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The Influence of the Initial Concrete Strength

on its Deformation Under Triaxial Compression

Article in Procedia Engineering December 2015

DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.190

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Procedia Engineering 117 (2015) 959 969

International Scientific Conference Urban Civil Engineering and Municipal Facilities,

SPbUCEMF-2015

The Influence of the Initial Concrete Strength on its Deformation

under Triaxial Compression
Volodymyr Korsuna, Yuriy Kalmykova, Andrii Niedoriezova, Artem Korsunb,*
a
Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Derzhavina, 2, Makeyevka, Donetsk region, 86123, Ukraine
b
St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, Polytechnicheskaya, 29, Saint-Petersburg, 195251, Russia

Abstract

The results of the experimental research of the influence of the initial strength of 20/25, 30/40, 40/50, 70/85 concrete
classes on the principles of linear, volumetric and shear strains development in the conditions of triaxial compression are
introduced in this article. Experimental research techniques and realized loading programs are described. The program of the
triaxial uniform hydrostatic compression in the conditions of V1 = V2 = V3 < 0 has been realized during the first stage of the
experiment. The testing has resulted in defining the relation mean stress V0 relative volumetric strain change 4 for relatively
high levels of loading. The values of additional plastic strains of the relative volume change 4pl characterizing deviations of
experimental strain values 4 from their design values according to the law of the elastic volume change 4el have been defined.
However, higher values of 4pl correspond to lower strength concretes. The programs of non-uniform loading of the stress
deviator at a mean stress invariable value (V0 = const) have been realized during the second stage of the test. Experimental
concrete specimens stress-strain curves in the directions of coordinate axes, diagrams of deviatoric stress and strain tensor
components connection Wi Ji as well as quantitative characteristics of the orthotropic concrete deformation process have been
obtained. The determining influence of shear strains on dilatation effects in the concrete structure has been confirmed.
2015
2015The TheAuthors.
Authors. Published
Published by Elsevier
by Elsevier Ltd.
Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SPbUCEMF-2015.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SPbUCEMF-2015
Keywords: concrete, mechanical characteristics, triaxial compression, loading programs, stress, strain, strength, compressibility, dilatation,
analysis.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +7-921-366-51-20; fax: +7-812-535-25-09.

E-mail address: korsun_av@mail.ru

1877-7058 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SPbUCEMF-2015
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.190
960 Volodymyr Korsun et al. / Procedia Engineering 117 (2015) 959 969

1. Introduction

The strength of concretes used in modern construction varies within a wide range of researches [1-4]. Concrete
strength characteristics are closely connected with material stress-strain curves basic features, such as the Youngs
modulus Ecm and ultimate strain values Hc3 at maximum stresses V3 = fck.
The higher concrete class strength under compression is, the more elastic the nature of concrete deformation and
fragile fracture behavior are.
Performance in the conditions of non-uniaxial stress states is typical for most reinforced concrete constructions of
buildings and structures. The accuracy of the stress-strain state estimation depends essentially on the reliability of
the applied computational model of concrete deformation. In the conditions of multiaxial stress concrete is
characterized by deformation anisotropy (orthotropy) as a result of compressibility and dilatation effects
manifistation.
Concrete deformation models for non-uniaxial stress states developed in the researches [5-18] do not fully
correspond to the experimental research data. One of the tasks of the constitutive modeling of orthotropic concrete
deformation for the general case of triaxial stress state is the experimental study of the influence of the initial
concrete strength on the laws of variation of its volumetric and shear strains.

2. Problem statement

The ratio of stresses and strains in the general case of the volumetric stress state should reflect basic regulations
of the elastoplastic concrete strains development, the directional nature of microfractures in the concrete structure
and the effects of compressibility and dilatation in deformation models of concrete. The problem of such
deformation models development requires carrying out of special experiments. Numerous results of well-known
experiments [8, 19-33] are difficult to compare since they are based on different techniques, use specimens of
different sizes, apply different loading programs. Values of the Youngs modulus, of secant modulus of elasticity
and of the maximum strains at the peak stress of stress-stain curves considerably depend on the initial strength of
concrete the higher the concrete strain is, the lower the share of plastic strains in their total value is [28, 34-38].
Development of concrete strain models has been done in three basic directions: in the form of relations of
physically nonlinear theory of elasticity [6, 12, 14-16, 18], in the form of relations of the deformation concrete
plasticity theory [5, 7-9], and in the form of relations of the flow theory [10-11]. The general problem for the above
mentioned models is the design method of strength anisotropy (orthotropy) of concrete deformation as a result of
micro-fractures in concrete structure.
Development of the orthotropic concrete deformation model has been performed in researches [5, 7-8] on the
basis of the conditional division of the total strain tensor into two components: the tensor of elastoplastic strains of a
conditional solid and the strain tensor as a result of the concrete structure fracture. Relations of the deformable solid
mechanics are used for the description of the first type of strains while relations of the concrete structure
deformation model according to the shear-tension mechanism [7] are used for the second type of strains. The
problem of concrete deformation model development based on the assumptions mentioned above requires special
experimental researches on complex loading programs. The study of the influence of the initial concrete strength on
its deformation under multiaxial stress states is one of the accompanying issues of concrete model development.
Usage of a single test procedure during the experimental research is one of the main factors that allow to receive
methodically correct experimental results and to describe consistently concrete strains with various strengths for
different types of stress states.

3. Test procedure

The program of experimental researches involves short-term tests of specimens made of concretes of various
strengths in the conditions of uniaxial and triaxial compression. The experimental specimens have been produced
from heavy concretes of 20/25, C30/40, 40/50 and 70/85 strength classes of A, B, C, D concrete mixes in
accordance with researches [1-4].
 Volodymyr Korsun et al. / Procedia Engineering 117 (2015) 959 969 961

x Concrete mix by A-type: C (Cement) : S (Sand) : CS (Crushed Stone) = 1 : 2.26 : 3.25; W/C = 0.65; Portland
cement 32.5 (M400).
x Concrete mix by B-type: C : S : CS = 1 : 1.40 : 2.50; W/C = 0.45; 0.9 kg/m3 antifreeze admixture; Portland
cement 32.5 (M400).
x Concrete mix by C-type: C : S : CS = 1 : 1.40 : 2.50; W/C = 0.40; 0.9 kg/m3 antifreeze admixture; Portland
cement 42.5 (M500).
x Concrete mix by D-type: C : S : CS = 1 : 1.12 : 1.60; W/C = 0.21; 190 kg/m3 organic-mineral modifier 10-
01 MB [35]; 16.8 l/m3 fluidifier of SicaViscocrete 5-600; Portland cement 42.5 (M500).

Uniaxial compression tests have been carried out on prism-shaped specimens with the dimensions of
150150600 mm; triaxial tests have been performed on cubes with the dimensions of 150150150 mm. The
shapes and dimensions of the experimental specimens correspond to standard requirements [2-4]. Loading of
specimens in the conditions of triaxial compression has been performed in a special testing machine [23] presented
in Fig. 1. Testing machine enables to create high levels of the compressive stress and independent loading of
specimens in three orthogonal directions. The maximum values of lateral compression of test specimens in the
horizontal plane have been 85 MPa. Loading in the vertical direction has been provided by the hydraulic press with
the tonnage of 10 000 kN.

a) b)

Fig. 1. The testing machine for triaxial tests of concrete in the assembled condition (a) and during preparation for the test (b).

Concrete strain gaging of prism specimens in longitudinal and transverse directions (Fig. 2) has been done with
mechanical motion transducers and electrical tensometers [23-24].
Experimental studies of the laws of elastoplastic and pseudo-plastic concrete strains occurrence under triaxial
compression have been done according to special programs of loading. Loading program No. 1 (Fig. 3 a, 5 a), i.e.
loading with the rising uniform hydrostatic compression (V1 = V2 = V3 < 0) up to the maximum possible mean stress
level V0,max has been applied at the first stage of the experiment. The value of the maximum mean stress V0,max for
concrete classes 20/2570/85 depends on power installation capabilities and ranges from 4.6fck,prism to
1.25fck,prism respectively. Programs of added stresses No. 2 and No. 3 with different ratios between the principal
stresses but with an invariable value of the mean stress V0 = const have been implemented at the second stage of the
tests. Each step of side unloading 'V1 = 'V2 = _'V3_/2 according to program No. 2 conforms to each step of added
compression loading 'V3 and to each step of unloading along V2 axis ('V2 = _'V3_) preserving the value V1 = const
('V1 = 0) according to program No. 3. The general value of the mean stress has not changed during both programs
of loading since the values of mean stress increments have been constant, i.e. 'V0 = 'V1 + 'V2 + 'V3 = 0.
Relative linear strains in the directions of the specimen principal axes have been fixed during the test
corresponding to each block step. Relative volumetric strains 4 and the shear strain intensity Ji have been calculated
using the values of H1, H2, H3 during each block step [5]. The values of mean stress and shear strain intensity have
been determined according to the components of V1, V2, V3. Experimental correlations between generalized
characteristics of stress-strain states such as V0 4 and Wi Ji have been determined.
962 Volodymyr Korsun et al. / Procedia Engineering 117 (2015) 959 969

4. Results of the experimental researches of concrete behavior

The results of experimental researches of prism specimens in the conditions of uniaxial compression are
presented in Fig. 2 and in Tab. 1.

a) b)

c) d) e)

Fig. 2. The change of the components of relative linear strains (a) and volumetric strains (b), moduli of longitudinal strains (c), Poissons
ratios (d) and increments of the elastic components of concrete volumetric strains '4 (e) at the stages of uniaxial compression.
Experimental data for concrete classes:
C70/85; C40/50; C30/40; C20/25.
Theoretical values:
elastic changes of linear strain components;
components of plastic strains calculated in accordance with researches [7, 8].

Table 1. Mechanical characteristics of test prism specimens under axial compression.

Concrete Compressive prism Youngs Ultimate values at the peaks stress of stress-strain curves
Poissons
strength strength at 28 days modulus Components of Shear stress Shear strain
ratio Q
classes fck,prism, [MPa] Ecm, [MPa] linear strains Hc310-3 intensity Wi, [MPa] intensity Ji10-3
20/25 19.40 22680 0.180 -2.58 11.20 4.940
30/40 30.57 29510 0.200 -2.48 17.65 5.492
40/50 43.22 41700 0.214 -2.45 24.95 4.593
70/85 70.70 49200 0.215 -1.84 40.82 5.058
 Volodymyr Korsun et al. / Procedia Engineering 117 (2015) 959 969 963

Test results of concrete specimens under axial compression (Fig. 2) demonstrate a significant dependence of the
main stress-strain curves characteristics on the initial concrete strength. The increase of the concrete strength class
under compression from 20/25 to 70/85 causes the growth of concrete prism strength values on average in 3.6
times, the Youngs modulus in 2.17 times, the Poisson's ratio by 19%. The values of maximum concrete
shortening strains at the peaks of stress-strain curves have decreased by 28%.
Comparative diagrams in Fig. 2 b, d illustrate a significant influence of the initial strength of test specimens on
the volumetric strain changes. Volumetric strains of specimens of C40/50 and C70/85 concrete classes change
according to the law similar to the deformation law of elastic solids [5-6] practically in the total range of
compressive stresses. The fracture of specimens occurs instantaneously and is characterized as brittle. Pseudo-
plastic strains associated with micro-fractures in the concrete structure become noticeable for C40/50 and C70/85
concrete classes at loading levels of 0.78 and 0.85 from the values of the prism strength fck,prism. It is additionally
confirmed by the nature of changes in the values of Poisson's ratio Q and the values of the increment of relative
volumetric strains '4 (Fig. 2 d, e).
Lower strength concrete classes C20/25 and C30/40 are behavioral by a higher proportion of plastic strains in the
total amount of strains (Fig. 2 a-e). Development of pseudo-plastic strains is observed at stress levels of (0.65-
0.75)fck,prism.
Differences in the nature of concrete deformation with various initial strengths are caused, first of all, by
relatively larger homogeneity of the structure of concretes with higher strength. The shape of stress-strain curves of
concretes with higher strength resembles the one of elastic materials strain curves.
The results of the experimental researches of cube specimens of the tested concrete strength classes under triaxial
compression are shown in Fig. 3-6, which illustrate the paths of specimens loading (Fig. 3 a, 5 a), diagrams of
relative linear (Fig. 4, 6) and volumetric strains (Fig. 3 c, 5 c).
High levels of uniform triaxial compression of concrete specimens according to the loading program No. 1 have
made it possible to evaluate the effect of the additional elastic concrete deformation of different strength classes
(Fig. 3, 5). Values of the additional plastic deformation of the relative squeezing volume 4pl are characterized by the
deviation of the total experimental strain values 4 from their design values 4el according to the elastic volumetric
change law (Fig. 3, 5). Values 4pl increase with the decrease of the initial concrete strength.
For the maximum tested mean stress 0 = 88 MPa the values of the additional plastic deformations of the relative
volume change 4pl for 20/25, 30/40, 40/50 and 70/85 concrete classes are 127%, 76%, 62% and 22% of the
relevant design strains 4el in the assumption of the elastic volumetric change.
Loading of test specimens in accordance with programs No. 2 and No. 3 (Fig. 3 b, 5 b) is characterized by the
increment of the deviatoric stress components Wik at the constant mean stress value 0 = const. The effect of the
deviatoric stress components Wik stipulate the development of two processes associated with micro-failures in the
concrete structure. During the loading stages by components Wik the processes of additional squeezing of specimens
volume dominate. These processes are behavioral to all types of concrete tested. Further loading by components Wik
is accompanied by the intensive increase of strain components that are associated with micro-failures in concrete
structure and cause increase of specimen volume (Fig. 2-6).
The test specimens strength factors at loading stages according to programs No. 2 and No. 3 depend on the initial
concrete strength fck,prism, as well as stress relations 1 : 2 : 3, achieved during the experiments. For the specimens
tested under triaxial compression according to programs (No. 2 + No. 3) the strength increase for C20/25 concrete
classes with 0 = 4.6fck,prism = const is 735% as compared to uniaxial compression. For the same concrete class the
same value of concrete strength increase according to loading programs (No. 1 + No. 3) equals 982%. For test
specimens of C70/85 concrete class at 0 = 1.25fck,prism = const the concrete strength increase according to loading
programs (No. 1 + No. 2) and (No. 1 + No. 3) is 148% and 225% respectively. Test results confirm the well-known
fact that the additional indirect draft under bi- and triaxial compression makes for the relative strength increase of
lower concrete strength classes [5-6, 8, 19-20, 25, 28-29, 32].
964 Volodymyr Korsun et al. / Procedia Engineering 117 (2015) 959 969

a) b)

c)

Fig. 3. Stress-volumetric strain curves () under additional loading of concrete specimens of 20/25, 30/40, 40/50 and 70/85 classes by
stresses 'V3 at stages (a, b) of triaxial compression according to programs (No. 1 + No. 2).
Experimental data for concrete classes:
C70/85; C40/50; C30/40 ; C20/25.
Theoretical values:
elastic changes of linear strain components;
components of plastic strains calculated in accordance with researches [7, 8].
 Volodymyr Korsun et al. / Procedia Engineering 117 (2015) 959 969 965

) b)

c) d)

Fig. 4. The change of relative linear strain components (a, b, c, d) at stages of triaxial compression according to programs (No. 1 + No. 2).
Legends are given in accordance with Fig. 3.
966 Volodymyr Korsun et al. / Procedia Engineering 117 (2015) 959 969

) b)

c)

Fig. 5. Stress-volumetric strain curves () under additional loading of concrete specimens of 20/25, 30/40, 40/50 and 70/85 classes by
stresses 'V3 at stages (a, b) of triaxial compression according to programs (No. 1 + No. 3).

Experimental data for concrete classes:

C70/85; C40/50; C30/40 ; C20/25.
Theoretical values:
elastic changes of linear strain components;
components of plastic strains calculated in accordance with researches [7, 8].
 Volodymyr Korsun et al. / Procedia Engineering 117 (2015) 959 969 967

) b)

c) d)

Fig. 6. The change of relative linear strain components (a, b, c, d) at stages of triaxial compression according to programs (No. 1 + No. 3).
Legends are given in accordance with Fig. 5.
968 Volodymyr Korsun et al. / Procedia Engineering 117 (2015) 959 969

The test data review shows that for concrete specimens under nonuniform triaxial compression the processes
caused by concrete structure decompression (the effect of dilatation) begin to appear at lower relative levels of the
principal compressive stresses 3 in comparison with the specimens which have been tested under uniaxial
compression. The maximum strain values of the relative concrete volume increase for the same values 3 behavioral
for the specimens tested under triaxial compression according to programs (No. 1 + No. 3), that is at higher shearing
stress intensity Wi. The increase of concrete strength class results in the decrease of pseudo-plastic strain share in the
values of total strains and is associated with the peculiarities of micro-fracture processes manifestation in the
concrete structure. This tendency is behavioral for both programs of deviatoric loading.

5. Conclusions

1. Quantitative characteristics of concrete deformation processes depending on the loading level and values of the
initial strength of concrete have been established as a result of the experiments carried out under uniaxial and triaxial
compression.
2. The increase of the concrete compressive strength class from 20/25 to 70/85 has led to the growth of prism
strength values on average in 3.6 times, the Youngs modulus in 2.17 times, the Poisson's ratio by 19%. The
values of ultimate strains of concrete shortening at the peaks of stress-strain curves have decreased by 28%.
3. The values of additional plastic strains of the relative volume compaction 4pl characterizing deviations of
experimental strain values 4 from their design values according to the law of the elastic volume change 4el have
been defined.
The values of additional plastic strains of relative volume change 4pl for concrete classes 20/25, 30/40,
40/50 and 70/85 for the highest level of mean stress V0,max = 88 MPa have equaled 127%, 76%, 62% and 22%
respectively from the corresponding design strains 4el calculated on the assumption of the elastic volume change.
4. The process of concrete structure thinning (the effect of dilatation) takes place when concrete specimens are
loaded with deviatoric stress components (loading programs No. 2 and No. 3). Levels of stresses during which the
concrete volume decrease changes into its increase have made for concrete classes C20/25 and C70/85 on average
78% and 88% of ultimate values which equal to the strength reached in the conditions of uniaxial and triaxial
compression.
5. The tests results indicate that presence of the additional lateral compression in the conditions of triaxial
compression increasingly contributes to the increase of the relative strength of lower concrete classes.

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