1. Abstrak
Jurnal ini ditulis dengan tujuan untuk meneliti Ekstraksi Otomotis Informasi DEM drai
Citra Stereo Prism - Alos. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan ekstraksi otomatis DEM dari citra
stereo PRISM menggunakan software Prism DEM.. Ekstraksi otomatis DEM dari citra stereo
dilakukan dengan melakukan proses image matching menggunakan teknik area-based
matching. Teknik ini untuk mengkorelasikan area/piksel pada citra utama, dari korelasi
diperoleh paralak yang digunakan untuk menurunkan ketinggian obyek yang terekam pada
citra. Hasil memperlihatkan bahwa DEM hasil ekstraksi otomatis memerlukan koreksi geoid
(koreksi bentuk muka bumi ). DEM hasil koreksi mempunyai distribusi ketinggian relatif
sama, tetapi pola DEM lebih halus dibandingkan dengan DEM Referensi. Kata kunci yang
digunakan : DEM, citra stereo, PRISM-ALOS.
2. Latar Belakang
Informasi topografi yang bersumber dari data DEM dapat dihasilkan dengan
menggunakan citra stereo satelit penginderaan jauh. Citra stereo merupakan 2 atau lebih
citra yang diambil dari sudut perekaman yang berbeda untuk lokasi yang sama pada
permukaan bumi. PRISM salah satu dari tiga instrumen sensor yang berguna untuk
merekam citra optis pankromatik pada panjang gelombang 0.52 0,77 mm dan
mempunyai 3 teleskop utnuk merekam citra stereo dari arah depan, arah tegak lurus dan
arah belakangdengan orbit satelit. Kombinasi citra stereo tersebut dapat digunakan untuk
menghasilkan DEM dengan akurasi yang cukup untuk memetakan permukaan bumi
dalam skala 1:25.000 atau lebih besar.
Penelitian yang terkait dengan penurunan DEM dan pengujian tingkat akurasi yang
menggunakan citra stereo optis PRISM sangat bermanfaat untuk memetakan topografi
dengan skala tinggi untuk wilayah Indonesia yang mempunyai beragam variasi
ketinggian. Oleh karena itu diperlukan suatu kajian mengenai metode penurunan data
DEM dan tingkat akurasi dari DEM yang dihasilkan dengan menggunakan citra stereo
optis PRISM untuk wilayah Indonesia.
Pada tahap awal dilakukan pembuatan piramid layer, yaitu membuat resolusi rendah
dari citra asli, korelasi pada penelitian ini ini dilakukan pada level terendah (1/32 resolusi
awal ) terlebih dahulu, kemudian secara bertahap dnaikkan resolusi hingga menjadi
resolusi awal. Selanjutnya dilakukan masking dan pembuatn titik ikat di 4 titik sudut
dari citra, masking ini dilakukan untuk membatasi suatu wilayah sehingga wilayah
tersebut tidak menjadi error dalam proses korelasi, sedangkan titik ikat dilakukan
sebagai matching awal dari citra master dan target.
Proses berikutnya adalah melakukan korelasi otomatis antar piksel pada citra master
dan citra target. Pada citra master ditetapkan sebuah piksel, kemudian dilakukan
pencarian piksel yang sama pada citra target. Pencarian dilakukan dengan metode line
moving. Besarnya ukuran line moving dan serach windows dapat disetting sesuai
keinginan, tetapi umumnya menggunakan scan 3 piksel sumbu X dan 7 piksel untuk
sumbu Y.
5. Kesimpulan
Software PRISM DEM dapat digunakan untuk menurunkan DEM Stereo
PRISM secara otomatis dengan resolusi spasial bervariasi mulai 80 m, 40 m, 20 m
dan 10 m. Penurunan DEM dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai kombinasi citra yaitu :
nadir-forward, forward-backward, dan nadir-backward.
Ketinggian DEM dari software DEM beracuan pada model elipsoid, sehingga
memerlukan koreksi geoid. Walaupun begitu DEM PRISM mempunyai pola distribusi
ketinggian yang relatif sama dengan DEM referensi, tetapi dengan tingkat kedetilan
dan gradasi warna yang lebih halus.
1. Introduction
Environmental issues are of vital importance for human life on Earth. To answer the
question and a question is, how can 3-dimensional information of the topography of the
Earth surface help us in understanding our vulnerable environment and secure a more
sustainable management and use of our environmental resources.This journal tries to
answer some of these questions by giving a presentation of representative applications
and possible business opportunities with respect to digital elevation models. The paper is
intended to focus on the potential use of digital elevation data in science, security
relevant applications or in management and decision making related to environmental
issues in community.A problem however so far is that analysis and interpretation of
remotely sensed data as well as the generation of scientific computer models require
terrain models for data correction and simulation of a quality that is currently not
available. Thus, a prerequisite for a fully exploitation of the potential of DEMs is to
make them available for the community at sufficient accuracy, detail, projection and
format to sustain a variety of applications need for topographical information.
2. Topographic
The knowledge of the surface topography is of major importance to the Earth
sciences. It isessential in any discipline concerned with process modeling like hydrology,
climatology, geomorphology etc. Topography is, therefore, a detailed study or
description of a particular place or region. By describing the elevation of each point and
its neighborhood, topography is a graphic representation of landscapes natural surface
features including hills, valleys, rivers, lakes and such, as principle man-made features.
Typically, topography is drawn on maps and charts or otherwise presented.Early
topographic models were made of wood, pasteboards, plaster or moulded material, maps
were, then painted by hand onto the surface of the model.The first two methods gives a
strong visual effect of 3-dimension (or rely 2.5 dimension) helping the reader of the map
to grasp the essential characteristics of the landscape features.These methods of
displaying relief are, however inadequate in that they do not give any information on the
elevation above sea level of all points on the map or how steep the slopes are.Today, the
techniques of radar interferometry with Synthetic Aperture Radar systems (SAR) and
laser interferometry (LIDAR) are currently the most advanced technology and the most
effective way of acquiring topographic information. It is independent of cloud covers,
sun illumination and the contrast of the Earth's surface.
3. Digitals Elevation Models
When modern aerial photography and satellite remote sensing started to provide
continuos surface information by means of optical cameras, radar or laser beams, for
example, and the derivation of terrain elevation was made possible by stereoscopy and
interferometry, topography gained whole new meaning in spatial studies.Today, the
elevation information is represented in computers as elevation data in a digital format.
This format is usually called digital elevation models (DEM). Thus a DEM is a
computerized representation of the Earths relief. Different formats exists, among the
most usual are triangulated irregular networks (TIN), regular grids, contour lines and
scattered data points and it usually described either by a wire frame model or an image
matrix in which the value of each pixel is associated with a specific topographic
height.Digital elevation models are in combination with other spatial data, an important
database for topography-related analyses or 3D video animations (e.g. fly-throughs).
4. Applications of DEM
Geographycal information technology and digital image processing have become very
important tools that we can use for scientific, commercial and operational application.
Demcan be appliedtovarious fields, among others:
Scientific application
Exact information about the earth surface is very important for all geosciences. Data
from Digital Elevation Model about earth surace, can be use for:
a) Climate Impact Study
b) Water and wildlife management
c) Geological and hydrological modeling
d) Geographyc information technology
e) Geomorphology and landscape analysis
f) Mapping purpose and
g) Education program
Commercial Application
Operational Application
For operational application DEM is used to improve management and planning of
natural resources and within areas of regional planning, environmental protection,
hazard reduction, military and other security-relevant applications,insurance issues,
health services, agriculture,foresty and soil conservation.
Below follows some examples of operational applications.
a) Reconnaissance for mineral and water resources
b) Aircraft guidance system flight simulations
c) Forest planning and management
d) Planning of breakwater constructions
e) Mass movement and hazar prediction
f) Hydrology Flooding risk assessment
g) Disaster management (prevention, relief, assessment)
5. Concluding Remarks
The terrain surface is 3D and should be treated like that. There is a large gap between
the behavior of the observed phenomena and processes of the earth surface and their
digital representation forms in existing commercial GIS. More effective dynamic
representation forms and data structures are necessary to better capture the complexity
and interactions of geographic phenomena and processes. This is essential to carry out
more advanced studies of the complex behavior of geographic process and observed
shape, patterns, and morphometric structures of the earth surface. In this new
representation model the DEMs should behave as a carrier of geoinformation
representing features related to the earth surface. This should provide new mechanisms
satisfying the increasing demand for operational applications for effectively carry out
more complex modeling issues and analysis operations to investigate the complex
interactions among geospatial features and processes identified at the Earth surface.
Existing DEMs however, still show large drawbacks with respect to consistency,
availability, cost, degree of resolution, and coverage.