written or spoken, that has unity, meaning, and purpose. Logos or appealing to the audiences logic, i.e., when
you argue, you use facts, well- supported and
Forms of Discourse well-developed claims to support and
Narration it is the description of an event that occurs argument.
in chronological order and uses first person pronouns. Pathos or appealing to the audiences emotions.
Description it is the fiction-writing mode for Ethos the appeal to credibility. Having ethos means
transmitting a mental image of the particulars in the that, as a source of information, you are
story. credible, reputable, and respectable. You build
Exposition it is a type of oral or written discourse used your reputation through honesty and sound
to explain, describe, or give information. judgment.
Argumentation it is the form of discourse that aims to
convince others of the truth and falsity of a disputed Three types of audience:
matter. Supportive audience means you have spectators
who are already briefed on the
Paragraph Development issue at hand
1. Definition the topic is developed by defining a term Wavering audience means you have spectators who
connected to the topic. are not readily accepting your
Term which is the word to be defined; ideas. They may listen to you but
Genus where the term belongs and can be that does not necessarily mean
classified; they automatically believe what
Differentia/Differentiation It refers to the part of you are saying.
definition that contains the characteristic or Hostile audience this type of audience is the most
trait distinguishing a species from other difficult to please and to win. You
species of the same genus. can even assume that they
represent the opposing stance of
The two important concepts most often associated with the issue you are about to tackle.
defining:
Denotation is the primary, explicit, or literal definition 4. Analogy, Comparison and Contrast
of a word. It is the meaning of a word based on a Analogy for citing similarities.
dictionary. Comparison for comparing object or idea to another
Connotation is the secondary meaning of a word. It is by pointing out similarities and
not necessarily included in the dictionary, rather, it is differences.
how people understand a word based on their own Contrast for citing differences of either object to
personal or consensual experiences and not based on a make the idea clear
dictionary.
5. Cause and Effect
2. Example, Illustration, or Exemplification This is the Cause is what prompted something to happen.
method that illustrates the idea being developed. The Effect is what was yielded after something else took
statement that gives example helps reinforce the place.
statement or makes the ideas clear.
*Exemplification is the method of paragraph 6. Explanation or Discussion this aims at the readers
development that includes listing, enumerating, understanding. This has a variety of functions: giving
and giving examples to elaborate a topic or a directions, explaining a process, comparing or
subject. contrasting two (2) objects or ideas, interpreting a
statement or explaining a theory.
3. Persuasion the act of causing people to do or
believe something. It is always coupled with 7. Classification this is done by grouping items into
argumentation. categories, such as characteristics, types, factors, and
other classes or divisions.
1
Reading and Writing
Prepared by: Mr. Jorick L. Arellano, LPT
Claim is a sentence that summarizes the most in writing the book, whether the aims were successfully
important thing that the writer wants to say as a result achieved or not, how it is written and whether it suits a
of his/her thinking, reading, or writing. certain readership, and how does it compare to other
comparable works in the same field.
Types of Claim Title What does it suggest?
Claims of Fact it states a quantifiable assertion or a Preface It is the preliminary part of the book that
measurable topic. It usually answers a what question. provides important information on the
Claiims of Value It refers to the claim that consists of authors purpose in writing the book.
arguments about moral, philosophical, or aesthetic Table of Contents tells you how the book is
topics and asserts something that can be qualified. organized and will aid in determining the
Claims of Policy posit that specific actions should be author's main ideas and how they are
chosen as solutions to a particular problem. You can developed - chronologically, topically, etc.
easily identify a claim of policy because they begin with
should, ought to, or must. Parts of a Book Review
1. Preliminary Information
Context of Text Development 2. Introduction
Context - is defined as the social, cultural, political, 3. Development
historical, and other related circumstances that 4. Conclusion
surround the text and form the terms from which it can
be better understood and evaluated. Film Review is assessment of the aesthetic,
Intertextuality - it is the modeling of a texts meaning entertainment, social, and cultural merits and
by another text. It is defined as the connections significance of a current film or video.
between language, images, characters, themes, or
subjects depending on their similarities in language, Parts of a Film Review
genre, or discourse. 1. Introduction
Hypertext - is a non-linear way of showing information. 2. Plots Summary
It connects topics on the screen to related information, 3. Description
graphics, or videos that are related to the text. 4. Analysis
5. Conclusion/Evaluation
Assertions are declarative sentences that claim
something is true about something else. It is a sentence Research It is taken from the word re, which means
that is either true or false. again; and search, meaning to investigate (Bargo,
2014). It is derived from the Middle French recerche
Four (4) Types of Assertions or the act of searching closely.
Fact It is a type of assertion that can be proven
objectively by direct experience, testimonies of Research Methods
witnesses, verified observations, or the results of the Quantitative Method - explains phenomena by
research. collecting numerical data analyzed using appropriate
Convention is a way in which something is done, statistical treatment.
similar to traditions and norms. It depends on historical Qualitative Method - obtains a more holistic picture of
precedent, laws, rules, usage, and customs. what goes on in a particular situation or setting. It
Opinion is based on facts but are difficult to originated in the social and behavioral sciences:
objectively verify because of the uncertainty of sociology, anthropology, and psychology.
producing satisfactory proof of soundness.
Preference is based on personal choice; they are Research proposal an academic work that aims to
subjective and cannot be objectively proven or logically persuade people that the researchers have the integral
attacked. skills and work plan to complete a research.
4
Reading and Writing
Prepared by: Mr. Jorick L. Arellano, LPT