HyperMorph Introduction
Methods for Morphing Finite Element Models
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I HyperWorks 9.0
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Table of Contents
HyperMorph Training
HyperWorks 9.0 II
Proprietary Information of Altair Engineering, Inc.
Section 2: Morphing Controls.............................................. 37
Chapter 3: Shapes.................................................................................................. 53
Exercise 3.1: Morphing of a yoke via morph volumes and shapes................................. 54
Exercise 3.2: Using Shapes to interpolate loads............................................................ 60
Exercise 3.3: Record Shapes ........................................................................................ 64
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Morphing Methods
HyperMorph is a mesh morphing tool that allows you to alter finite element models while
keeping mesh distortions to a minimum.
HyperMorph can be used to:
• Change the profile and the dimensions of your mesh
• Map an existing mesh onto a new geometry, and
• Create shape variables that can be used for optimization
The methods available to carry out morphing are available under:
• Freehand Morphing
• Map to Geometry
• Morph Volumes, and,
• Domains and Handles
To provide greater control as well as an efficient morphing, you can use:
• Morphing constraints,
• Symmetries, and,
• Biasing factors.
Morphs can be saved as Shapes. Shapes can then be:
• Positioned to other parts of the model.
• Animated, to review the morphing.
• And also be used to transfer loads from one model to another.
After morphing has been performed, you can visualize the quality of the mesh, and can
automatically smooth it if need be. A re-mesh can also be performed, keeping the morphing
entities like handles, domains and shapes intact.
Accessing HyperMorph
HyperMorph can be accessed in one of the following ways:
• On the Main menu point to Morphing, and select the appropriate function
• On the Tool page click on HyperMorph, and click on the appropriate panel
Chapter 2
Freehand Morphing
Freehand morphing provides quick ways of morphing a finite element mesh. Freehand
morphing can be performed in three ways:
Move nodes Lets you morph elements by selecting fixed nodes, moving nodes,
affected elements and a moving direction.
The affected elements that are located between the moving and the fixed
nodes will be stretched uniformly.
The stretching of the elements can be biased towards either the fixed or
the moving nodes, providing a great degree of control on the resulting
mesh profile.
Record Lets you record nodal movements from panels outside HyperMorph, like
translate, rotate, quality index etc.
Sculpting Lets you enforce a selected shape onto your mesh.
Tools:
The move nodes panel can be accessed in one of the following ways:
• On the Morphing menu, select Free Hand. Go to the move nodes subpanel
• On the Tool page, click on HyperMorph freehand move nodes
Affected elements
7. For affected elements select the elements which lie between fixed nodes and moving
nodes.
8. For mv bias and fx bias keep the default value (1.00).
9. Morph the blade of the propeller.
Conclusion:
The length of the propeller blade has increased by 100. The fixed nodes do not move. The
affected elements were stretched evenly to maintain element quality. The stretching of the
elements takes place between the moving nodes and the fixed nodes.
Tools:
The sculpting tool can be accessed in one of the following ways:
• On the Morphing menu select Free Hand. Go to the sculpting subpanel.
• On the tool page, go to HyperMorph freehand sculpting
Conclusions:
Using just a few steps we have been able to take a fairly complicated profile and impose it
on to another mesh.
Chapter 3
Map to Geometry
Map to Geometry provides quick ways of taking an existing mesh and conform it to a new
geometry. Domains and handles can be used to provide better control on the morphing
process. The geometry can be a line, node list, plane, surfaces, or elements using edge
domains and handles to guide the process. Geometry can also be provided in the form of
section lines, or surfaces.
Some of the types of geometry that can be mapped are shown in figure 1.
Tools
The map to geom panel can be accessed in one of the following ways:
• On the Tools Morphing menu select Map to Geometry
• On the tool page, go to HyperMorph map to geom
Conclusions:
The profile of the bumper is changed to follow the new section line.
Tools
The map to geom panel can be accessed in one of the following ways:
• On the Morphing menu select Map to Geometry
• On the tool page, go to HyperMorph map to geom
Conclusions:
The roof of the car has been morphed, while maintaining mesh quality.
Chapter 4
Morph Volumes
A morph volume is a six-sided hexahedron whose shape can be manipulated to morph the
mesh. The length and curvature of each edge of a morph volume can be modified
independently. Adjacent morph volumes can be linked through tangency conditions. This
allows you to update the characteristics of the morph volumes. Handles are placed at each
of the vertices of the morph volumes. Morphing involves moving these handles.
Morph volumes thus present a very simple, powerful, and intuitive way to morph.
Morph volumes will only influence the nodes that are registered to it. You can either, register
the nodes within a morph volume automatically when it is created, or you can select the
nodes or nodes on selected elements to be registered. If the morph volumes do not appear
to be morphing nodes inside them, you may need to register those nodes.
Tools
The morph volumes panel can be accessed by one of two methods:
• On the Morphing menu point to create and select Morph Volumes
• On the Tool page, go to HyperMorph morph volumes
The green colored cross moves to the location of the black dot.
4. Click split.
The morph volume is split into two. Follow the same steps to create another split at
location2.
6. Click morph.
Rotate the model to observe that the b-pillar is morphed.
Conclusions:
The b-pillar is morphed in a smooth fashion with minimum distortion to the elements.
Chapter 5
Domains and handles are divided into two basic groups, global and local.
The global group consists of global domains, each of which is associated with a number of
global handles. Global handles will only influence the nodes in the global domain to which
they are associated. Global handles and domains are best for making large scale shape
changes to the model.
The local group consists of five types of local domains: 1D domains, 2D domains, 3D
domains, edge domains, and general domains. Local handles/edge domains can only
influence nodes contained in the domains they are associated with. Local handles/edge
domains are intended to be used to make small scale, parametric changes to the model.
While a model can contain both global and local handles and domains, it is not necessary to
have both types of domains and handles in a model.
The following table describes the various domains and their symbols when they are created.
When global domain and handles are generated using autogenerate or created with the
create handles option turned on, HyperMorph generates eight global handles, one at each
of the eight corners of a box laid out along the global axes surrounding the model. These
global handles are named “corner” followed by a number from one to eight. HyperMorph will
also place at least one global handle within the box in areas of the model’s peak nodal
density. These handles are named “handle,” followed by a number.
The automatic global handle generation works particularly well for space-frame models such
as full car models. However, for small models such as a control arm or bracket, the
recommendation is for you to build your own local domains and handles since you are more
likely interested in changing the local area rather than the entire model.
If the autogenerate process does not create handles in the positions where you want them
to be, you can always delete them, reposition them, or create additional handles. Handles
can be further classified as independent or dependent. An independent handle creates
displacements to the model only when it is moved. A dependent handle creates
displacements influenced from its own movements plus that of other handles it is linked to.
A handle can be made dependent on one or more handles. This allows you to create as
many layers of dependencies between your handles as you desire. For example, you can
make all the handles at one cross section of a beam (modeling using 2D shell elements)
dependent on a single handle allowing you to move an entire cross section while only
having to select one independent handle.
What is a partition?
The most important factor in local morphing is partitioning. It is logically dividing a 2D
domain into smaller 2D domains, such as where the angle between elements exceeds a
certain value or where the domain changes from flat to curved, is called partitioning.
Proper partitioning makes morphing faster and easier. By activating partition domains
user can invoke partitioning when auto-generating or when creating a domain. If the user is
unsatisfied with the results of the partitioning he/she can change the partitioning parameters
namely domains angle and curve tolerance.
Figure below shows an example of partitioning. For the model on the left, the 2D domain
was created without partitioning. For the model on the right, partitioning was used. Note
how the 2D domains divide along angle and curvature change boundaries.
Tools:
The domains panel can be accessed in one of the following ways:
• On the Morphing menu point to create and select domains
• On the Tool page, go to HyperMorph domains
Step 4: Split the edge domain of the radius to have more control when
morphing.
1. Go to the domains edit edges subpanel.
2. Verify that the split edge option is active.
3. With the split edge: domain selector active, select the edge domain of the part’s radius
as indicated in the Figure 4.
The node selector automatically becomes active once the edge domain is selected.
Click the domain selector to make it active and see that you selected the desired edge
domain.
Figure 6: Node selection to further split the edge domain of the radius
Step 5: Add local handles to the 2-D domain on the part’s left side.
1. Go to the handles create subpanel.
2. Set name= local.
3. Click the attached to: domain selector to make it active.
4. Select the 2-D domain on the part’s left side by selecting its red icon, as indicated in the
image below.
16. The HyperMorph module allows for multiple levels of undo and redo for all morphing
operations. This functionality is available for any particular HyperMesh session and its
current model as long as the session and its model remain open.
17. Click reset under the handles selector.
18. (Optional) With the handles selector active, select one or more global handles.
19. Click morph.
20. Click on and drag any global handle to morph the part.
Conclusions:
The following occurs as the selected global handle is moved:
• The handles selected in step #11 above follow the handle you are dragging.
• The non-selected global handles act like anchors (they do not move).
• All of the elements, local handles and edge domains are affected.
Tools
The domains panel can be accessed in one of the following ways:
• On the Morphing menu point to create and select domains
• On the Tool page, go to HyperMorph domains
When the circular edge domain is selected, the radius box populates with the current
radius value.
8. In the radius field, type 12.
9. Click morph.
Conclusions:
The gauge thickness of the spring wire is changed from 7.5 to 12.0.
Tools
The domains panel can be accessed in one of the following ways:
• On the Morphing menu point to create and select domains
• On the Tool page, go to HyperMorph domains
Figure 3: Domains and base node to select for altering the coil radius
7. For domains (under edge and 2D) select the 2D domain and the two edge domains as
shown in Figure 4.
8. For the base node for the z-axis select the node as shown in Figure 4.
9. Keep the default settings for the remaining options (Figure 3).
10. Check add to current.
11. In the radius field, type 20.
12. Click morph.
Conclusions:
20 units are added to the coil diameter.
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Morphing Controls
Symmetries, shapes, and morphing constraints are some of the useful tools that you can
use to enhance and optimize the time spent on morphing your mesh.
Symmetries allow you to influence handles, nodes, morph volumes, and domains.
Shapes lets you create, save, animate, and apply morphing shapes as nodal or handle
perturbations.
Morph constraints allow you to create constraints that restrict the movements of nodes or
force compliance with dimensional requirements during morphing.
Chapter 2
Symmetries
There are two types of symmetries, reflective and non-reflective.
• Reflective symmetries are 1-plane, 2-plane, 3-plane, and cyclical. They allow you to
link handles so that the movements of one handle will be symmetrically applied to
the linked handles.
• Non-reflective symmetries are linear, circular, planar, radial 2D, cylindrical, radial +
linear, radial 3D, and spherical. These change the way that handles influence nodes
as well as link the symmetric handles.
Symmetries can be combined, but you must be careful not to create confusing symmetrical
arrangements. Symmetries can also be applied to unconnected domains. However, the
influences between handles and nodes for non-reflective symmetries do not extend across
all domains.
Tools
The Morph Volumes panel can be accessed in one of the following ways:
• On the Morphing menu point to create and select Morph Volumes
• On the Tool page, go to HyperMorph morph volumes
Conclusions:
Using morph volumes with appropriate tangencies, and by creating symmetries we are able
to create a dome shaped feature at the bottom of the bottle.
Remarks:
There are four different methods to define the continuity between the morph volumes.
• Free makes morph volume edges independent of other edges.
• Fixed connectivity allows you to prescribe the angle at the end of an edge.
• Master-slave maintains tangency between two morph volume edges while keeping
the master edge independent of the slave edge. (when the master edge moves, the
slave edge follows, but when the slave edge moves, the master edge does not have
to follow.)
• Continuous maintains tangency between two morph volume edges while allowing
both edges to affect each other.
The default setting in morph volume is always set to tangent which is continuous edge
connectivity. This definition can always be changed in the update edges sub panel, based
upon the morphing needs.
In this exercise we will first create a bead using the default continuous edge connectivity.
We will then update the edges to free and see how it affects the bead creation.
Tools
The Morph Volumes can be accessed in one of the following ways:
• On the Morphing menu point to create and select Morph Volumes
• On the Tool page, go to HyperMorph morph volumes
4. On the tool bar, click the view icon and click left.
5. Go to the morph volumes split/combine sub-panel.
6. Set the toggles to split mvols by edges
7. Set single split, to 0.8
8. Select an edge of Morph Volume 1 (Figure 3)
9. Click split.
10. Set single split to 0.2
11. Select an edge of Morph Volume 2 (Figure 3).
12. Click split.
As the bead is created, the upper and lower portions of the bottle deform too (figure 5). This
is not the intension, as we want to create a bead, without affecting the other parts of the
bottle.
Conclusions:
Using Morph volumes with appropriate tangencies, and symmetries we were able to create
a bead on the given bottle.
Chapter 3
Shapes
Shapes are collections of handle and/or node perturbations.
When you morph your model, HyperMorph stores the morph internally as a collection of
perturbations. When you save a shape, the handle and/or node perturbations are stored in
the new shape entity along with biasing factors for the handle perturbations and details such
as the biasing style.
Creating shapes allows you to generate shape variables for optimization and store model
changes for parametric studies.
When you are saving a shape, you can select whether to save it as handle perturbations or
node perturbations. Shapes saved as node perturbations are not affected by changes to
domains and handles. Shapes saved as handle perturbations are affected by changes to the
domains and handles. Whenever you make a change to your model, HyperMorph will ask
you if you want to preserve any existing shapes saved as handle perturbations by
converting them to node perturbations.
If you plan to make changes to domains and handles, you should save shapes as node
perturbations. If not, save shapes as handle perturbations and they will require less
memory and disk space.
If you later decide that you want to change a shape from node perturbations to handle
perturbations or vice versa you can do so in the convert sub-panel of the shapes panel.
Once a shape is saved, you can apply it to your model with any given scaling factor.
Applying a shape in this way is like any other morphing operation and can be undone,
redone, or saved as part of another shape.
Tools:
The Morph Volumes panel can be accessed in one of the following ways:
• On the Morphing menu point to create and select Morph Volumes
• On the Tool page, go to HyperMorph morph volumes
2. On the tool bar, click the display icon and display off the collector yoke_2.
Note that all the seven hexa elements are converted into Morph Volumes.
Note that a reflected shape has been created and applied on the other prong.
The name of the shape, created by reflecting, has the same name as the original shape with
a suffix “1”.
1. On the tool bar, click the display icon . Change the entity selection from comps to
titles and display on all the titles.
2. Under shapes change reflect shapes to position shapes.
3. Change the selector from scale to no scale.
4. Click shapes and select the two shapes present in the model.
5. Under from: select three nodes namely from_N1, from_N2 and from_N3 for N1, N2 and
N3.
6. Under to: select three nodes namely to_N1, to_N2 and to_N3 for N1, N2 and N3.
7. Click position.
8. Click return.
Note that the two or more shapes have been created and applied to the other yoke. The
name of the first new shape (on the other yoke) will have a suffix “2” because it is the
second copy of the first shape and the second shape will have a suffix of “11” as it is the
first copy of the reflected shape.
In this exercise we are given a temperature distribution at points defined by a cube (hexa
element). We will use shapes to interpolate the temperatures to the tube lying inside the
cube.
Figure 1: Model
The shapes panel can be accessed in one of the following ways:
• On the Morphing menu point to create and select Shapes
• On the Tool page, go to HyperMorph shapes
Figure 3: The base and the node for translating the shape
Note that the temperature loads have been converted into shape vectors.
The shape vectors are proportional to the temperature loads on the corners of the cube
and the distances from those corners.
The name of the converted shape is the same as the temperature load collector.
The shape has been transferred to the tube. We selected the same base and to node,
effectively selecting a translate distance of 0.
A new shape is created with a suffix 1 (temperature1).
Conclusions:
Using shapes we have been able to interpolate temperatures from the corners of a volume
on to an object located in that volume.
Tools
The freehand panel can be accessed in one of the following ways:
• On the Morphing menu select Freehand
• On the Tool page, go to HyperMorph freehand
3. Align the nodes that lie between the 1st end: and 2nd end: nodes.
4. Repeat the same process to align the next row of nodes (figure 4)
Conclusions
The shape (Morph1) is reflected to the other side. Also, the reflected shape has the same
name with a suffix 1. The changes that you made on one side are thus transferred to the
other side.
Chapter 4
Morph Constraints
Morph constraints are a powerful tool that can be used to restrict the movement of nodes
during morphing operations.
Whenever a handle is moved the constrained nodes are moved according to the handle
perturbation and then projected back onto the feature to which they are constrained. This
allows the nodes to slide across vectors, lines, planes, surfaces, meshes, to remain fixed, or
to move as a cluster along with other nodes. You may also constrain nodes where handles
are located which, in effect, constraining the handles. When a perturbation is applied to a
constrained handle, the handle is moved along the constraint feature regardless of the
applied perturbation.
Morph constraints can also be applied to domains. The smooth constraint, applies spline-
based smoothing along constrained edge domains. Model constraints, allow you to set a
given parametric target (such as length, angle, mass, etc.) and make HyperMorph adjust the
model to meet that target.
Tools
The morph constraints panel can be accessed in one of the following ways:
• On the Morphing menu point to create and select Morph Constraints
• On the Tool page, go to HyperMorph morph constraints
Step 2: Creating a shape to define the degree of freedom for the mesh
1. Go to the freehand move nodes sub-panel.
2. Switch the method to translate.
3. Key in
x = 0;
Y = -5 (negative 5) ;
Z=0
4. Under moving nodes: click nodes >> by set and select move_node.
5. Under fixed nodes: click nodes >> by set and select fix_node.
6. Under affected elements: click elems >> displayed.
7. Click morph.
8. Go to the freehand save shape sub-panel
9. Set name = Shape1.
10. Toggle the save option to as node perturbations.
11. Click save.
12. Click undo all to bring the model to its original position before morphing.
This initial shape defines the direction in which the nodes have the freedom to move, as
the shape of the windshield is changing, thus enabling us to keep the area at a constant.
handle4 node4
handle3
handle1
Node3
node1
handle2
node2
Conclusions
Using morph constraints, we are able to change the shape of the windshield, while keeping
its area constant.
Tools
The morph constraints panel can be accessed in one of the following ways:
• On the Morphing menu point to create and select Morph Constraints
• On the Tool page, go to HyperMorph morph constraints
Conclusions
Using limiting constraints, we are able to move a mesh, such that it moves an adjoining
mesh along with it, thus preventing penetration between the two of them.
Tools
The morph constraints panel can be accessed in one of the following ways:
• On the Morphing menu point to create and select Morph Constraints
• On the Tool page, go to HyperMorph morph constraints
7. On the tool bar, click the view icon and click right.
1. On the tool bar, click the view icon and click restore1.
2. Go to the symmetry create sub-panel
3. For name = symm1
4. Under domain, check the box for morph volumes.
Symmetry can be linked to either domains or morph volumes. In this exercise since we
are dealing with morph volumes we will use the check to link the symmetry to the
morph volume.
handle
handle
The Front End is stretched 500 units. Since the front wheels are also the part of the
morph volumes they became elliptical after morphing. This is not desirable. We will undo
this morphing, constrain the wheels and re-do it.
Conclusions
Using cluster constraints and morph volumes we are able to stretch the cab of the pickup,
without distorting the wheels.
Chapter 5
Miscellaneous Topics
Exercise 5.1: Remeshing domains after morphing
Depending on the morphing being performed, there is a possibility that the mesh can get
distorted. For such cases, HyperMorph provides a remeshing capability. The advantage of
this remeshing is that the newly created elements are automatically a part of the original
domain. This provides continuity to the morphing process along with proper element quality.
Figure 1: Model
Tools
The morph options panel can be accessed in one of the following ways:
• On the Morphing menu point to assign and select Morph Options
• On the Tool page, go to HyperMorph morph options
The morph options panel can be accessed in one of the following ways:
• On the Morphing menu point to create and select Domains
• On the Tool page, go to HyperMorph domains
Conclusions:
Using this technique, you can update the mesh in regions that might have undergone
excessive elemental deformation during morphing. Since the domains and handles are
maintained, it allows you to conduct further morphing if need be.