AbstractComposite standing seam metal roof system is test result for real situation is later proposed as suggestions
gradually widely applied for permanent building due to for future research.
its various advantages such as light weight, fast installation
and recyclability. After series of tests and analysis based on
II. SUMMARY OF WIDELY APPLIED NATIONAL
ASTM E1592, some determinants like the additional internal or
external fix element, panel width, panel thickness or halter ANDINTERNATIONAL TEST METHODS
form are validated to be effective to the structural In this section, different characters and applied scopes
performance against wind load. However, the result from of national and international test methods are clarified
ASTM E1592 is more conservative than the real situation. and compared. Although there is no completely
When this standard is applied for the composite standing applicable test method for the composite metal roof system,
seam metal roof system, an additional reduction coefficient or the test method from ASTM is finally adopted for the
equation should be considered as well. Otherwise another test following tests considering the objective of this research.
method should be proposed for this type of system.
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Halter Span(mm) 250 250 500 500 Panel Thickness(mm) 1.0 1.0
The test result with different panel thickness is listed in Open End Open End
Panel Fix Condition
No Fix Fix with L-angle
Table . The increase of panel thickness does improve the
wind resistance. To comply with the structural performance of Maximum Wind
2.3 6.49
Pressure(kPa)
design, additional element or determinant like metal cap still
has to be applied. F. Test Result-Internal Fix Element as Variable
Based on the test installed in section E, additional silicones
TABLE V. TEST RESULT-PANEL THICKNESS AS VARIABLE with different lengths and spans are applied at the internal side
Test No. of panels to increase the wind resistance as in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8.
1 2 3 In type 1 silicones are applied perpendicular to the seam
Variable
Panel Thickness(mm) 1.0 1.2 1.2 direction (L=60mm@200mm) and at the top of hook-clip
(L=100mm). In type 2 silicones are applied parallel to the seam
Panel Width(mm) 305 305 305 direction (L=100mm@200mm) and at both side of hook-clip
Halter Span(mm) 500 500 500 (L=50mm). The test result is shown in Table . When there is
additional internal fix element applied, the improvement of
Halter Length(mm) 120 120 120
wind resistance is obvious especially when the silicone applied
Additional Element - - Metal Cap is parallel to the seam direction (type 2).It is because this would
Maximum Wind increase more surface area of adhesion than type 1.
5.8 8.46 14.22
Pressure(kPa)
E. Test Result-Halter Form and Panel Fix Condition as
Variable
The test result with different halter forms and panel
conditions
fix is listed in Table . To improve the wind
resistance, the original aluminum halter is replaced with
stainless steel hook-clip and double L-angles as Fig. 6. The
panel edge is also fixed with L-angle. The entire wind
resistance improves more obviously than the other tests
through the change of these design determinants.
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Figure 8. Positions of silicone applied: Type 2
In this test condition, there is no other material
or substructure installed to restrict its deformation except
TABLE VII. TEST RESULT-INTERNAL FIX ELEMENT AS the halter. The deflection of panel is therefore significant
VARIABLE
and the failure occurs mostly due to the disconnection
Test No.
1 2 3 between the panel and the halter.
Variable
Hookclip + Hookclip + Hookclip +
Halter Form
double L-angles double L-angles double L-angles
Type 1 Type 2
Internal Fix
- (test after 5 (test after 150
Element
days) days)
Maximum Wind
6.49 8.41 11.75
Pressure(kPa)
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increased therefore the internal pressure P2 is equal to the reduced safety coefficient and transfer equation shall
external pressure P2. (see Fig. 13) be reconsidered or another test method should also be applied.
V. CONCLUSION
After series of tests and analysis, some results could be
concluded and used as references for further application
of composite metal roof system, both on design stages
and validate stages.
Based on the test results from ASTM E1592, the
Figure 11. Composite installed roof system factors such as additional internal or external fix element, panel
width, panel thickness and halter form are some effective
design determinants to the structural performance against
wind load for standing seam metal roof panels. The
determinants mentioned above are belong to mostly
architectural and structural design and should be determined
at early stage. At the construction stage, the contractor
could only modify the amount of halters or change the edge
fix condition partially in order not to change the
appearance or the whole structure system.
Figure 12. Composite roof system with positive pressure
Additionally, the test result from ASTM E1592 must
be worse than the real condition based on the same roof
system. ASTM E1592 focuses only on the single material
and its connection. Therefore it belongs to the
certification of material performance. The test result is more
conservative and cannot represent the real structural
performance of entire composite metal roof system. If this
test method is applied to validate the structural
performance of roof panel in the multiple-layer
Figure 13. Composite roof system with negative pressure constructed situation, an additional reduction coefficient or
equation should be considered as well, which would need
However, the deformation of roof panel is unapparent by further research to confirm. Or another test method should be
real installations. There are two possible explanations. One, proposed for the composite metal roof systems.
the installation of insulation plays a part of it because it
restricts the room of deformation from the roof panel and the ACKNOWLEDGMENT
volume difference V is limited. Another one is the
connected way at each joint of two panels. In this test Thanks to the supplier BEMO SYSTEMS GmbH
condition an air bag is installed to ensure that there is no in Germany and the co-company BOLSTER SYSTEM in
pressure leakage in between. Actually, panels are Taiwan. With their support and series of trials, the high
mechanically fixed with halter and the connected points are standard of structural performance of composite metal roof
not fully watertight. The wind will flows within the connected system against wind pressure could finally be achieved.
parts and the external wind pressure is approximately equal to
the internal pressure. (See Fig. 14) Because there is no huge REFERENCES
difference of pressure in between, the deformation of roof [1] Yi-Chung Tsai, Research on the Promotion Policy of the Mock-up Test,
panel is thus not necessary. , Taiwan: Architecture and
Building Research Institute, Ministry of the Interior, 2007, pp. 6.
[2] Method of Test for Deformation under Wind Pressure of Building
Curtain Walls and Skylights,
, CNS 13972, A3367-2006.
[3] Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows,
Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls by Uniform Static Air Pressure
Difference, ASTM E330-2014.
[4] Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Sheet Metal Roof
and Siding Systems by Uniform Air Pressure Difference, ASTM
Figure 14. Wind flow through connected joint E1592-2012.
[5] Standard for Tests for Uplift Resistance of Roof Assemblies, UL
Compared with real installations of roof systems, the 580-2006.
test result from ASTM E1592 is much more conservative [6] Standard for Uplift Tests for Roof Covering Systems, UL 1897-2012.
and is appropriate for the single-layer constructed roof [7] ATAS International, Inc., Wind Uplift [Online]. pp. 1-2. Available:
http://www.atas.com/ATAS/files/dc/dca665ac-077e-4795-803b-
system. When the roof system is constructed with multiple e2dbe40adce5.pdf, update on 2015.07.28
layers, either the [8] UL Official Website, http://ul.com/aboutul/history/, update on
2015.07.28
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