Patil
Electrical Engineering Department
Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic,
Atigre
Topic No. 2
Marks: 24 Hours: 10
INDEX
Sr.No. Particulars Page No.
1 Definition
2
2 Basic Principal of Steam Power Plant
3 List of Thermal Power Plant in Maharashtra & India 3
4 Selection of Site for Thermal Power Plant 4-5
5 Schematic arrangement of Thermal Power Plant 6
6 Function of each Part used in Thermal Power Station 7-31
7 MSBTE Questions 32-38
8 Important Technical Words & its Meaning 39
Mr.N.S.Patil 2
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
1. Definition:
A generating station which converts heat energy of coal combustion
into electrical energy is known as a steam power station.
HE KE ME EE
Or
CE HE KE ME EE
The heat produced for burning of coal & with the help of water steam
is produced. This produced steam flow towards turbine i.e. kinetic energy is
converted into mechanical energy. The input steam drives the prime mover
or turbine, simultaneously the generator also start to rotate. At that time
mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy.
Mr.N.S.Patil 3
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
4 x 120
1 Koradi 1x 200 1100 MW
2 x 210
2 x 140
2 Nasik 910 MW
3 x 210
1 x 62.5
3 Bhusawal 482.5 MW
2 x 210
2 x 30
4 Parli 690 MW
Maharashtra 3 x 210
4 x 210
6 Chandrapur 2340 MW
3 x 500
2 x 500
1 x 150
7 Trombay 1330 MW
1 x 120
1 x 60
3 x 30
9 Madhya Pradesh Korba 1 x 10 300 MW
4 x 50
2 x 60
10 Tamil Nadu Ennore 450 MW
3 x 110
Mr.N.S.Patil 4
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
1. Supply of Fuel: ( )
The Steam power station should be located near the coal mine so
that transportation cost of fuel is minimum. If the land is not available near
to coal mines then provide adequate facilities for transportation of fuel.
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2. Available of Water:
3. Transportation Facility:
For steam power station provide better transportation facility for the
transportation of man, machinery etc.
The Steam Power Station should be located where the cost of land is chief
& also future extension is possible.
Mr.N.S.Patil 5
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
As the thermal power plant produces flue gases, these gases will effect to
live human being, so that the plant should be located away from thickly
populated area.
As the thermal power plant produces ash, while burning of coal. So that
disposal of ash facility provided.
8. Earth-Quake:
The area under the thermal power plant should be free from earth quake.
9. Availability of labour:
Mr.N.S.Patil 6
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
Mr.N.S.Patil 7
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
Mr.N.S.Patil 8
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
Purpose:
1. coal delivery
2. coal unloading
3. coal storage:- a) outdoor storage (dead storage) b) Indoor storage
(live storage)
4. In the plant coal is crushed into small pieces with the help of crusher
and breaker. The coal is crushed to 2.5 cm. or less.
5. Than it is cleaned by passing forced air to remove the dust contain.
6. Than it is dewatered (remove of moisture) with the help of dryer. The
moisture content must be less than 2% after drying operation.
7. Then it is passed through magnetic separator to separate the iron
particles mixed in it.
8. Then coal is passed to pulverizing mill.
9. Pulverized Coal weighing
10. Pulverized coal is than transfer into the boiler furnace.
Mr.N.S.Patil 9
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
, ,
,
Mr.N.S.Patil 10
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
The removal of the ash from the boiler furnace is necessary for proper
burning of coal. It is worthwhile to give a passing reference to the amount of
coal burnt and ash produced in a modern thermal power station. A 100 MW
station operating at 50% load factor may burn about 20,000 tons of coal per
month and ash produced may be to the tune of 10% to 15% of coal
fired i.e.., 2,000 to 3,000 tons. In fact, in a thermal station, about 50% to
60% of the total operating cost consists of fuel purchasing and its handling.
Mr.N.S.Patil 11
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
Mr.N.S.Patil 12
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
Mr.N.S.Patil 13
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
Fire -------
tube boiler: In fire tube boilers hot gases are passed through
the tubes and water surrounds these tubes.
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Mr.N.S.Patil 14
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
Mr.N.S.Patil 15
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
5. Super-Heater:
Mr.N.S.Patil 16
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
The steam produced in the boiler is wet and is passed through a super
heater where it is dried and superheated (i.e.., steam temperature increased
above that of boiling point of water) by the flue gases on their way to
chimney. A Super heater consists of a group of tubes made of special alloy
steels such as chromium-molybdenum. These tubes are heated by the heat
of flue gases during their journey from the boiler furnace to the chimney.
The steam produced in the boiler is led through the superheater where it is
superheated by the heat of flue gases from boiler. Super heating provides
two principal benefits. Firstly, the overall efficiency is increased. Secondly,
too much condensation in the last stages of turbine (which would cause
blade corrosion) is avoided. The superheated steam from the super heater is
fed to steam turbine through the main valve.
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Mr.N.S.Patil 17
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
6. Economiser:
Mr.N.S.Patil 18
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
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Mr.N.S.Patil 19
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
8. Air Pre-heater:
Mr.N.S.Patil 20
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
Mr.N.S.Patil 21
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
9. Condenser:
Mr.N.S.Patil 22
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
Mr.N.S.Patil 23
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
In order to improve the efficiency of the plant, the steam exhausted from
the turbine is condensed by means of a condenser. Water is drawn from a
natural source of supply such as a river, canal or lake and is circulated
through the condenser. The circulating water takes up the heat of the
exhausted steam and it becomes hot. This hot water coming out from
the condenser is discharged at a suitable location down the river. In case the
availability of water from the source of supply is not assured throughout the
year, cooling towers are used. During the scarcity of water in the river, hot
water from the condenser is passed on to the cooling towers where it
is cooled. The cold water from the cooling tower is reused in the condenser.
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Mr.N.S.Patil 24
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
The dry and superheated steam from the super heater is fed to the
steam turbine through main valve. The heat energy of steam when passing
over the blades of turbine is converted into mechanical energy. After giving
heat energy to the turbine, the steam is exhausted to the condenser which
condenses the exhausted steam by means of cold water circulation.
The steam turbines are generally classified into two types according to
the action of steam on moving blades:
a. Impulse Turbine:
b. Reaction Turbine:
Mr.N.S.Patil 25
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
Mr.N.S.Patil 26
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
OR
The fans suck the flue gases from combustion chamber and
discharge it rapidly to the air through chimney.
OR
Mr.N.S.Patil 27
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
Mr.N.S.Patil 28
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
Working-
The water coming from condenser is dropped in the cooling tower from
a height of about 810 m. The cooling tower reduces the temperature of the
hot water by about 7C 10C. This water at the reduced temperature is re-
circulated to the condenser and the cycle is repeated. In the cooling tower
temperature of water is reduced either by natural or by forced or by induced
draught method or by combine method.
Mr.N.S.Patil 29
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
Mr.N.S.Patil 30
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
i) Alternator
The steam turbine is coupled to an alternator. The alternator converts
mechanical energy of turbine into electrical energy. The electrical output
from the alternator is delivered to the bus bars through transformer, circuit
breakers and isolators.
ii) Exciter
iv) Switchgear:
It is used to locate the fault & isolate the faulty part from healthy
section. It contains circuit breaker, relays, switches and other control
devices.
Mr.N.S.Patil 31
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
It is 3-ph alternator.
It is robust in construction.
A separate excitation is given to separate alternator pole by DC
generator (Exciter) which is mounted on same shaft. It excites the
field winding of alternator. Excitation voltage is 150-230V DC.
Generally compound DC generator is used.
They are smaller in diameter and of long axial length (diameter
maximum 1 meter for 2 pole alternator). In case of alternator coupled
with impulse turbine are horizontal shaft In case of alternator couple
with reaction turbine is vertical shaft.
Cooling system: for small rating alternators up to 40 MW. Stator and
rotor is air-cooled.
For high rating alternator up to 150 MW, it is hydrogen cooled Above
150 MW hollow stator conductors are used through which coolant is
circulated cooling purpose. Cooling is necessary to improve the
performance of alternator.
Standard rating of turbo alternator are 125,200,250,300,500 MW
maximum rating of turbo alternator is 500 MW.
Power factor is 0.8 lagging.
Better in dynamic balancing.
Protection : Protection against run away (high speed) speeds are
provided, over voltage under voltage protection, over load protection &
over & under frequency protection, Over temperature protection are
main protections provided to alternator
Mr.N.S.Patil 32
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
Advantages:
Cost of fuel: Fuel used in thermal power station (TPS) is cheaper than
cost of fuel used in diesel & nuclear power station.
Capital cost: Capital cost of TPS is less than hydro & nuclear power
station.
Near load center: TPS can be located near load center. The coal can
be transport from coal mines to power plant. As it is located load
centre it reduces transmission cost and losses in it.
Space required: Less space required as compared to hydro power
station.
Generating cost: TPS can be built/construct of high generating
capacity.
Generating capacity: TPP can be build/construct of high generating
capacity, so used as a base load power plant.
Overload capacity: Steam engines and turbine can work under 25%
overloads continuously.
Time required for completion of project: Time required for
completion of TPP project is very less as compare to hydro power
station.
Disadvantages:
Mr.N.S.Patil 33
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
Fuel transportation cost: When power plant are located away from
coal mines i.e. near load centre at that time fuel transportation cost is
more.
Preparation for fuel: There is more expenditure for preparation of
coal (raw coal to pulverized coal).
Space required: Large amount of space is required for storage of fuel
and ash as compare to NPP.
Efficiency: It is less efficient power plant overall efficiency is
maximum 30 %.
Stand by losses: Stand by losses is more as furnace is required to
keep in operation even when there is no load.
Maintenance cost: High maintenance and operating cost because
number of axillaries plant are required such as coal and ash handling
plant, pulverizing plant, condensing plant and water purification plant
etc.
Availability of fuel: Less availability of high grade coal.
Simplicity and cleanness: Layout of thermal power plant is
complicated than HPP due to coal and ash.
Life: Life of TPP is less than HPP.
Cost per unit (cost of generation)- High
Mr.N.S.Patil 34
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
8. MSBTE Questions:
Or
Electrical losses- 1 %
1) Economisor
2) Air-preheater
3) Super heater
5) Condensing plant
6) Pulvarising of coal
Mr.N.S.Patil 35
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
Mr.N.S.Patil 36
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
Coal conveyor.
Pulverizer.
Stoker.
Boiler
Furnace
Economizer
Air-preheater
Super heater
Re-heater
H.P and L.P. feed water heater.
Condenser
.Cooling tower
Chimney or stack
Precipitator (dust collector) (Electro-static precipitator)
Ejector
Deaerator
Water treatment plant
Forced Draught fan (FDF) & Induced Draught fan (IDF)
Mr.N.S.Patil 37
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
The heat produce due to combustion of coal is not fully utilized for
generation of electrical energy. Because of various heat losses. These heat
losses are recovered in following equipments due to recovery of heat from
exhaust flue gases it increases thermal efficiency of power station.
Mr.N.S.Patil 38
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
4. Rankine Cycle:
Mr.N.S.Patil 39
SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg. Dept.
Mr.N.S.Patil 40