin 4x + C
8 4 32
Walliss Formula:
Z /2
[(m 1)(m 3) (1 or 2)][(n 1)(n 3) (1 or 2)]
sinm x cosn xdx = ,
0 (m + n)(m + n 2)(m + n 4) (1 or 2)
(

, if m and n are both even integers
where m and n are both nonnegative integers and = 2
1, if otherwise
Z /2
Example 4.6. Evaluate sin8 xdx.
0

7
 Solution.
/2
7531
Z
sin8 xdx =
0 8642 2
35
=
256
Z /2
Example 4.7. Evaluate cos9 xdx.
0
Solution.
/2
8642
Z
cos9 xdx = 1
0 97531
128
=
315
Z /2
Example 4.8. Evaluate sin9 x cos8 xdx.
0
Solution.
/2
[8 6 4 2][5 3 1]
Z
sin9 x cos6 xdx = 1
0 15 13 11 9 7 5 3 1
128
=
45045

4.2.2 Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Secant and Tangent and Cosecant
and Cotangent
Z Z
Case 4: tan xdx and cotn xdx, where n is a positive integer.
n

Factor
tann xdx = tann2 x tan2 xdx = tann2 (sec2 x 1)dx

Factor
cotn xdx = cotn2 x cot2 xdx = cotn2 (csc2 x 1)dx
Z
Example 4.9. Evaluate tan5 xdx.

8
 Solution.
Z Z
5
tan xdx = tan3 x tan2 xdx
Z
= tan3 x(sec2 x 1)dx
Z Z
= tan x sec xdx tan3 xdx
3 2

Z Z
= tan x sec xdx tan x tan2 xdx
3 2

Z Z
= tan x sec xdx tan x(sec2 x 1)dx
3 2

Z Z Z
3 2 2
= tan x sec xdx tan x sec xdx + tan xdx

let u = tan x; du = sec2 xdx

Z Z Z
3
= u du udu + tan xdx

u4 u2
= + ln | sec x| + C
4 2
tan4 x tan2 x
= + ln | sec x| + C
4 2
Z Z Z Z
Case 5: secn xdx or tanm x secn xdx ; cscn xdx or cotm x cscn xdx, where n is a positive
even integer.

Factor

secn xdx = secn2 x sec2 xdx

n2
= (sec2 x) 2 sec2 xdx
n2
= (tan2 x + 1) 2 sec2 xdx

Factor

cscn xdx = cscn2 x csc2 xdx

n2
= (csc2 x) 2 csc2 xdx
n2
= (cot2 x + 1) 2 csc2 xdx
Z
Example 4.10. csc6 xdx

9
 Solution.
Z Z
6
csc xdx = csc4 x csc2 xdx
Z
= (csc2 x)2 csc2 xdx
Z
= (cot2 x + 1)2 csc2 xdx
Z
= (cot4 x + 2 cot2 x + 1) csc2 xdx
Z Z Z
= 4 2 2 2
cot x csc dx + 2 cot x csc xdx + csc2 xdx
| {z }
let u=cot x;du= csc2 xdx
Z Z Z
= u4 du 2 u2 du + csc2 xdx

u5 2u3
= cot x + C
5 3
cot5 x 2 cot3 x
= cot x + C
5 3
Z
Example 4.11. Evaluate tan5 x sec4 xdx.
Solution.
Z Z
5 4
tan x sec xdx = tan5 x sec2 x sec2 xdx
Z
= tan5 x(tan2 x + 1) sec2 xdx
Z Z
= tan x sec xdx + tan5 x sec2 xdx
7 2

let u = tan x; du = sec2 xdx

Z Z
= u du + u5 du
7

u8 u6
= + +C
8 6
tan8 x tan6 x
= + +C
8 6
Z Z
m n
Case 6: tan x sec xdx or cotm x cscn xdx, where m is a positive odd integer.

Factor

tanm x secn xdx = tanm1 secn1 x sec x tan xdx

m1
= (tan2 x) 2 secn1 x sec x tan xdx
m1
= (sec2 x 1) 2 secn1 x sec x tan xdx

10
 Factor

cotm x cscn xdx = cotm1 cscn1 x csc x cot xdx

m1
= (cot2 x) 2 cscn1 x csc x cot xdx
m1
= (csc2 x 1) 2 cscn1 x csc x cot xdx
Z
Example 4.12. Evaluate tan5 x sec7 xdx.
Solution.
Z Z
5 7
tan x sec xdx = tan4 x sec6 x sec x tan xdx
Z
= (tan2 x)2 sec6 x sec x tan xdx
Z
= (sec2 x 1)2 sec6 x sec x tan xdx
Z
= (sec4 x 2 sec2 x + 1)2 sec6 x sec x tan xdx
Z Z Z
= sec x sec x tan xdx 2 sec x sec x tan xdx + sec6 x sec x tan xdx
10 8

let u = sec x; du = sec x tan xdx

Z Z Z
= u10 du 2 u8 du + u6 du

u11 2u9 u7
= + +C
11 9 7
sec11 x 2 sec9 x sec7 x
= + +C
11 9 7
Z Z
Case 7: secn xdx or cscn xdx, where n is a positive odd integer.
Apply integration by parts.
Z
For secn xdx, let u = secn2 xdx and dv = sec2 xdx.
Z
For cscn xdx. let u = cscn2 xdx and dv = csc2 xdx.
Z
Example 4.13. Evaluate csc3 xdx.
Solution. Let u = csc x and dv = csc2 xdx. Then, du = csc x cot xdx and v = cot x. Now,
applying the integration by parts formula,
Z Z
csc xdx = csc x cot x csc x cot2 xdx
3

= csc x cot x + csc x + C

Z
Example 4.14. sec5 xdx

11
 Solution. Let u = sec3 x and dv = sec2 xdx. Then du = 3 sec3 x tan xdx and v = tan x. Hence,
Z Z
5 3
sec xdx = sec x tan x 3 sec3 x tan2 xdx
Z
= sec3 x tan x 3 sec3 x(sec2 x 1)dx
Z Z
= sec3 x tan x 3 sec5 xdx + 3 sec3 xdx
Z Z
4 sec5 xdx = sec3 x tan x + 3 sec3 xdx (4.1)

Let u = sec x and dv = sec2 xdx. Then du = sec x tan xdx and v = tan x. Thus,
Z Z
sec xdx = sec x tan x sec x tan2 xdx
3

Z
= sec x tan x sec x(sec2 x 1)dx
Z Z
= sec x tan x sec3 xdx + sec xdx
Z Z
2 sec3 xdx = sec x tan x + sec xdx
Z
2 sec3 xdx = sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x|
Z
1 1
sec3 xdx = sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C 0
2 2

From (4.1),
Z Z
4 sec5 xdx = sec3 x tan x + 3 sec3 xdx
Z  
5 3 1 1
4 sec xdx = sec x tan x + 3 sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x|
2 2
Z
3 3
4 sec5 xdx = sec3 x tan x + sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x|
2 2
Z
1 3 3
sec5 xdx = sec3 x tan x + sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C
4 4 4
Z Z
Case 8: tanm x secn xdx or cotm x cscn xdx, where m is a positive even integer and n is a
positive odd integer.
Express the integrand in terms of odd powers of secant or cosecant and follow the suggestions
in Case 7. That is,

Factor

tanm x secn xdx = (tan2 x)m/2 secn xdx

= (sec2 x 1)m/2 secn xdx

12
 Factor

cotm x cscn xdx = (cot2 x)m/2 cscn xdx

= (csc2 x 1)m/2 cscn xdx
Z
Example 4.15. Evaluate tan2 x sec3 xdx.

Solution.
Z Z
2 3
tan x sec xdx = (sec2 x 1) sec3 xdx
Z Z
= sec5 xdx sec3 xdx

From the preceding example, we get

Z
1 1
sec3 xdx = sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C 0
2 2
and Z
1 3 3
sec5 xdx = sec3 x tan x + sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C 00 .
4 4 4
Therefore,
Z
1 1 1
tan2 x sec3 xdx = sec3 x tan x + sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C.
4 4 4

4.2.3 Integrals Involving Products of Sine and Cosine with Different Angles
Integrals involving products of sines and cosines with different angles occur in many applications.
In such instances, we can use the following product-to-sum identities.

1
sin mx sin nx = [cos(m n)x cos(m + n)x]
2
1
sin mx cos nx = [sin(m n)x + sin(m + n)x]
2
1
cos mx cos nx = [cos(m n)x + cos(m + n)x]
2
Example 4.16. Evaluate the following integrals.
Z
1. sin 5x cos 4xdx

13
 Z Z
1
sin 5x cos 4xdx = [cos x cos 9x] dx
2
Z Z
1 1
= cos xdx cos 9xdx
2 2
1 1 1
= sin x sin 9x + C
2 2 9
1 1
= sin x sin 9x + C
2 18
Z    
5x 3x
2. cos cos dx
2 2

Z     Z
5x 3x 1
cos cos dx = [cos x + cos 4x] dx
2 2 2
Z Z
1 1
= cos xdx + cos 4xdx
2 2
1 1
= sin x + sin 4x + C
2 8

4.3 Trigonometric Substitution

4.4 Partial Fractions
4.5 Indeterminate Forms and LHopitals Rule
4.6 Improper Integrals

5 Applications of Integration
5.1 Area
5.2 Volume
5.3 Arc Length and Surfaces of Revolution
5.4 Work
5.5 Moments, Centers of Mass, and Centroids
5.6 Fluid Pressure and Fluid Force

6 Functions of Several Variables

References
[1]

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