Name: Jivan Raghoo

Date: 20/02/2012

Title: Hookes Law

Aim:

1. To determine the spring constant of a spring

2. To determine the density of water by immersing a mass suspended by a spring

into a beaker of water.

Materials & Apparatus:

50 cm rule

Retort stands (2)

Spring

Pointer (2)

Masses

Mass holder

Beaker

Vernier callipers

Water
Name: Jivan Raghoo
Diagram 1:

Figure 1 showing setup of apparatus to determine the spring constant of a spring.

Diagram 2:

Figure 2 showing the setup of apparatus to determine the density of water.

Name: Jivan Raghoo
Theory: Hookes law states the up to some maximum load (known as the limit of

proportionality) the extension of a wire or spring is proportional to the applied load.

Hooke's law can be written as:

F = ke

Where F = force applied to the spring

k is the spring constant

e is extension = new length - original length

There are two different types of deformation

1. Elastic deformation where the material returns to its original length when the

force applied is removed.

2. Plastic deformation where the material retains some of the extension even after

the force is removed.

By plotting a force extension graph (F vs e) and finding the gradient of the line produced

one can find the spring constant, k.

Archimedes principle states that when a body is completely or partly submerged in a fluid

it experiences an upthrust (a force) which is equal to the weight of fluid displaced.

Therefore it is possible to find the weight of the fluid displaced if the upthrust produced

by a weight placed into a fluid was known.

Name: Jivan Raghoo
Method 1:

1. Apparatus was set up as shown in Diagram 1.

2. Readings were taken at pointers A and B without any weights attached.

3. The 50 g mass holder was then added and the new values of A and B recorded.

4. 50 g masses were then continually added one by one and readings were taken for

the resulting values of A and B.

Method 2:

1. All the masses were placed onto the mass holder (total mass = 300 g) and mass

holder was placed onto the spring. The readings at pointers A and B were

recorded.

2. A beaker was half filled with water and placed under the mass as shown in

Diagram 2.

3. The depth, d, of the submerged part of the mass and the length, l, between the

pointers were measured and recorded.

4. The position of the boss was adjusted and this procedure was repeated until 6 sets

of values for d and corresponding values of l were collected and recorded.

Name: Jivan Raghoo
Results 1: Table 1 showing values of mass and corresponding readings at pointers A and
B along with calculated values of force and extension.

Mass/kg Pointer A/m Pointer B/m Force/N Extension/m

0.00 0.40 0.28 0 0.00

0.05 0.40 0.26 0.49 0.02

0.10 0.40 0.24 0.98 0.04

0.15 0.40 0.22 1.47 0.06

0.20 0.40 0.20 1.96 0.08

0.25 0.40 0.18 2.45 0.10

0.30 0.40 0.16 2.94 0.12

Results 2: Table 2 showing values of depth and corresponding values of length between
pointers A and B.

d/m l/m

0.010 0.237

0.018 0.235

0.027 0.232

0.031 0.231

0.038 0.229

0.045 0.227
Name: Jivan Raghoo
Variables:

Manipulated:

1. Mass

2. Depth

Responding:

1. Distance between pointers A and B

2. Length

Constant: Acceleration due to gravity

Treatment of results 1:

2 1
Gradient =
2 1

3.00 0.25
=
0.12230.0103

= 24.6 Nm-1

Therefore the spring constant of the spring is 24.6 Nm-1.

Error Calculation:

k F e
= +
k F e

0.5 0.02
20 10
k = ( + ) x 24.6
2.75 0.112
Name: Jivan Raghoo
= (0.01 + 0.02) x 24.5

= 0.74 Nm-1

Therefore, k = (24.5 0.74) Nm-1

Diameter of mass = 0.0317 0.00005 m

Error Calculations

0.00005 100
% error in diameter =
0.0317 1

= 0.16%

D2
Area = 4

= 7.89 104 m2
Name: Jivan Raghoo
Treatment of results 2:

2 1
gradient =
2 1

0.23790.2280
=
0.00700.0415

= 0.29

Consider the equation:

= +

Where,

A = cross sectional area of mass

g = acceleration due to gravity (9.8 ms-2)

d = diameter of mass

k = spring constant

c = a constant

A graph was plotted of l vs d

Gradient of line =

This can be rearranged to make,

Name: Jivan Raghoo
gradient
=

Therefore,

0.29 24.6
=
7.89 104 9.8

= 922.6 kgm3

Associated error in density of water,

2
= + + +

0.0001 0.74 0.00005 2 x 0.00005

= ( + + + ) x 918.9
0.236 24.6 0.0317 7.89 104 m2

= 146.1 3
Name: Jivan Raghoo
Precautions:

1. All readings during experiment were taken at eye level to avoid parallax error.

2. It was ensured that the beaker was not filled with too much water as this could

cause the water to overflow once the masses are lowered into the beaker.

Sources of error:

1. When taking reading for depth at which masses were placed in beaker of water,

the light from the pencil is refracted as it passes from the water to the glass to air,

causing it to be displaced. This may lead to inaccurate measurements being taken.

2. Some changes in length when the masses are lowered into the beaker were very

subtle and were not recorded as there went unnoticed.

Conclusion:

1. Spring constant is found to be 24.50 0.74 1

2. Density of water was found to be 918.9 146.1 3