484 Chapter 8m Flow over Immersed Bodies XAMPLE 9.1 GIVEN Air at standard conditions flows pasta flat plate as is indicated in Fig. E9.1. In case (2) the plate i parallel to the ‘upstream flow, and in case (b) itis perpendicular to the up- stream flow. The pressure and shear stress distributions on Perm Caen ec the surface ate as indicated (obtained either by experiment of theory). FIND Determine the lit and drag on the plate 7 -ogoa nit px 0.744 1%) wit : sanction menvelnnel penta=0 a= Lie 8 = SS —| en =| (24 10>)? wisn oo Figure E9.1 Sotution For either orientation of the plate, the lift and drag are obtained ‘rom Eqs. 9.1 and 9.2, With the plate parallel to the upstream flow ‘we have @ = 90° on the top surface and # = 270° on the boon surface 20 thatthe lit and drag are given by 4 [owe pao and [eae [ merlin where we have used the fact that because of symmetry the shear stress distribution i the same on the top and the botiom surfaces, as isthe pressure also [whether we use gage (p = 0) or absolute (> ~ Pig) ptestute] Thete i no lift generated —the plate does ‘ot know up from down, With the given shear sess distribution, a=2 "(22 wm)oona 0992 15 (Ans) ‘With the plate perpendicular to the upstream flow, we have (= 0" oa the front and 0 = 180° on the back. Thus, from Eqs sist en [ a-[ nano a-[ rar [pat ener Seer teneee eevee ete ‘upstream flow (in the direction of @ not ‘f) and the shear stress is symmetrical about the center of the plate. With the given rela- tively large pressure on the front ofthe plate (the center of the plate isa stagnation point) and the negative pressure (less than the upstream pressure) on the back of the plate, we oblain the following drag o- [fom 2) omni] ion 2-55.60 (Ans) COMMENTS Clearly there are two mechanisms responsible for the drag. On the ultimately streamlined body (azere-thickness ‘at plate parallel tothe flow) the drag is entirely due to the shear es at the surface and, inthis example, is relatively small. For the ultimately blunted body (a flat plate normal (othe upstream flow) the drag is entitely due to the pressure difference between the front and back portions ofthe object and, inthis example, is relatively large, If the fat plate were oriented at an arbitrary angle relative to ‘the upstream flow as indicated in Fig. E9-Le, there would be both a lift and a drag, ezch of which would be dependent on both the shear sess and the pressure. Both the pressure and shear stress distributions would be differen for the top and bottom surfaces 1m Figure E91 (Continued)