Double Wall

Austral Precast

precast.
build faster,
build smarter,
build better.

Technical Guide
 xxxx
xxxx.
xxxx.
The Guide to be used by Qualified Structural Engineers,
Architects, Builders and Associated Industries
The information contained in this document is provided
as a general guide only and does not replace the
need for the specification to be reviewed and check
by a qualified person in the field of concrete, energy,
building construction, sound, design, services and/or
fire. This design of he Austral Precast Double Wall must
be carried out by qualified and experienced structural
engineers, who consider both the performance of the
02 Austral Precast
walls and their role in the structural behaviour of the
building as a whole. Austral Precast does not accept
any responsibility for incorrect, inappropriate
or incomplete use of this information.
This material has been prepared in the context of
relevant Australian Standards, the National Construction
Code (NCC) and the Building Code of Australia (BCA).
Users should make themselves aware of any recent
changes to these documents referred to and to local
variations or requirements.
 Double Wall
Contents

General Design Guide and 3.4 Vertical and Horizontal Joints 14

Installation Information 5 3.4.1 Vertical Joints 14
3.4.2 Horizontal Joints (Core Walls) 15
1. Austral Precast Double Wall 6
3.5 Temporary Propping 16
1.1 Overview 6
3.6 Design Calculation
1.2 Application 6 Example In Accordance with AS360 17
3.6.1 Input Parameters 17
1.3 Features and Benefits 6
3.6.2 Effective Height 17

2. Austral Precast Double Wall Configuration 8 3.6.3 Simplified Design for Compression 17
3.6.4 Simplified Design for Compression 17
2.1 Double Wall Reinforcement Configuration 8
3.6.5 Critical Section for Shear 17
2.1.1 Connection: Steel Lattice Girder
3.6.6 Shear Excluding Reinforcement 18
Properties and Range of Double
3.6.7 Shear Contribution by Reinforcement 18
Wall Thickness 8
3.6.8 Strength In Shear 18
2.1.2 Double Wall Shell Reinforcement 9
3.6.9 Edging and Opening Formwork 19
2.1.3 Wall Cavity Reinforcement 9

Water Tightness and Water Proofing 21

3. Design Guide 10
Double Wall Resistance to Water Penetration 22
3.1 Design Standards and Criteria 10
Requirements for Water-Proofing and Drainage 23
3.2 Design Principle 10

3.3 Double Wall Applications and their Design Guide 10 Fire, Thermal and Acoustics 27
3.3.1 Cantilever Retaining Wall 11
Fire Performance 28
3.3.2 Basement Retaining Wall 12
3.3.3 High Rise Core Wall 13 Thermal Performance 29

Thermal Performance and Energy Efficiency 30

Acoustic Performance 31

Double Wall 03
 Double Wall
General Design Guide and
Installation Information

Double Wall 05
and Installation Information
General Design Guide
Double Wall

Double Wall

1.1 Overview

Austral Precast Double Wall consists of a pair of

Stage 1
precast reinforced concrete shells connected
by a lattice girder (trusses) fabricated from
reinforcement bar, forming a cavity.

The first shell is cast as a slab on a vibrating table with

mesh and connecting trusses cast in. Once this shell
Stage 2
has sufficient strength, it is inverted and lowered into
the second panel. The whole system is then vibrated to
compact the concrete around the connecting trusses.

Steel reinforcement, edge forms and built- in components

may be factory assembled and transported to site as Stage 3

part of the system. On site, edge forms and reinforcement

connections are completed and the hollow cavity is
filled with premixed concrete to create a solid concrete
structure, tying the Double Wall panels to adjacent
walls and floors.

Precast Shell

Steel Lattice
Girder

Shell
Reinforcement

6 Austral Precast

Double Wall
1.2 Applications
The engineered Double Wall construction achieves
incredible time and cost saving as the entire structure,
walls, floors and shafts are casted simultaneously.
The Austral Precast Double Wall is custom-designed.
The overall wall thickness, reinforcement contents,
manufacturing and installation process will vary by
project. (Refer to Double Wall technical guide)
There is a wide variety of applications for Double Wall.
High-rise, residential, commercial and industrial watertightness is essential:
building structure as
- Basement retaining wall
- High rise core wall
- Cantilever retaining wall
- Structural elements
Concrete liquid-retaining structure
Fire and sound barrier due to the Double Wall modularisation.
excellent performance in the areas of fire safety and - Manufacturing efficiency results from fast
noise reduction
and Installation Information
General Design Guide
Double Wall
1.3 Features and Benefits
An efficient permanent structural framework:
- Hybrid solution replacing conventional
cast in situ operation.
- Minimum excavation is required especially
when employed as retaining wall.
- Safer construction option as construction
activities is performed within and inside
the boundary.
Suitable for construction where
- Withstand water hydraulic pressure up to
0.2MPa (20m water head).
- Water tightness is maintained by the property
of the Double Wall and installation techniques.
Employed in association with
precast flooring achieving:
- Monolithic structure, eliminating structural
framework and step toward precast
production, less material to handle and
affordable construction.
- Installation efficiency due to relatively large and
light panels, the enhanced jointing method
and the unneeded of grouting, welding and
formwork.
Double Wall 7
and Installation Information
General Design Guide

Double Wall
Double Wall

2. Austral Precast Double Wall Configuration

Austral Precast Double Wall panel is constructed Connection lattice girder

with 70mm thick shells. The overall wall thickness can
vary between 200mm to 400mm depending on the
structure and applied loads. The 70mm thick shells
are adequate to withstand lateral hydrostatic pressure
resulting from placing of concrete and will be identical
for each panel.
The Austral Precast Double Wall is custom-designed.
The overall wall thickness, reinforcement contents,
manufacturing and installation process will vary by
project. Refer to Double Wall Applications and their
Design Guide section in this guide.
Please consult with the Austral Precast technical
team and the structural engineer for projects specific
Double Wall configuration.
2.1 Double Wall Reinforcement Configuration
The reinforcement of Austral Precast Double Wall
consists of:
Shell reinforcement: steel mesh and
steel bar reinforcement (if specified)
Wall cavity reinforcement: starter bars at joints
and additional cavity reinforcement (if specified)
2.1.1 Connection: Steel Lattice Girder Properties
and Range of Double Wall Thickness
A specialised lattice girder (truss) shall be used to
connect the Double Wall shells; the lattice girder
height has to suit the overall double wall thicknesses
and specified reinforcement cover.
The trusses are proportioned to provide:
Robustness (dimensional stability) during erection
Resistance to hydrostatic forces during concrete
infill placement. The magnitude of the hydrostatic
pressure should be determined by the structural
designer and will vary depending on concrete
mix design and rate of concrete placement and
Provide the required cavity width.

Truss Type Nominal Chord and Diagonal Wire Diameter Double Wall
Australian Code Lattice Girder Height (h) mm Mass (kg/m) overall
Top Chord Bottom Chord Diagonal Wire thickness
Steel Truss EU 10080 Code
T150/10 6/10/6 150 10 6 6 150 1.91 200mm
T190/10 6/10/6 190 10 6 6 190 2.06 250mm
T250/10 6/10/6 250 10 6 6 250 2.31 300mm
TG300/10 8/10/8 300 10 8 8 300 4.00 350mm
TG320/10 6/10/8 320 10 8 8 320 4.15 400mm

Top Chord

Diagonal Wire

Bottom Chord

8 Austral Precast
 and Installation Information
General Design Guide
Double Wall
Trusses are typically fabricated from a L Grade 6mm 2.1.3 Wall Cavity Reinforcement
bottom chords and wire lattice. For the purposes of Placement of principal reinforcement for wall
wall construction, a L Grade 10mm top chord should panels can be carried out in the factory prior
be sufficient. The top chords and bottom chords will be to connecting panels.
tied to the embedded panel reinforcing, hence the Secondary reinforcement, such as starter bars, can
truss heights will vary with the overall width of the wall. either be placed in the factory or on site depending
on the wall configuration.
Sample calculations indicate that for a 4m high
pour and maximum hydrostatic pressure, a truss
spacing of 600mm would be required. Axial forces
in the truss lattice chords do not vary appreciably
with wall width.

2.1.2 Double Wall Shell Reinforcement

Reinforcing for the Double Wall shells will typically
be mesh, but may be supplemented with additional
reinforcement depending on the application.

Calculations indicate that SL82 mesh is sufficient for

a truss spacing of 600mm and a hydrostatic pressure
equivalent to 4m high.

Double Wall 9
and Installation Information
General Design Guide

Double Wall
Double Wall

3. Design Guide

3.1 Design Standards and Criteria reinforcement (lattice girder). This maximises the bond
between the site-cast cavity concrete and the factory-
As a concrete structure, the design of Austral Precast
cast shell concrete, and thus ensures monolithic
Double Wall will be carried out in accordance with
action.
the following Australian design standards:
The lower edges of the precast concrete shells must
AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 Structural Design Actions Part 0:
bond with site-cast concrete of the floor slab below
General Principles
to enable the shells to contribute to shear capacity.
AS/NZS 1170.1:2002 Structural Design Actions Part 1:
Permanent, imposed and other actions The following section demonstrates typical design
AS 3600:2009 Concrete Structures information of Double wall for three main applications.
AS 3850:2003 Tilt-up concrete construction

For the purpose of this document, the following design
criteria has been applied for the design of Austral
Precast Double Wall panels.
Reinforced Concrete
Concrete Strength 'c (Panels): 40 MPa
Concrete Strength 'c (Infill): 40 MPa
Concrete Density c: 24 kN/m3
Cover to outer concrete faces: 25 mm
Reinforcing Grade: L (mesh), N (bar)
Geotechnical
Soil Backfill Density s: 18 kN/m3
Soil Backfill Friction Angle s: 30
Water Table: RL 0.0m
(fully drained)
3.3 Double Wall Applications and their
Design Guide
The Austral Precast Double Wall, when filled with
concrete and reinforced, will behave like a fully
cast in situ reinforced concrete wall.
There is a wide variety of applications for this product.
The following are examples of three main applications
of the Double Wall and their design guide:
Cantilever retaining wall
Basement retaining wall, and
High rise core wall

3.2 Design Principle

The transfer of the shear forces from the Austral Precast
Double Wall to the structure below is via a combination
of concrete in the cavity, concrete in the shells and
reinforcement in the cavity (if specified).

Additional reinforcement starters are incorporated at

the top and bottom of the walls. The shells are cast
with rough internal surfaces and are joined by truss

10 Austral Precast
 and Installation Information
General Design Guide
Double Wall

Double Wall
3. Design Guide

3.3.1 Cantilever Retaining Wall Steel Lattice Girder

Double Wall is used for earth or liquid retaining
(cantilever retaining wall), ranging in size from small
Horizontal Starter Bars
residential applications to major civil structures. The
Double Wall is also applicable to other earth-retained
structures associated with highways, railways and
other civil constructions.

Cantilever retaining walls are usually more heavily

reinforced than high rise core walls. It is anticipated
that additional reinforcing will need to be placed
within the wall cavity (between wall shells).

Span tables below have been prepared for a variety

of wall heights, thicknesses and surcharge.

WALL SELECTION CHART- Cantilever retaining wall

SURCHARGES WALL HEIGHT H (m)
(kPa) 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
200A 200B 200C
10 250A 250B 250C 250D Reinforcement to
Concrete Slab
300A 300B 300C 300D
Wall
Width Surcharge (kPa)

200A 200B 200C

250A 250B 250C
15 300B 300B 300D
350B 350C 350D
400B 400C

Austral Precast
200A 200B Double Wall
Wall height (m)

Internal face
250C (Reinforcements
20
300A 300B 300C 300D removed for clarity)

350A 350B 350C 350D

Vertical reinforcement
pre-tiled in the Double Wall cavity
(between shells)
Vertical Note
The table has been prepared based on the by Austral Precast
reinforcement
assumption of 70mm cover to main vertical
reinforcement. The structural engineer may
A. N16-200 choose to adopt a smaller cover, ie cast the Concrete Slab

B. N20-200 vertical bars within the shell. Refer to the Joint

section (Section 3.4) for further details.
C. N24-200
D. N28-200

Double Wall 11
and Installation Information
General Design Guide
Double Wall

3.3.2 Basement Retaining Wall

Basement retaining walls are required to resist lower
movements than cantilever walls of the same height
and surcharge loading.

Span tables below have been prepared for a variety

of wall heights, thicknesses and surcharge.

WALL SELECTION CHART- Basement retaining wall

SURCHARGES WALL HEIGHT H (m)
(kPa) 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
200A 200A 200A 200A 200B 200C
10
250A 250B

200A 200B 200A 200A 200B 200C

15
250A 250B

200A 200A 200A 200B 200C

250C 250B 250B
20

Slab Thickness
300A 300B
350A
Wall
Surcharge (kPa) Width

Vertical reinforcement

A. N16-200
Austral Deck
B. N20-200
C. N24-200
D. N28-200
Austral Precast
Double Wall
Note
Internal face
The table has been prepared based on the assumption of 70mm cover
(reinforcements
to main vertical reinforcement. The structural engineer may choose
Wall Height (m)

to adopt a smaller cover, ie cast the vertical bars within the shell. Refer
removed for clarity)
to the Joint section (Section 3.4) for further details.
Vertical reinforcement
pre-tiled in the Double Wall cavity
(between shells)
by Austral Precast

Concrete Slab

12 Austral Precast
 and Installation Information
General Design Guide
Double Wall
3.3.3 High Rise Core Wall Vertical Starter Bars
High rise core walls typically vary in thickness over
the height of the building. Wall thicknesses typically
vary between 200mm and 300mm.

Walls are generally not heavily reinforced, so it is Horizontal

Starter Bars
anticipated that all reinforcing can be placed in
the panels during casting.
Slab Starter
Span tables have been prepared for walls 3.5m high Bars
(clear span) for wall thicknesses 200, 250 and 300mm.

Walls are required to principally resist the horizontal

shear and vertical compression loads.
Steel
Horizontal shear requires the panels to be connected
Lattice
at vertical joints by dowels. The span tables for core Girder
walls indicate the requirements for horizontal dowels
for a variety of loading cases.
Wall
WALL SELECTION CHART High rise core wall Width

AXIEL IN PLANE SHEAR (kN/m)

COMPRESSION Vertical and horizontal
LOAD (kN/m) 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 reinforcement

2000 200a 200c

Austral Deck
3000 250b 250b 250b 250d

3750 300c 300c 300c 300c 300c 300d 300e Austral Precast
Double Wall
Internal face
Horizontal Reinforcement (reinforcements
Shell Reinforcement
Wall Height (m)

for Vertical Joint (Dowel) removed for clarity)

a N12-350 WALL REO

b N12-250 200 SL72
c N12-200 250 SL82
Slab Thickness

d N12-150 300 SL82

e N16-200

Note
Designs for high rise core walls are based on zero tension in the
vertical direction. Additional vertical reinforcing may be required
to resist tension. Refer to the Joint section (Section 3.4) for further
details.

Double Wall 13
and Installation Information
General Design Guide
Double Wall

3.4 Vertical and Horizontal Joints

3.4.1 Vertical Joints
Vertical joints occur between the Double Wall
panels where the length of the wall cannot be
easily accommodated by a single precast panel
width due to either manufacturing, installation
or transportation limitations.
A vertical control joint must also be considered
in the wall to cater for vertical movement
of the foundation.
Horizontal reinforcing across vertical joints is usually
employed to transfer shear in the plane of the wall.
The span table for the High Rise Core Wall (page 10)
also outline the recommended reinforcement across
vertical joints.
Reinforcement continuity is typically provided using a
prefabricated single or double layer of reinforcement,
which is lowered into place between the lattice girders
bonding the two precast concrete shells.

Staggering the joint is recommended to assist The reinforcement can also be placed in the factory
in weatherproofing the wall. as part of the manufacturing process.

Double Wall: Vertical Joint Corner Arrangement

Steel angle and ferrules

to facilitate the installation
(75 x 6 EA 2M16 Ferrules -
600 spacing - recommended)

Caulking required Corner bars

(Dropped in place as a mesh)
(N20-200 - recommended)

Steel angle and ferrules

to facilitate the installation
(75 x 6 EA 2M16 Ferrules -
600 spacing - recommended)

Double Wall: Vertical Joint Continuous Wall

Splice bars
(Dropped in place as a mesh)
(N20-200 - recommended)

14 Austral Precast

3.4.2 Horizontal Joints (Core Walls)
Horizontal joints occur at both the top and bottom
of the wall at the junctions with the slab (typically
only occur in core walls).
The connections and supporting structure must
have sufficient combined capacity to transmit the
horizontal in-plane and out-of-plane loads from the
wall to the supports. The connections should be
detailed to ensure that the walls do not collapse
outwards during a fire.
Continuity reinforcement is provided at horizontal
joints with splice bars lapped with the embedded
reinforcement. Splice bars should be positioned so
as to avoid touching the inside face of the precast
and Installation Information
General Design Guide
Double Wall
shells with tolerances to allow the lowering
of top units during installation.
At Double Wall panel connections, a gap is
recommended sufficient to allow concrete to
easily penetrate and provide continuous bedding.
A gap of 30mm will allow penetration of concrete
across the joint.
For Double Wall to in situ slab joints, no gap is required
as the slab concrete will provide effective load
transmittal.
For Double Wall to precast slab soffit joints, a high
strength mortar is required to ensure correct bedding
and load transfer. Alternatively, a gap may be
provided as described above.

Horizontal Joint Double Wall

to Double Wall and Austral deck soffit
Caulking required

Vertical and horizontal

reinforcement

Insitu topping and

top reinforcement

Double Wall /
Wall Joint
Austral Deck
30mm gap is required
Double Wall / Slab Joint
Austral Precast High strength mortar is required to ensure
Double Wall correct bedding and load transfer

Horizontal Joint Double Wall to in situ slab

Insitu fill cavity

after slab is cured

Austral Precast Prefabricated cage or

Double Wall vertical reinforcement
External Face

In-fill base of
Double Wall prior Slab poured first
to pouring cavity

Blind pour slab

Steel bracket and bolts

to facilitate the installation
Double Wall 15
and Installation Information
General Design Guide
Double Wall

3.5 Temporary Propping

Propping is required to provide temporary stability
of wall sections while infill concrete is being placed.

For core walls, it is envisaged that temporary propping

would use the slab for support. Lifting Sling

For retaining walls, it may be necessary to provide an

anchor block or footing to provide temporary stability.

The designer must take lateral wind loads into

consideration when designing the temporary props.
Lifting Hooks

Slab Edge

Temporary Props

16 Austral Precast
 and Installation Information
General Design Guide
Double Wall
3.6 Design Calculation Example in Accordance with AS360
3.6.1 Input Parameters

Hw = 3500mm Height of Wall

Lw = 1000mm Length of Wall

tw = 300mm Total wall thickness

tprecast = 70mm Precast Panel Thickness

twc = 160mm Continuous Concrete Thickness

f'c = 40 MPa

fsy = 500MPa

3.6.2 Effective Height

Effective Height Hwe = k Hw ...11.4 Hw = 3500mm As above

= 3500mm k = 1.0 No rotation Restraint ...11.4 (a)

3.6.3 Simplified Design for Compression

Axial Strength N u = (tw 1.2e 2ea)0.6'c ...11.5.1 tw = 300mm As above

'c = 40 MPa As above
N u = 3859 kN/m = 0.6

ea = Hwe2/2500tw ...11.5.1
= 16mm

e = 0.05 tw Minimum ...11.5.2

Vertical Bars Bars SL82 x 2 No

A st = 454mm (0.15%) 2

Pw = 0.15% Ratio of Horizontal Reo to cross sectional area per vertical m (Hw/Lw>1)

Minimum Reinforcement = 0.15%  ...11.7.1

= 450mm 2

A st Total = 454mm 2 > 450mm2 OK 99.12%

Min Spacing of Reo = N/A = 3 db OK

Max Spacing of Reo = N/A = Min (2.5tw,350) OK

3.6.4 Simplified Design for Compression

Axial Strength N u = 3859 kN/m > 0 kN OK 0.00%

3.6.5 Critical Section for Shear

Height = 0.5 Hw form base Hw = 3500mm As Above

= 1750mm

Double Wall 17
and Installation Information
General Design Guide
Double Wall

3.6.6 Shear Excluding Reinforcement

Minimum of:
Hw
Vuc = 0.66 'c 0.21
'c 0.8Lwtw ...11.6.3(1) f'c = 40 MPa As above
Lw
Hw = 3500mm As Above
= 0 kN/m Lw = 1000mm As Above
twc = 160mm As Above
0.1 'c
Vuc = 0.05 'c + 0.8Lwtw ...11.6.3(2)
Hw 1
Lw
= 73 kN/m

But not less than;

Vuc = 0.17 'c (0.8Lwtw) = 138 KN/m ...11.6.3(2)
Shear Excluding Reinforcement
Vuc = 138 kN/m

3.6.7 Shear Contribution by Reinforcement

Horizontal Bars Bars N16 @ 200 Centres

A st = 1000mm2 (0.33%)
Pw = 0.33% Ratio of Horizontal Reo to cross sectional area per vertical m (Hw/Lw>1)

Minimum Reinforcement
= 0.15% ...11.7.1
= 450mm2

A st Total = 1000mm2 > 450mm2 OK 45.00%

Min Spacing of Reo = 48mm = 3db OK

Max Spacing of Reo = 350mm = Min(2.5tw,350) OK

Shear Contribution by Reinforcement

= 211 kN/m ...11.6.4 fsy = As Above
Lw = 1000mm As Above
twc = 160mm As Above

3.6.8 Strength In Shear

Vu = 138 + 211 f'c = 40MPa As Above

= 349 kN/m Lw = 1000mm As Above
twc = 160mm As Above
= 0.6
= 1024 kN/m

In Plane Shear Strenght

Vu = 209 kN > 0 kN OK 0.00%

18 Austral Precast
 and Installation Information
General Design Guide
Double Wall
3.6.7 Edging and opening formwork

A permanent edging formwork made of extruded fibre-reinforced concrete specifically designed to be used with
Double Wall to form the openings for doors and windows, ease the construction of concrete walls and to eliminate
the need for any on site formwork. The smooth surface permanent edging formwork has:
Perfect bond with the Double Wall and in situ-concrete
Fire resistant meeting the fire resistance period (FRP) for structural adequacy, integrity and insulation as
specified in The National Construction Code Building Code of Australia (NCC-BCA).
High compressive strength
Durability as the concrete structure
The information including photos of permanent
Edging Formwork is the property of Max Frank
GmbH & Co.KG
 Double Wall
Water Tightness
and Water Proofing

The information contained in this document is
provided as a general guide only and does not
replace the need for the specification to be reviewed
and check by a qualified person in the field of
concrete, energy, building construction, sound,
design, services and/or fire.
This material has been prepared in the context
of relevant Australian Standards, the National
Construction Code (NCC) and the Building Code of
Australia (BCA). Users should make themselves aware
of any recent changes to these documents referred
to therein and to local variations or requirements.

Double Wall 021

and Water Proofing
Water Tightness
Double Wall
Double Wall
Resistance to Water Penetration.
Austral Precast Double Wall can be designed and
used in engineering construction where watertightness
of the construction site is essential.
The resistance to water penetration of the Double Wall
is maintained by the property of the Double Wall and
installation techniques. Using construction water stops
and a proper on-site drainage system are essential to
maintain water tightness of the structure.
The Austral Precast Double Wall can be designed
in accordance with relevant Australian Standard
to achieve the required water tightness for various
construction sites.
Assessment reports of Austral Precast Double Wall for
resistance to water penetration can be obtained by
contacting Austral Precast technical team.
The water tightness of the Double Wall can be tested,
measured and assessed in accordance with the
following Australian and international standards
and test methods:
ASTM E96/E96M: Standard Test Methods
for Water Vapour Transmission of Materials
This test method covers the determination of water
vapour transmission (WVT) of materials through which
the passage of water vapour may be of importance.
ASTM Test Method for Water Penetration
and Leakage Through Masonry
This test method is designed to measures the water
that penetrates into and through the masonry
specimen and is collected at controlled laboratory
environment.
22 Austral Precast
This test method provides information that aids in
evaluating the effect of four principal variables:
materials, coatings, wall design and workmanship.
The test method can be used to measure water
penetration through Austral Precast Double Wall
having various thicknesses and compare its result
with masonry walls.
AS/NZS 4347.1:1995, Method 1:
Determination of Water Permeability
This Standard sets out the method of determining
the water permeability of damp-proof courses
and flashings.
A specimen held in a flange is subjected, on one
surface, to a head of water under specified conditions
and later examined to see whether any moisture has
passed through to the other surface.
Water permeability of Austral Precast Double Wall
is assessed in accordance with AS/NZS 4347. 1. The
assessment can be done with or without applying
water resistance components to the Double Wall.
AS 37352001 Concrete Structures
for Retaining Liquids
This Standard specifies the requirements for concrete
structures and members that include reinforcing
steel or tendons, or both, used for retaining liquids
at ambient temperature.
The Austral Precast Double Wall can be assessed for
watertightness using test procedure and assessment
criteria in accordance with AS 3735-2001.
 and Water Proofing
Water Tightness
Double Wall

Double Wall
Requirements to Water-Proofing and Drainage.

Weather-Proofing In a wall exposed to the weather, articulation joints

Buildings must be constructed such that they
are weather proof.
The building must be detailed such that the wall
panels do not crack, due to shrinkage, footing
movement or other sources of building movement;
The walls should be protected by a damp-proof
course from moisture and salts that otherwise would
rise through the wall by capillary action; and
must incorporate flexible sealants, which should be
regularly inspected and maintained. The steel
reinforcement in Austral Precast Double Wall provides
resistance to cacking in the most extreme cases of
foundation movement.
Buildings should be regularly maintained, to ensure
that:

Any moisture that penetrates the building fabric, Trees have not grown too close to the footings;
through the walls, roof, openings and the like should
The plumbing system does not leak; and
be collected, concentrated and removed using
The stormwater drainage system effectively removes
flashings.
rainwater.
Illustrations on the following pages metal water stop
specifically designed to provide construction joint Drainage
crack control and to seal joints (construction and butt Building must be correctly detailed to account for
joints) of concrete with high resistance to water weatherproofing requirements, foundation movement,
penetration exposed to the following: shrinkage and the efficient removal of rain water.
Gutters and rainwater downpipes must be regularly
Ground moisture and water without hydrostatic inspected and kept clean, free of corrosion, and
pressure. connected to a functioning stormwater system.
Seepage water which temporarily accumulated Flashing must be secured and joints sealed with
and water hydraulic pressure up to 0.2 MPa (20m
flexible sealant (e.g. silicone or similar), which should
water head).
be renewed over time as they deteriorate.
Foundation Movements
Moisture movements in clay or similar soils result in
expansion and contraction, causing the building to
either hog or sag. Trees roots suck the moisture
out of the soil causing it to shrink.

Poor or badly maintained drainage systems allow a

build up of moisture in the soil causing it to expand.
Wall panels move sympathetically with deflected
concrete footings, and the inclusion of articulation
joints will control the position and width of cracks.

The information including photos of water

stop is the property of Max Frank GmbH & Co.KG

Double Wall 23
and Water Proofing
Water Tightness
Double Wall

Horizontal Water Stop / Double Wall to Concrete Slab Joint

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Vertical Water Stop / Double Wall to Double Wall Joint

4 4 4 5 5 5 66 6

705EA10/01-INT/DE/GB-04/13
705EA10/01-INT/DE/GB-04/13
705EA10/01-INT/DE/GB-04/13
705EA10/01-INT/DE/GB-04/13
705EA10/01-INT/DE/GB-04/13
705EA10/01-INT/DE/GB-04/13

Max MaxFrank
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Max
Max Frank MaxFrank
Frank
GmbH GmbH
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KGKG Diese Diese
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Montageanleitung kann kann
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unsereunsere
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Allgemeinen
Allgemeinen
Allgemeinen Verkaufsbedingungen.
Verkaufsbedingungen.
Verkaufsbedingungen.

24 Austral Precast
 and Water Proofing
Water Tightness
Fradiflex - Fugenblech / Wandkopfeinbau
Fradiflex - Fugenblech / Wandkopfeinbau
Fr a d i f l e x - m e t a l wa te r s to p / wa l l - s l a b c o n n e c t i o n
Fr a d i f l e x - m e t a l wa te r s to p / wa l l - s l a b c o n n e c t i o n
1 2 A 2 B
1 2 A 2 B

Double Wall
ch / Wandkopfeinbau
Horizontal Water Stop /Double Wall to Austral Deck Joint
s to p / wa l l - s l a b c o n n e c t i o n

33 2 A 4 4 2 B 5 5
Fradiflex - Fugenblech
Fradiflex / Elementwand
- Fugenblech Eckausfhrung
/ Elementwand Eckausfhrung
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705EA03/04 - INT/DE/GB - 08/14

705EA03/04 - INT/DE/GB - 08/14

cm 0 cm
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n. n.
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m m
Max
MaxFrank
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4
GmbH
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Diese Montageanleitung kannkann
nur als 5
nurEmpfehlung gelten.
als Empfehlung Sie ersetzt
gelten. nicht nicht
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das This Installation Guideline
This Installation is a condensed
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auf neuesten StandStand on theonperformance of the FRANK productproduct
and is based
and is on the present state of state
the art.
Mitterweg
Mitterweg 11
94339
94339Leibl ngng
Leibl Germany
Germany Montage
der Technik
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g
Tel.
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+499427
9427189-0 Fax
189-0 +49
Fax +499427 1588
9427 1588 auch ohneohne
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vorherige des Kunden
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local supplier.
info@maxfrank.com www.maxfrank.com
Corner Stop - Double Wall Vertical Corner Joint gelten unsere
gelten Allgemeinen
unsere Verkaufsbedingungen.
Allgemeinen Verkaufsbedingungen.
er
4 43 5 5 6 6

! !
> 3cm

705EA03/04 - INT/DE/GB - 08/14

mi
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705EA09/01-INT/DE/GB-04/13

705EA09/01-INT/DE/GB-04/13

3c
Diese Montageanleitung kann nur als Empfehlung gelten. Sie ersetzt nicht dasm fr die
Montage erforderliche Fachwissen. Die Anleitung wird stets auf dem neuesten Stand
der Technik gehalten und wird stndig aktualisiert. Technische nderungen sind daher
auch ohne vorherige Information des Kunden ausdrcklich vorbehalten. Die jeweils
gltige Version ist auf unserer Homepage unter: www.maxfrank.de zu nden. Ergnzend
gelten unsere Allgemeinen Verkaufsbedingungen.
This Installation Guideline is a condensed description of factors having a direct effect
on the performance of the FRANK product and is based on the present state of the art.
It may be necessary to alter these recommendations, as more information becomes
available. Correct use is the responsibility of the user, if in doubt please consult your
local supplier.

Max FrankMax 6GmbH

Frank&GmbH
Co. KG & Co. KG Dieser Einbauhinweis
tage erforderliche
kann nur als
Dieser Einbauhinweis
Fachwissen.
tage erforderliche
Empfehlung
kann
Die Anleitung
Fachwissen.
gelten. Siegelten.
nur als Empfehlung
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Mitterweg 1 943391 Leiblfing
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94339 Leiblfing Germany Technik gehalten
Technikund wird stndig
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und wird TechnischeTechnische
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nderungen daherIt may
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to alter as more information
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as more information
Tel. +49 Tel.
9427+49189-0
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responsibility of the user,ofifthe
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info@maxfrank.com www.maxfrank.com gltige ist auf unserer Homepage unter: www.maxfrank.de finden. Ergn- local supplier.
stop is the property of Max Frank GmbH
zend gelten
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zend Co.KG
unsere Allgemeinen
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unsere Allgemeinen Verkaufsbedingungen.
705EA09/01-INT/DE/GB-04/13

t das fr die Mon- This Installation Guideline is a condensed description of factors having a direct effect
uesten Stand der on the performance of the FRANK product and is based on the present state of the art.
gen sind daher It may be necessary to alter these recommendations, as more information becomes
alten. Die jeweils available. Correct use is the responsibility of the user, if in doubt please consult your
zu finden. Ergn- local supplier.

Double Wall 25
 Double Wall
Fire, Thermal and Acoustics
The information contained in this document is
provided as a general guide only and does not
replace the need for the specification to be reviewed
and check by a qualified person in the field of
concrete, energy, building construction, sound,
design, services and/or fire.
This material has been prepared in the context
of relevant Australian Standards, the National
Construction Code (NCC) and the Building Code of
Australia (BCA). Users should make themselves aware
of any recent changes to these documents referred
to therein and to local variations or requirements.
Double Wall 027
Double Wall Fire, Thermal and Acoustics

Double Wall
Fire Performance.

Fire Resistance Periods for Insulation
Austral Precast Double Wall are solid with effective
thicknesses in the range from 200 mm to 400 mm.
The Fire Resistance Period (FRP)(1) for Insulation is not
less than 240 minutes, in accordance with Australian
Standard, Concrete Structures, AS 3600, Section 5
Design for fire resistance, Table 5.7.1.
Any concrete wall must be designed to achieve
a Fire Resistance Period for structural adequacy,
integrity and insulation of not less than the
required fire resistance level(2) (FRL) as specified
in The National Construction Code Building
Code of Australia, Specification 3. Type A Fire-
Resisting Construction.

Fire Resistance Periods for Structural Adequacy
The Austral Precast Double Wall Systems have Fire
Resistance Period for Structural Adequacy shown
in the table below.
The figure in the table below are generated in
accordance with Australian Standard AS 3600,
Section 5 Design for fire resistance, Table 5.7.2.
Note
Shell reinforcement (mesh) should not be considered
as main reinforcement for the purpose of FRP for the
structural adequacy. Moving this mesh away from
the centreline of the shell will impede handling ability
of the Double Wall. All main reinforcement will be
placed inside the shell mesh, meaning that the axis
distance will be > 50mm.

Fire Resistance Period (FRP) for Structural Adequacy Austral Precast Double Wall

Shell Fire Resistance Period (FRP) for Structural Adequacy, mins

Overall wall thicknesses on Axis distance
(3)
Loading N*f / Nu = 0.35 Axis distance Loading N*f / Nu = 0.7
thickness mm side exposed to Wall exposed on Wall exposed on Wall exposed on Wall exposed on
fire mm as mm as mm
one side two sides one side two sides
220 70 40 180 180 35 120 120
260 70 55 240 240 55 180 120
320 70 55 240 240 60 240 180
370 70 55 240 240 60 240 240
390 70 55 240 240 60 240 240

28 Austral Precast

Double Wall
Thermal Performance.
Thermal Mass and Comfort Zone
Austral Precast Double Wall has high thermal mass.
The high thermal mass in a building constructed with
Austral Precast Double Wall will experience a heating
and cooling cycle which contributes passively to
achieve the comfort zone. The Double Wall will store
the heat energy for an extended period, gradually
releasing it over time. In winter, high thermal mass
buildings will remain relatively warm, while in summer,
they will remain relatively cool.
During the day
Heat trapped in the Double wall
During the day
Passing heat will be trapped in the Double wall
Double Wall Fire, Thermal and Acoustics
The high thermal mass will provide natural thermal
comfort levelling out the temperature reducing the
dependence on heating and cooling systems.
In winter, heat trying to pass through the Double Wall
will become trapped in the wall and will slowly pass
back into the room. In summer the reverse occurs.
Heat trying to pass through the wall from the outside
will become trapped in the wall and will slowly pass
back out of the building.
Winter During the night
Heat passed back into the room
Summer During the night
Heat slowly passes back out of the building
Double Wall 29
Double Wall Fire, Thermal and Acoustics

Double Wall
Thermal Performance and Energy Efficiency.

Austral Precast Double Wall can be designed to
achieve energy efficiency provisions as specified
in The National Construction Code Volume Two
Building Code of Australia (BCA).
The thermal resistance coefficient The R- Value (4)
of the Double Wall system is affected by the wall
thickness (its mass) and the use of insulation
materials and cladding.
The mass of the precast concrete Double Wall will be
better thermal performance than its R Value alone
would indicate.
The National Precast Concrete Association of Australia
NPCAA has developed an R Value calculator that
determines the Mass enhanced R Value of precast
walls. A copy of the software tool can be downloaded
via the NPCAA website.

http://www.nationalprecast.com.au/r-value-calculator

Thermal Properties, R- Value Austral Precast Double Wall

Thickness of Austral Precast Double Wall (mm) 200 240 300 360 400
Thermal resistance, R- Value m .K/W
2

Austral Precast Double Wall Without Lining or Additional Insulation

External air film 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
Austral Precast Double Wall 0.14 0.17 0.21 0.25 0.28
Internal air film 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12
Total 0.30 0.33 0.37 0.41 0.44
Austral Precast Double Wall With Plasterboard Lining and Additional Insulation
External air film 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
Austral Precast Double Wall 0.14 0.17 0.21 0.25 0.28
50 mm Kooltherm phenolic board insulation 2.35 2.35 2.35 2.35 2.35
Internal plasterboard 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06
Internal air film 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12
Total 2.71 2.74 2.78 2.82 2.85
Austral Precast Double Wall With Plasterboard Lining and Additional Insulation
External air film 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
Austral Precast Double Wall 0.14 0.17 0.21 0.25 0.28
80 mm Kooltherm phenolic board insulation 3.80 3.80 3.80 3.80 3.80
Internal plasterboard 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06
Internal air film 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12
Total 4.16 4.19 4.23 4.27 4.30

30 Austral Precast

Double Wall
Acoustic Performance.
Austral Precast Double Walls are solid with effective
thicknesses in the range from 200 mm to 400 mm.
The weighted sound reduction Index (Rw) (5) of
Austral Precast Double Wall and its sound insulation
effectiveness is not less than Rw +Ctr of 50 dBA
complying with the minimum requirements of the
National Construction Code (NCC) Sound Attenuation
Provisions, Building Code of Australia (BCA).
NCC Volume One Specification F5.2 Table 2 states that
walls 150 mm thick concrete panel achieves an Rw + Ctr
(6)
not less than 50 dBA. Therefore all Austral Precast
Double walls exceed the minimum NCC requirments.
Definitions and References
1. Fire resistance period (FRP)
Time, in minutes, for a member to reach the
appropriate failure criterion (i.e., structural
adequacy, integrity and/or insulation) if tested
for fire in accordance with the appropriate
Standard. Source Australian Standards,
Concrete Structures, AS3600-2009, Clause 5.2.5
2. Fire resistance level (FRL)
Fire resistance periods for structural adequacy,
integrity and insulation, expressed in that order.
NOTE: Fire resistance levels for structures, parts
and elements of construction are specified by
the relevant authority, e.g., in the Building Code
Double Wall Fire, Thermal and Acoustics
of Australia (BCA). Source Australian Standards,
Concrete Structures, AS3600-2009, Clause 5.2.4
3. The Australian Standard Concrete structures,
AS 3600 Clauses 1.6.3.6. and 5.2.2 defines Axis
distance a s as: Axis distance Distance from
the centre-line axis of a longitudinal bar or
tendon to the nearest surface exposed to fire.
4. The R-value of a substance is its direct measure
of its resistance to transferring energy or heat;
R Values are expressed using the metric units
(m2.K/W). The amount of degrees kelvin
temperature difference required to transfer
one watt of energy per one square metre
of a substance.
5. The weighted sound reduction index (Rw)
A number used to rate the effectiveness of a
soundproofing system or material. Increasing
the Rw by one translates to a reduction of
approximately 1db in noise level. The higher
the Rw number, the better a sound resistance.
6. Rw +Ctr
Is the weighted sound reduction index with the
addition of a low frequency sound correction
factor Ctr. (a negative number). The material
sound insulation effectiveness is displayed by
the Rw/Rw+Ctr values together.
Double Wall 31
Austral Precast National Offices
Queensland Western Australia
364 Fairlie Terrace 12 Wildfire Road
Salisbury QLD 4017 Maddington WA 6109
Tel +61 7 3339 9902 Tel +61 8 9493 5116
Fax +61 7 3265 3333 Fax +61 8 9493 5126
infoqld@australprecast.com.au infowa@australprecast.com.au

New South Wales Victoria

33-41 Cowpasture Road
Wetherill Park NSW 2164
Tel +61 2 9604 9444
Fax +61 2 9604 9477
infonsw@australprecast.com.au
37-39 Elliott Road
Dandenong VIC 3175
Tel +61 3 9794 5185
Fax +61 3 9706 7607
infovic@australprecast.com.au

1300 778 668

www.australprecast.com.au

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