American Revolution

American Revolution, also called United States War of

Independenceor American Revolutionary War, (177583), insurrection
by which 13 of Great Britains North American colonies won political
independence and went on to form the United States of America.
The war followed more than a decade of growing estrangement between
the British crown and a large and influential segment of its North American
colonies that was caused by British attempts to assert greater control over
colonial affairs after having long adhered to a policy of salutary neglect.
Until early in 1778 the conflict was a civil war within the British Empire, but
afterward it became an international war as France (in 1778), Spain (in
1779), and the Netherlands (in 1780) joined the colonies against Britain.
From the beginning, sea power was vital in determining the course of the
war,

History of American Democracy

A democratic Constitution: 1788

The Constitution of the United States of America, adopted in 1788, provides the
world's first formal blueprint for a modern democracy. In the first flush of the new
nation's enthusiasm, the compromises inherent in normal democracy are not required.
George Washington is elected unopposed as president in 1789, and again for a
second term in 1792.

But by 1796 political parties are in the field. The result of that year's election is a
Federalist president (John Adams) and a Democratic-Republican vice-president
(Thomas Jefferson). In 1800 Jefferson and Federalist candidate Aaron Burr tie in the
presidential election. Congress declares Jefferson to be the winner, begnning a long
spell of Democratic-Republican rule.
The easy transfer of presidential power between the political parties on Jefferson's
election proves conclusively that the American republic has pioneered a successful
working democracy, very different from the violent upheavals of French politics or
the corruption of the unreformed Britishmodel.

This democracy is still based on a restricted franchise, and the leading politicians are
all from a small leisured and landed class (the most distinguished among them,
Washington and Jefferson, being southern slave owners). But more than anywhere
else in the world at this time, the new American system points the way towards a fully
democratic future.

Achieving Equality

In the mid-1950s Americans remained deeply divided over the issue of racial equality. African
Americans pressed to have the Brown decision enforced, and many people were unprepared for the
intensity of resistance among white southerners. Likewise, defenders of the southern way of life
underestimated the determination of their black neighbors.

The African American freedom struggle soon spread across the country. The original battle for school
desegregation became part of broader campaigns for social justice. Fifty years after
the Brown decision, the movement has come to include racial and ethnic minorities, women, people
with disabilities, and other groups, each demanding equal opportunity.

history of American fraternities

An ugly story is playing out at the University of Oklahoma, after members
of the schools chapter of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity were caught on
video performing a chant that suggested they would rather see black men
lynched than accept them as SAE members. The chapter has been
closed, two members of the fraternity have been expelled and Jean Delance,
who had been recruited to play football for the university, has decided to
attend school elsewhere.
But as distressing as the University of Oklahoma story is, its hardly an
aberration. The American fraternity system has long been the site of
pitched battles about racial integration, Confederate symbols and racist
language. These incidents happen with such frequency that its almost
worth looking at racial blowups at fraternities as a lagging indicator of
American attitudes, a sign that progress toward racial equality is not the
same thing as widespread consensus in favor of it.

Bibliography

https://www.britannica.com/event/American-Revolution
http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis
http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/6-legacy/achieving-equality.html
https://www.washingtonpost.com

French Revolution
French Revolution, also called Revolution of 1789,
the revolutionarymovement that shook France between 1787 and 1799 and
reached its first climax there in 1789. Hence the conventional term
Revolution of 1789, denoting the end of the ancien rgime in France and
serving also to distinguish that event from the later French revolutions
of 1830 and 1848.

The French Revolution had general causes common to all the revolutions
of the West at the end of the 18th century and particular causes that
explain why it was by far the most violent and the most universally
significant of these revolutions. The first of the general causes was the
social structure of the West. The feudal regime had been weakened step-
by-step and had already disappeared in parts of Europe. The increasingly
numerous and prosperous elite of wealthy commonersmerchants,
manufacturers, and professionals, often called the bourgeoisieaspired to
political power in those countries where it did not already possess it.
The peasants, many of whom owned land, had attained an improved
standard of living and education and wanted to get rid of the last vestiges of
feudalism so as to acquire the full rights of landowners and to be free to
increase their holdings. Furthermore, from about 1730, higher standards of
living had reduced the mortality rate among adults considerably.

French Democracy
The number of political writers in France is out of all proportion to the
number of reading and reflecting men who enter into the population of the
state. This has been the case uninterruptedly since the Revolution; but it
has become doubly apparent since the last great social and political
convulsions. Those events serve at once to furnish the text and to point the
moral. The Empire with its uncovered vices, the war with its hard and
serious lessons, the Commune with its baffled purposes, keep the presses of
Paris working day and night. Every writer has his theory ; every theory has
its printer. Renan leaves the Semitic languages and the battle-grounds of
Biblical history, to write scholarly and thoughtful essays on the questions of
the hour. Tame forsakes art and artists, and assails universal suffrage.
Littr the lexicographer, Victor Hugo the poet, Alexandre Dumas the
playwright, the Bishop of Orleans, and a great army of professors, soldiers,
churchmen, and nobles, men of every profession and every rank in society,
join in the great work of the patriot.

FRENCH EQUALITY & FRATERNITY HISTORY

A legacy of the Age of Enlightenment, the motto "Libert, Egalit, Fraternit" first appeared
during the French Revolution. Although it was often called into question, it finally established
itself under the Third Republic. It was written into the 1958 Constitution and is part nowadays of
the French national heritage.
Linked by Fnelon at the end of the 17th century, the notions of liberty, equality and fraternity
became more widespread during the Age of Enlightenment.
At the time of the French Revolution, "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" was one of the many mottos in
use. In December 1790, Robespierre advocated in a speech on the organization of the National
Guards that the words "The French People" and "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" be written on
uniforms and flags, but his proposal was rejected.
From 1793 onwards, Parisians, soon to be imitated by the inhabitants of other cities, painted the
following words on the faades of their houses: "Unity, indivisibility of the Republic; liberty,
equality or death". But they were soon asked to erase the phrases final part as it was too closely
associated with the Terror...
This motto fell into disuse under the Empire, like many revolutionary symbols. It reappeared
during the Revolution of 1848 marked with a religious dimension: priests celebrated the "Christ-
Fraternit" and blessed the trees of liberty that were planted at the time. When the Constitution of
1848 was drafted, the motto "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" was defined as a "principle" of the
Republic.
Discarded under the Second Empire, this motto finally established itself under the Third
Republic, although some people still objected to it, including partisans of the Republic: solidarity
was sometimes preferred to equality which implies a levelling of society, and the Christian
connotation of fraternity was not accepted by everyone.
Bibliography

https://www.britannica.com/event/French-Revolution
https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1872/05/french-
democracy/306915/
https://franceintheus.org/spip.php?article620

Russian Revolution
Russian Revolution of 1917, two revolutions, the first of which, in
February (March, New Style), overthrew the imperial government and the
second of which, in October (November), placed the Bolsheviks in power.
By 1917 the bond between the tsar and most of the Russian people had
been broken. Governmental corruption and inefficiency were rampant. The
tsars reactionary policies, including the occasional dissolution of the Duma,
or Russian parliament, the chief fruit of the 1905 revolution, had spread
dissatisfaction even to moderate elements. The Russian Empires many
ethnic minorities grew increasingly restive under Russian domination.
But it was the governments inefficient prosecution of World War I that
finally provided the challenge the old regime could not meet. Ill-equipped
and poorly led, Russian armies suffered catastrophic losses in campaign
after campaign against German armies. The war made revolution inevitable
in two ways: it showed Russia was no longer a military match for the
nations of central and western Europe, and it hopelessly disrupted the
economy.
Riots over the scarcity of food broke out in the capital, Petrograd (formerly
St. Petersburg), on February 24 (March 8), and, when most of the
Petrograd garrison joined the revolt, Tsar Nicholas IIwas forced
to abdicate March 2 (March 15). When his brother, Grand Duke Michael,
refused the throne, more than 300 years of rule by the Romanov
dynasty came to an end.

Russian Democracy History

Twenty years ago Friday, communist hard-liners staged a coup here,
sending tanks rumbling to the Russian White House in an effort to
preserve the Soviet Union. Instead they touched off a powerful
expression of democracy.
Boris Yeltsin, the first democratically elected president in Russias
thousand years, galvanized the resistance when he climbed atop one of
the tanks and called on citizens to defend the freedoms he had
promised to deliver. They mounted the barricades, unarmed, willing
to risk their lives for democracy. The coup leaders lost their nerve. A
few months later, the Soviet Union was dead.
All these years later, so is democracy.

Today, Vladimir Putin presides over an authoritarian government in

that same White House, a bulky 20-story skyscraper on the edge of the
Moscow River. Occasional demonstrations in favor of democracy are
small and largely ignored, except by the police.

Those who defended the White House thought they had changed the
course of history, that in standing up so assertively the people had
shaken off their Soviet subservience to the state and that the state
would begin to serve the people. But today, elections are not fair,
courts are not independent, political opposition is not tolerated and
the reformers are widely blamed for what has gone wrong.
Russian Fraternity

Fraternity of peoples (Russian language: , druzhba narodov) is a concept

advanced by Marxist social class theory. According to Marxism, nationalism is only a tool of
the ruling class, used to keep the working class divided and thus easier to control and exploit.
With the success of class struggle (i.e. the abolition of social classes), the natural brotherhood of
all workers would make the idea of separate nations obsolete. The concept of the fraternity of the
peoples is often opposed to "bourgeois cosmopolitanism".
The Tsarist Russian Empire was dubbed the "prison of the peoples"[1] (" ")
by Lenin. The Soviet Union, which replaced the empire, proclaimed that the goal of its national
policy was to forge a new national entity, the "Soviet people". Even though the USSR often
claimed to make significant progress on that path, its dissolution put an end to that goal.
Bibliography

https://www.britannica.com/event/Russian-Revolution-of-1917
http://www.historytoday.com/daniel-beer/russias-managed-democracy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternity_of_peoples
impact of Russian Revolution on India's
Independence Movement
The Bolshevik revolution(1917) marked a great shift in the ideological perspective of the
world that imperialistic powers can be defeated .

However , in india's context the revolution of 1905 itself inspired the evolution of swaraj
movement in india led by tilak

It had emerged into two folds of actions in india the one was non violent means adopted by
gandhiji and other was by the leaders of HINDUSTAN REPUBLIC ASSOCIATION led by
azad , bismil,battukeshwar dutt.

The kakori,chittagong armoury raid,killing of Saunders were the result

Features

1 It led to propagation and spread of socialist ideas

2 workers struggle against the indian capitalist class became an inherent part of indian
freedom struggle

3 newly sprouting communist groups with their emphasis on Marxism,socialism and

proletariat

4 in this context what was most necessary and decisive was the intervention of masses in
political struggle and it's long and wide influence

5 Russian revolution and the success of the young socialist state in consolidating itself
influenced our revolutionaries to have their own self ruled land.

How India was influenced by French revolution and

American revolution?
It was not much influenced then. During the periods of American and French revolution,
India was still under the Company Raj, and only little were in mutiny against the British by
then. Also, french colonies were expanding and contracting during this time. But later,
French and American democracies set the way for the whole world. Though the eastern
world wasnt much influenced, most of our Indian leaders had education in the Europe and
had the political understanding of democracy, but that wasnt a direct impact of French
revolution. Infact, many of the Indians by that time wouldnt have been aware of these
revolutions happening there until very later.

India got independence via non violence. According to history, Indians barked go away go
away and the British fled.

Is not it amazing no guns or bombs were required?

The truth is, India did not get real Independence. The white British were replaced by Brown
British. They all exploit the common people. Just color difference. I am not sure when
exactly the dog/sheep mentality of Indian people will go away.