Computed by PSGuarderation
PSGuard Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control
Examples:
two areas for power flow optimization in cooperation with FACTS, online calculation
of available transmission capacity and automatic control
2 ABB
Highlights
Emergency alarm
Early warning
Driving forces for the implementation
of Wide Area Monitoring solutions
To avoid large area disturbances based on simulations that are conducted during
Wide area disturbances usually have excessive the system operation planning phase, and are
consequences as observed from voltage collap-ses based on worst-case scenarios (n-k). Online
and cascading effects, which have happened all assessment of the system stability makes it
over the world. Numerous analyses of the causes possible to increase exploitation of the transfer
of these problems have revealed, that they are limits. Both thermal and stabi-
mainly caused by multi-contingencies, which can lity limits are calculated. By transferring ma-
appear solely or combined everywhere in power ximum possible power through the existing
systems and at any time. transmission corridors, future extension of line
While it is not possible to predict or prevent installations may be considerably deferred.
all contingencies that may lead to power system
collapse, a wide area monitoring, protection To ascertain power system integrity
and control system supports the operator with In contrast to conventional protection devices,
important online information, provides a set of which provide local protection of individual
coordinated measurements. The result is themi- equipment (transformer, generator, line, etc.),
tigation or prevention of the spreading of large the wide area protection system provides
area disturbances. This increases the reliability of comprehensive protection covering the whole
power systems and minimizes outages. power system. When compared to SCADA/
EMS systems, that are responsible for network
To improve exploitation of existing control and management, the PSGuard system
power transfer capacity is focused on maintaining power system inte-
Wide area monitoring systems maximize the uti- grity. The idea is that a wide area monitoring,
lization of the existing power system by online protection and control system shall complement
assessment of the safety margin towards system rather than substitute any of the existing control
instabilities. Today, power transfer limits are and protection systems.
4 ABB
PSGuard, the solution to prevent PSGuard allows an incomplex integration
wide area disturbances in existing utility communication environments
PSGuard is the ABB solution for wide area to link the PMUs data stream from different
monitoring, protection and control incorpo- substations to the PSGuard system in the
rating the approved new technologies applied control center.
to identify instabilities in power systems and
Data exchange can be established between
to evaluate the most effective measures against
PSGuard and other control and protection
large area disturbances. The PSGuard system
systems to allow for optimal data sharing and
utilizes phasors, which are measured by GPS
control actions.
time synchronized phasor measurement units
(PMU) resulting in an accuracy of < 1 s.
PSGuard is a system for wide area monitoring,
Re
I U
3 1 I1
U
3 Im
U
I2
2
Re
I3 U
1 I1
U
3 Im
U
I
2
2
Re
I
3 U
1 I
1
U
3 Im
U
I
2
2
Effective measures
to maintain power system
integrity.
ABB 5
The PSGuard system
PSGuard is designed to detect incipient abnormal system The PSGuard system is designed to cope
conditions, to recommend or and to take predetermined with the needs for network-related wide area
counteractions to preserve system integrity and ascertain monitoring and protection applications. The
power system performance. PSGuard is of distributed architecture and
can easily be extended if new applications or
Main benefits: new stations have to be implemented.
6 ABB
Phasor measurement: to 20 ms and a high time and angle accuracy
High-precision data acquisition (< 1 s, < 0.1) over wide areas.
Each monitoring and control system computes
The time synchronization provided by GPS
an image of the process based on the actual
signals assures that the measurements across
process data and on other information available
the entire power system are taken precisely at
in the system. This process image reflects the
the same instant. In addition, phasor measure-
dynamic behaviour of the process and is used to
ments are obtained directly from CTs and
initiate necessary actions to optimize the power
VTs to avoid any other errors that may be
system operation. Accurate and informative data
caused by transducers. These two aspects ensure
can be provided by the system, which enables
that the state calculation of the power system is
the real status of the process and the precision
an accurate image of the actual
of its responses to incipient problems to be
power network conditions.
assessed.
Instability can occur anywhere in the network,
In contrast to conventional control systems,
depending on the actual load distribution, sub-
where RTUs are used for the acquisition of
station equipment outages, and available power
RMS values of currents and voltages, the
generation. In order to cope with the various
PSGuard system takes GPS synchronized
situations, it is recommended to install PMUs at
current and voltage phasor measurement from
selected locations the power network where sta-
critical locations of the power system. It is
bility problems are expected to occur. Detailed
the first commercially operative system which
studies, which are offered by ABB, supports to
continuously records the dynamics of power
identify the most suitable locations.
networks with a time resolution down
ABB 7
Positioning and architecture
Positioning in control
and protection schemes
Nowadays a control and protection scheme
in power systems mainly comprises two types
of systems:
system created from RTU data and may
cooperate with other control systems.
Object protection
Devices for protection of individual objects
(transformer, line, generator, etc.) in power
systems. They act dynamically but mainly
without any coordination with other control
systems.
8 ABB
PSGuard is bridging the gap between Open for extension and upgrading
control and protection systems. Modular system architecture allows to extend
and upgrade PSGuard system easily:
Extension of the power system
New stations can be equipped with PMUs and
connected to the PSGuard system. The most
suitable location of PMUs in the power system
will be analyzed by means of network modelling
and study.
System adjustment
to new network topology
If substations have to be removed or modified,
new lines have to be built, etc., then it is also
necessary to investigate and to re-evaluate the
impact of the modified new network topology.
These new network data should be entered into
to PSGuard
The PSGuard system provides a comprehensive
platform for implementing several types
of monitoring and protection applications.
New applications can be added in order to
meet the future requirements of a certain
power utility.
The scalability of the PSGuard system meets the individual customer requirements.
ABB 9
System structure
10 ABB
PSGuard system structure
overview
ABB 11
PSGuard system portfolio
Application modules
of software modules, can be equipped with data viewer for displaying phasor of phasors.
data.
which can be The following functions are provided:
bundled to packages The following functions are provided: Phase angle difference between selected
to form solutions Phasor data acquisition from PMUs in IEEE locations
suitable to customers 1344-1995 data format Display of the phase angle curve between two
requirements Checking the validity of acquired data selected locations
(see system structure Monitoring of the communication links to PMUs Real and reactive power at selected locations
overview on page 1011). Display of the maximum acceptable phase
angle between two selected locations
Basic monitoring
Provides state-of-the-art WAM platform enabling Online warning and emergency alerting
Self-monitoring
The following functions are provided:
The following functions are provided: early stage and initiating countermeasures
12 ABB
Power oscillation monitoring State calculator
Power oscillation monitoring in power systems. Online state calculator based on snapshots
of phasors.
The following functions are provided:
Identification and size/variation of the most The following functions are provided:
Absorption of the most important kind of Selected loads and generators current magnitudes
Advanced control
Frequency stability monitoring Evaluation and performing most suitable actions
Frequency stability monitoring based on snapshots based on information from stability assessment
applications.
of phasors.
Remedial action schemes optimizes performance of
The following functions are provided: load and generator shedding in response to system
Identification and size/variation of the most The following functions are provided:
important frequency
Automatic actions for system protection
Amplitude of the most important kind of
Automatic actions for transmission corridor
frequency change
optimization
Absorption of the most important kind of
Dynamic set point determination
frequency change
for FACTS/Wide area control
Gradient of the frequency change
Online warning and emergency alarming, trigger
Estimated current average of the analyzed signal and base value for load and generation shedding
Estimated oscillating amplitude of the analyzed for the designated remedial action schemes
signal Controlled generator tripping or equivalent
Trend indication to oscillating and the reduction of energy input to the system
appropriate absorption Tripping of interruptible load, DC line ramping,
Online warning and emergency alerting, release insertion of braking resistors, insertion of
and basic value for load shedding of intended series capacitors and controlled opening of
remedial action schemes with an datarepeat interconnection and/or other lines including
guess/advice from 1 second system islanding
ABB 13
PSGuard system portfolio
Application packages
14 ABB
Wide Area Monitoring PSG 850 Wide Area Protection
Various monitoring applications are provided in and Control PSG 870
PSG850 for monitoring different instabilities in The PSG870 is designed to be used for
power systems. Depending on the type of in- transmission corridors for optimizing power
stability occuring in power systems, the related flow in cooperation with local control devices
applications can be selected and implemented. (FACTS, SVC, etc.). Based on phasor
Based on phasor data acquired from PMUs the measurement from both sides of transmission
PSG850 creates a picture showing the stability corridors the PSG 870 monitors actual power
status of the nodes in the monitored area and flow, available transmission capacity, average
suggests actions to prevent large area distur- temperature, thermal limits, etc., and initiates
bances. Countermeasures can then be initiated commands to local control equipment for
by the power system operator. Automatic ac- optimizing power flow and minimizing conges-
tions are not included in PSG 850. tion. PSG 870 detects incipient instabilities and
abnormal conditions, evaluates most suitable
The package includes
countermeasures and initiates automatic actions
Connectivity to protect power systems from large area distur-
Basic monitoring bances. Automatic commands can be initiated
Data storage and export
to existing control systems (SCADA/EMS,
SA, etc.) if those systems are able to perform
Optional the following modules are available
them in due time. Otherwise the commands
are sent directly to PMUs or other control
Advanced monitoring
equipment in the stations.
Event driven data archiving
State calculator
Optional the following modules are available
State calculator
Advanced control
ABB 15
PSGuard software module functionalities
16 ABB
Control action recommendation Two transmission lines are lost, as shown on the
Continuous display of relevant information reactive power (RPI) are in yellow and indicate very
Configurable warning and alarm little safety margin left to power system collapse
Notifications of emergency or warning to the The PSGuard suggests that the under load tap
ABB 17
PSGuard software module functionalities
Time-synchronized
phasor snapshots at
various locations.
18 ABB
Voltage stability monitoring Frequency stability monitoring
of the transmission corridors Frequency stability monitoring is based on data
The voltage stability assessment functionality from Basic Monitoring. The difference between
provides a basis for effective monitoring of trans- the consumed and generated power is detec-
mission corridors. It is based on and extends the ted early. The frequency stability monitoring
basic functionality of Wide Area Measurement algorithm estimates the impact of such a power
Systems with functions related to the monitoring unbalance on the frequency by modeling the
of voltage stability for a transmission line and/or response of the load and the inertia of the genera-
corridor. Its main function is to provide the ope- tors. If the estimated frequency is not acceptable,
rator of the power system with sufficient infor- the proposed actions to reach the desired fre-
mation for the evaluation of the present power quency are computed and proposed.
margin with respect to voltage stability. That is
the amount of additional active power that can Control and stabilizing measures
be transported on a transmission corridor wit- Control and stabilizing measures are operational
hout jeopardizing the voltage stability. Voltage in actions issued by PSGuard to protect power
a power system may become instable because of systems from instabilities and collapses. Each
a shortage of reactive power. However, this ap- measure could consist of one or a combination
plication provides online monitoring functions, of several control actions, which will be advised
the results of which are available to the operator by PSGuard and initiated by the operator or by
as the main support for decisions. Actions that PSGuard directly.
the operator may take to improve voltage sta-
The feasibility criteria for specific control actions
bility may range from generation rescheduling
would have to be identified in the course of
or reactive load compensation, blocking of tap
analytical system studies, which take into account
changers in the load area up to incremental or
envisaged network conditions, operation policies
complete load shedding in extreme cases.
and switching procedures, actual load levels and
generation capacity.
Power oscillation monitoring
Power oscillation monitoring is the algorithm In case of power system conditions detected that
used for the detection of power swings in a po- require corrective actions, PSGuard identifies
wer system. The algorithm is fed with the selec- suitable locations and the extent of counter
ted voltage and current phasors. The algorithm measures. The selection of control actions is
processes the input phasors and detects the based on power system conditions and identified
various swing (power oscillation) modes. The contingencies. Coordination of wide area pro-
algorithm quickly identifies the frequency and tection with legacy control and protection is vital
the damping of the least damped swing modes, to the reliability of the transmission network.
that can e.g. lead to angular instability causing
major power system disturbances (blackout). The
algorithm employs adaptive Kalman filtering
techniques.
ABB 19
PSGuard software module functions
20 ABB
Measures against
frequency/angular instability
Frequency/angular instability occurs after the
tripping of generators or heavily loaded trans-
mission lines. In the event of imbalance of
generation and load, the optimal actions have to
be determined to restore equilibrium taking the
actual network topology into account.
To prevent the spreading of frequency instabi-
ABB 21
Implementation
Implementation steps:
Initial
Main implementation
System verification
22 ABB
ABB as system and service supplier Conclusion
ABB provides entire solutions including all de- Wide Area Monitoring System helps to signifi-
liveries required to satisfy utilitys needs in wide cantly improve grid utilization during phases
area monitoring, protection and control from of peak transmission demand while enabling the
one supplier. This avoids interface problems and detection of critical factors influencing network
facilitates a smooth execution of the project. stability. Online monitoring applications will
significantly reduce investment costs for utilities
Main deliverables: while safeguarding high levels of dynamic
grid loading and availability. In this context,
Analysis phase
Post-mortem problem analysis Wide Area Monitoring extends the capability
Network assessments and security of existing local monitoring,
Protection and control system study protection and control equipment to further
Communication system study levels of asset utilization.
System concept elaboration
Implementation phase
Control and protection systems
Communication systems
Bay level equipment
After-sales services
Operation and maintenance
Spare part services
Planning support
Upgrades and migrations
System extensions
Maintenance control
24 x 24 x 365 service
Remote system upgrade
ABB 23
1KHA - 000 741 - SEN, vers. 5 - 1000 - 12.04 - Printed in Switzerland
Copyright 2004 ABB. All rights reserved
www.abb.com/poweroutage