ivioouie .

z tigeora
Example

Solve (x - 2) (x - 3) = 2x - 6

Tne first step is to expand the brackets and we have.

x - 2) (x - 3) = 2x - 6
x - 5x + 6 = 2x - 6

Rearranging this equation we have

x* - 7x + 12=0

!.'\/ e can now solve in the usual way. We have a = 1; b = -7; c = 12;
and hence

2
x = 4 and 3

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Module 1.2 Algebra
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Worksheet

Solve the following

_ 5x + 4 = 0
i) x2
ii) x 2 _ 3x = 10
iii) 6x2 1 - x
iv) 2 _ 4x + 4 = 0

2 Solve the following

i) x 2 25 =0
ii) x 2 49
iii) 4 2 _ 576 = 0
_ 1=0
iv) x2

Solve the following

) 2 _ 6x = 0
ii) -3x2 + 6 = 0
iii) 4 2 _ 12x = 0
+ v) 3 2 x = 0

Solve the following

) 2 _ 8x + 7 = 0
ii) 3x* - 14x + 8 = 0
iii) -8 2 .6x - 1=0
iv) 3 2 300 = 0
v) l0x2 = O
vi) 42x 2 13x - 1
vii) (x - 8)(x - 4) + 3 = 0
viii) -2z2 + 19z - 24 = 0
) ) y2 l0y + 25 = 0
x) -4 2 3x

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Module 1.2 Algebra
 vocue 1. AlgeDra
Answers

) x = 1, 4
ii) x = -2, 5

iv) x= 2

i) x = 0, 6
i) x = +1.41
iii) x = 0, 3
v) x = 0,
v) x = 0, -

i) x = 1, 7
) = , 4
v) x = +10
v) x = 0,

vii) x = 5, 7
vii) z = 11 , 8
x) y =

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Module 1.2 Algebra
Moouie 1.1Aigeora
Logarithms
Why Logs?
In the discussion of indices it was noted that whenever a number is "raised" to a power then
we write that in exponential notation and the meaning of it is that the number appearing in
the base is being multiplied by itself the number of times that is indicated by the exponent.
The notation
used was such that if we write 53d what we actually mean is "5 multiplied by itself 3 times".

Logarithms are mathematical inventions in order to answer a slightly different question (notice
word "invention"; logarithms make certain operations easier to handle and that is all they do,
you should think of them as a definition). In order to motivate why logarithms are introduced
in the first place, let us invent a scenario. Suppose someone asked you the following question:

What number do I have to raise to the power of 3 in order to get 1,000? Well ... this might
seem pretty simple and obvious. If you multiply 10 10 you get 100, and if you multiply 100
10 you get 1,000. So, you would say that 10 multiplied by itself 3 times - or, in our power
notation, 10a - is equal to 1,000.

M , this is easy to answer by thinking about powers because the above example is simple
powers and simple number, and once can reason it out relatively quickly. However, things can
get more complicated. Suppose now that you were asked "what number do I have to raise 10 to
in order to get 735. All of a sudden the answer is not very obvious. What is so different about
this question?

6 i re is actually nothing different about this question. You still can try doing the same
process, Ir now the number isnt that pretty and it's not exactly obvious how many times you
should nxiltiply 10 by itself to get 735. If you multiply it by itself 2 times you get 100, but 3
times gives i.l /, and you have already exceeded 735! How do we "get out" this power
that we need?

Logarithms are - at the most basic level - invented to answer the more general question of how
one extract the base or exponent of an algebraic power when one of these is an
unknown.

CzxzBnuing on the above reasoning, let us take our simple example again: what number
raised
tbe power of 3 gives 1,000? If we invent an unknown variable - call it 'y and try to write
out cxx cgestion in terms of the notation of algebraic powers we have the following
situation:

10 = 1,000
question is: what is 'y in the above formula? How do we solve for 'y? We invent an
called the logarithm - abbreviated to Log - and we apply this operation to the
above
 2-107 Issue 2 - January 2016
Module 1.2 Algebra
 Module 1.2 Algebra
Thus: If b =x then Iogb(x) =
y
This is the definition of a log.

How does this help us with anything? It seems like we went in a big loop, and we knew the
answer to begin with anyway! But ... now consider the slightly more complicated question
that we had above: "what number do I raise 10 to, in order to get 735?". Let us apply the
logarithmic process to this situation:

10*= 735
Log1o735 = y

If you take the Log of 735 on your calculator you get, 2.866...! So, 10 raised to the power
of 2.866... gives you 735, and the question is answered. Recall that algebraic powers
need NOT be integers, and here we have a clear example of a non-integer power.

A series of logs can be drawn on a graph as shown below

Log1ox = y
2

1000
1 10 100

Thus it can be seen that

Logl 1 = 0
Log1o10 = 1
Log1o100 = 2
Log1o1000 = 3
Log1o10000 = 4
etc.

And the log of anything between 10 and 100 is between 1 and 2 (but not on a
linear relationship).

Issue 2 -
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uoouie 1. 7tlgeora
It can be said then, that Log1r150 = 2.xxx, where the xs are any numbers after the
decimal point. The 2 is known as the Characteristic of the Log, and the decimals are
known as the Mantissa. Hence, the characteristic of the Log of any number between 100 and
999 is 2. (The Characteristic is in fact n-1 where 'n is the quantity of digits you are taking a
log of).

Common Logarithms
There are two basic types of logarithms that are important to know. In the previous
section, where logarithms were defined, you already saw the definition of one kind of
logarithms; that was the so called "log base 10".

The logarithmic operation that we have introduced serves the main purpose of extracting
the
exponents in an algebraic power. This is true of the operation of "taking the logarithm".

The logarithm of base 10 is most often useful when powers of 10 are involved, but not
necessarily. It can be used in many other situations. For instance, suppose you were asked
the following question: 3 raised to what power gives 16.8? Again, applying our definition of
kgarithm of base 10 - as defined in the previous section - we can answer this question ...
but, in order to do this we need to define some rules of operation for logarithms (this is
outlined in the next few pages).

Logarithms having a base of 10 are called common logarithms and log10 is often abbreviated to

Natural Logarithms
There is another logarithm that is also useful (and in fact more common in natural
processes). Many natural phenomenon are seen to exhibit changes that are either
exponentially decaying (radioactive decay for instance) or exponentially increasing
(population growth for example). These exponentially changing functions are written as ex,
where x represents the rate of the exponential.

In such cases where exponential changes are involved we usually use another kind of
logarithm called natural logarithm. The natural log can be thought of as Logarithm Base-e.
What this means is that it is a logarithmic operation that when carried out on e raised to
some power gives us the power itself. This logarithm is labelled with Ln (for "natural log")
and its definition is:

Lcgarithms having a base of e (where e is a mathematical constant approximately

equal to 2.7183) are called hyperbolic or natural logarithms, and loge is often
abbreviated to 'In.
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Rules of Logarithms
" - - are three rules of logarithms, which apply to any base.

Ruie 1 To multiply two numbers:

log AB = log A + log B

" e following may be checked by using a calculator:

Ig 10 = 1

Ig 2 = 0.69897 + 0.301029 = 1

=ence lg(5 x 2) = lg 10 = lg 5 + lg 2

Rule 2. To divide two numbers:

A
log = log A log b B

e following may be checked using a calculator:

5
In = In 2.5 = 0.91629
2

- -z n 5 - In 2 = In 2.5 = 1.60943 0.69314 = 0.91629

Issue 2 January 2016
 Module 1.2 Algebra

Rule 3. To raise a number to a power

iog A n n log A

The following may be checked using a calculator:

g 2 = lg 25 = 1.39794

Also 2 lg 5 = 2(0.69897) = 1.39794

Hence lg 52 2 lg 5

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Copyright 20 E
 Podule 1.1AlgeDra
Further Logarithms

Example
Solve the equation 3 * 1 2 2X 3

Taking logarithms to base 10 of both sides gives

(x + 1) Iog1o 3 = (2X 3) log1o 2

x log1o 3 + Iog1o 3 = 2x log1o 2 - 3 Iog1o 2

A calculator or log tables are required for the next line. It is given here as an example only.
However the CAA question may give you thf Vf3lues of logl 3 and log1o2

x(0.4771 ) + 0.4771 = x(0.3010) - 3(0.3010)

x = 11.05
Example
Solve the equation x 2.5 _ 37.5
Taking logarithms to base 10 of both sides gives

Iog1o x2.5 Iog1o 37.5

2.5 log10 x = logl 37.5

Iog1o x = Iog1o 37.5 - 2.5

calculator or log tables are required for the next line. It is given here as an example only.
However the CAA question may give you the Values of log1o37.5

Iog1ox = 0.6296
x = antilog 0.6296 = 4.262

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2016
Module 1.2 Algebra
 uuue .z tigeora
Some special properties of logarithms

UTI logb 1 = x then b = 1 from the definition of a logarithm

If b' = 1 then x = 0, from the laws of indices.

hence logb 1 = 0

( logo c 1 = 0, for example)

) logb b 1

Let logb b = x then b = b from the definition of a logarithm

If b' = b then x = 1, from the laws of indices

Hence !O b b = 1

logic 10 = 1, for example)

2115 Issue 2 January 2016

Module 1.2 Algebra
iuouie i.z Itigeora
Worksheet

oroblems 1 to 3, solve the equations for x.

la) logo o x = 4 (b) lg x = 5

z *a)log3x = 2 (b) lg x = -2
4
Ia) log x = - - (b) In x = 4
3

problems 4 to 8, evaluate the given expressions

a) log o (b) logo 16

100

(b) lg 1000
a) log7 343

(b) log2 1/8

(b) log27 3
a) log 8

(b) In e*

D! ITIS 9 and 10, write the given expressions in terms of

og 3 and log 5 to any base.

ay log 60 (b) log 300

- o fy the following:
og 64 log 128 + log 32 (b) log 125 + log 25 - log 625

2-117 Issue 2 Januar y 2016

Module 1.2 Algebra
 1.Itgeora
Answers

a) 10 000 (b) 100 000

! a) (b) 0.01
9

a) 1/16 (b) e 4

(a) 2 (b) 4

/ a) 3 (b) 3

(a) 3 (b)-3

9 a) 2log 2 + log 3 + log 5 (b) 2log 2 + log 3 + 2log 5

a) 3 log 2 + '/ log 5 2 log 3 (b) log 2 + 3 log 5 3 log 3

a) 4Iog 2 (b) log 5

2-119
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Issue 2 January 2016
Module 1.1AlgeDra
Complex Numbers
The Number i
Consider the Equations 1 and 2 below.
Equation 2
Equation 1
x 2 + 1 = 0.
x2 _ 1 = 0. x* = -1.
x2 1.

Equation 1 has solutions because the number 1 has two square roots, 1 and -1. Equation 2
has no solutions because -1 does not have a square root. In other words, there is no
number such that if we multiply it by itself we get -1. If Equation 2 is to be given solutions,
then we must create a square root of -1.

Definition: The imaginary unit i is defined by

The definitioFl Of f t lS uS that y 2 -1. We can use this fact to find other powers of i .

Example:

We treat i like other numbers in that we can multiply it by numbers, we can add it to other
rxmbers, etc. The difference is that many of these quantities cannot be simplified to a pure
real

Fbr example, 3 i just means 3 times i, but we cannot rewrite this product in a simpler form,
tecause it is not a real number. The quantity 5 + 3 / also cannot be simplified to a real number.

2 and (_ )2 are both equal to -1, they are both solutions for Equation 2 above.
 2-121
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 Module 1.2 Algebra
The Complex Plane
Oe/inition: A complex number is one of the form a + b /, where a and b are real numbers. a
is
called the realpart of the complex number, and b is called the imag/nar y part.

Two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real parts are equal and their imaginary
parts are equal. i.e., a+b i = c+d i if and only if a = c, and b = d.

Examples:

2 - 5f

The last example above illustrates the fact that every real number is a complex number
(with imaginary part 0). Another example: the real number -3.87 is equal to the complex
number
-3.87 + 0 /.

It is often useful to think of real numbers as points on a number line. For example, you can
define the order relation c < d, where c and d are real numbers, by saying that it means c is
to the left of d on the number line.

We can visualize complex numbers by associating them with points in the plane. We do
this by letting the number a + b / correspond to the point (a, b).
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 1.2 Aigebra
Complex Arithmetic
When a number system is extended the arithmetic operations must be defined for the new
numbers, and the important properties of the operations should still hold. For example,
addition of whole numbers is commutative. This means that we can change the order in
which two whole numbers are added and the sum is the same: 3 + 5 = 8 and 5 + 3 = 8.

We need to define the three arithmetic operations on complex numbers.

1. Addition and Subtraction

To add or subtract two complex numbers, you add or subtract the real parts and the
imaginary parts.
(a + b i) + (c + d i) = (a + c) + (b + d) /.
(a + b i) - (c + d i) = (a - c) + (b - d) i.
Example:

(3 - 5 i) - (6 + 7 /) = (3 - 6) + (-5 - 7) i = -3 - 12 /.

Note: These operations are the same as combining similar terms in expressions that
have a variable. For example, if we were to simplify the expression (3 - 5x) + (6 + 7x)
by combining similar terms, then the constants 3 and 6 would be combined, and the
terms -5x and 7x would be combined to yield 9 + 2x.

The formula for multiplying two complex numbers is

You do not have to memorize this formula, because you can arrive at the same result by
treating the complex numbers like expressions with a variable, multiply them as usual, then
The only difference is that powers of i do simplify, while powers of x do not.

Example (2 + 3 /)(4 + 7 /) = 2x4 + 2x7 / + 4x3 / + 3x7x 2

= 8 + 14 / + 12 / + 21x(-1)
= (8 - 21) + (14 + 12) i
= -13 + 26 /.

that in the second line of the example, the 2 has been replaced by -1.

Using the formula for multiplication, we would have gone directly to the third line.

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Module 1.2 Algebra
 Module 1.2 Algebra
3. Divisio
n

De/inifion: The conjugate (or complex conjugate) of the complex number a + b i is a - b /.

Conjugates are important because of the fact that a complex number times its conjugate is
real; i.e., its imaginary part is zero.

Example: Conjugate Product

2-3i 4 + 9 = 13
3+5i 9 + 25 = 34
-4 / 16

Suppose we want to do the division problem (3 + 2 /) + (2 + 5 /). First, we want to rewrite this as

a fractional expression

Even though we have not defined division, it must satisfy the properties of ordinary division.
So, a number divided by itself will be 1, where 1 is the multiplicative identity; i.e., 1 times
any number is that number.

2 we are multiplying by 1 and the number is not changed.

So, when we multiply by 5i

2
5i

Notice that the quotient on the right consists of the conjugate of the denominator over itself.
This choice was made so that when we multiply the two denominators, the result is a real
number.

Here is the complete division problem, with the result written in standard form.

3 + 2i 3 + 2i 2 5i
X
2 + if 2 + 5i 2 Si

16 11i
29

16 11
29 29
 2-124 Total Training Support Ltd
Issue 2 - January O Copyright 2016
2016 Module 1.2
Algebra

uuuie i.z tgeora

'\/ or ksheet
2-125
Module 1.2 Algebra
Evaluate the following complex expressions:

Perform the following operations :

Write (2 i) in standard form

 Issue 2 January 2016

vooue .z Itgeora
Answers

(a) 104 /
(b) -3 9 i

(a) -1
(b) -2 + 7 /
(c) 34 - 13 /
(d) 5- i

4 7
3
13 13

2 127
- - - - - Module 1.2 Algebra

Issue 2 January 2016