Prac%cal'Ac%vi%es'for'Balanced'

Listening'Instruc%on'
'
'
Beth'Sheppard'(University'of'Oregon)'
 Listening'is'Important'

50%'of'L2'%me'is'listening'%me'(Nunan).'

Listening'is'a'good'way'to'learn'language.'

Lack'of'listening'prociency'causes'anxiety.'
 Listening'is'Challenging'

passive'

! Speech'is'fast,'variable,'and'out'of'the'listeners'control.''

! Listeners'ac%vely'create'meaning'from'the'sounds'they'hear.'
 Listening'is'Challenging'
What'are'learners'doing'while'they'listen?''

TopQDown'Processes'
BoPomQUp'Processes' '
'
Build'frameworks'for'
Build'from'small'to'
comprehension'using:'
large:'
" Phonemes' " World'knowledge'
" Syllables' " Logic''
" Words' " Context'
" Phrases' " CoQtext'
'

" Discourse' Have'two'dierent'

Automa%c'for'na%ve' possible''purposes:''
speakers'but'high' " Compensate'
cogni%ve'load'for'L2.' " Enrich''
 Listening'is'Challenging'
Product(Approach( Process(Approach((
(Listening(to(Learn)( (Learning(to(Listen)(
' '
! Listening'ac%vi%es'always' ! Students'are'taught'explicitly'
involve'assessing'learners' about'listening'processes'and'
strategies'(VandergriY).'
comprehension.' ! Students'listen'and'reQlisten,'
! Understanding'the' form'and'test'hypotheses,'
message'is'the'goal'of'the' discuss'interpreta%ons.'
listening'ac%vity.' ! No%cing'language'features'is'
! Teachers'give'preQlistening' the'goal'of'the'listening'ac%vity'
(Richards).'
informa%on'and'postQ ! Teachers'use'misunderstandQ
listening'hints'to'help' ings'as'a'window'on'student'
students'succeed.'' listening'abili%es'(Field).'
 Listening'is'Challenging'
Product(Approach( Process(Approach((
(Listening(to(Learn)( (Learning(to(Listen)(
' '
! Listening'ac%vi%es'always' ! Students'learn'explicitly'about'
involve'assessing'learners' listening'processes'and'
strategies'(VandergriY).'
comprehension.' ! Students'listen'and'reQlisten,'
! Understanding'the' form'and'test'hypotheses,'
message'is'the'goal'of'the' discuss'interpreta%ons.'
listening'ac%vity.' ! No%cing'language'features'is'
! Teachers'give'preQlistening' the'goal'of'the'listening'ac%vity'
(Richards).'
informa%on'and'postQ ! Teachers'use'misunderstandQ
listening'hints'to'help' ings'as'a'window'on'student'
students'succeed.'' listening'abili%es'(Field).'
Balanced'Listening'Instruc%on'

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Example'Listening'Text'

hPp://www.ted.com/talks/maP_cuPs_try_something_new_for_30_days'
 LanguageQFocused'Listening'
For'the'next'30'days'
Language'=''
"Phoneme/syllable'level'

"Word/chunk'level' fthnext'+'thirtydays'

"Syntax'level' (preposi%on'+'noun'phrase)'

"Intona%on'group'level' ''o'''o'''O'''o''o'''O'
 LanguageQFocused'Listening'

!Dicta%on''
!Repe%%on'
!An%cipa%on'
!Language'Spoeng'
!Transcript'correc%on''
!Tiny'ques%ons'
 LanguageQFocused'Listening'
Dicta8on(Ac8vi8es'
!Dicta8on(( Spelling'and'punctua%on'dont'
maPer.'''
!Repe%%on' Dictate'words/phrases/sentences'
at'normal'speed''adjust'level'by'
!An%cipa%on' adjus%ng'complexity'and'length.'
Purposes:''
!Language'Spoeng' Preview'key'words.'
Prac%ce'understanding'
dicult'sounds.'
!Transcript'correc%on'' Review'vocabulary'list.'
Focus'on'students'problem'
!Tiny'ques%ons' areas.'
 Examples'for'Dicta%on'
1.' He'really'loved'biking'to'work.''' Dis%nguish'/r/'and'/l/'sounds'

2.' He'wrote'a'prePy'bad'book.'' Dis%nguish'/p/'and'/b/'sounds'

3.' Crazy'challenges'help'him' Important'phrases'from'talk.''

remember'exactly.' Consonant'blends.''Reduc%on.''

4.' Morgan'Spurlock'isnt'a' Let'Ss'try'to'write'down'an'unknown'

name.''Then'give'background'
philosopher.' knowledge'for'TED'talk.'
 LanguageQFocused'Listening'
Repe88on(Ac8vi8es '
!Dicta%on'' Have'students'shadow'the'
speaker.''
!Repe88on(
Necessary'to'understand'a'
sentence'in'order'to'repeat'it.'
!An%cipa%on'
Adjust'level'by'adjus%ng'the'
length'and'complexity'of'phrases'
!Language'Spoeng' to'be'repeated.''

Where'repe%%on'breaks'down.'
!Transcript'correc%on'' note'areas'for'improvement'in'
listening'(and'speaking).''
!Tiny'ques%ons'
 Examples'for'Repe%%on'
Repeat'Phrases'
1. subtract'a'habit'
Challenging'sounds'to'discriminate'
2. remember'exactly''
3. crazy'challenges'

Repeat'sentence' Focus'on'rhythm'and'intona%on'

4. Now'is'my'book'the'next'great'American'novel?''
5. No.'I'wrote'it'in'a'month.'It's'awful!''
 LanguageQFocused'Listening'
An8cipa8on(Ac8vi8es(
!Dicta%on'' Stop'midQsentence'and'have'
students'guess'what'word'or'
sound'they'will'hear'next.'''
!Repe%%on'
Depending'on'where'you'stop,'
focus'on'sounds,'word'endings,'
!An8cipa8on( grammar,'etc...'
Students'can'answer'individually'
!Language'Spoeng' (in'wri%ng)'or'in'groups.''
Examples:'
!Transcript'correc%on'' 1. Try'it'for'the'next'30...''
2. Subtract'a'habit'fr...''
!Tiny'ques%ons' 3. Think'about'something'
youve...''''
 LanguageQFocused'Listening'
Language(Spo<ng(Ac8vi8es(
!Dicta%on'' Have'students'listen'selec%vely'for'
certain'aspects'of'language.'This'
could'be'sounds,'words,'
!Repe%%on' intona%on,'grammar''''
Examples:''
!An%cipa%on' Raise'your'hand'every'%me'
you'hear'the'word'THIRTY.'
Write'down'every'word'you'
!Language(Spo<ng( hear'that'begins'with'/f/.'
Write'down'the'past'tense'
verbs'that'you'hear.'
!Transcript'correc%on'' On'your'transcript,'circle'the'
ideas'that'MaP'CuPs'wants'to'
emphasize.'
!Tiny'ques%ons' Move'your'pencil'up'and'down'
with'the'speakers'intona%on.'
 Language'spoeng:'the'word'30'
A'few'years'ago,'I'felt'like'I'was'stuck'in'a'rut,'so'
I'decided'to'follow'in'the'footsteps'of'the'great'
American'philosopher,'Morgan'Spurlock,'and'try'
something'new'for'30'days.'The'idea'is'actually'
prePy'simple.'Think'about'something'you've'
always'wanted'to'add'to'your'life'and'try'it'for'
the'next'30'days.'It'turns'out,'30'days'is'just'
about'the'right'amount'of'%me'to'add'a'new'
habit'or'subtract'a'habit'QQ'like'watching'the'
news'QQ'from'your'life.''
 LanguageQFocused'Listening'
Language(Spo<ng(Ac8vi8es(
!Dicta%on'' Have'students'listen'selec%vely'for'
certain'aspects'of'language.'This'
could'be'sounds,'words,'
!Repe%%on' intona%on,'grammar''''
Examples:''
!An%cipa%on' Raise'your'hand'every'%me'
you'hear'the'word'THIRTY.'
Write'down'every'word'you'
!Language(Spo<ng( hear'that'begins'with'/f/.'
Write'down'the'past'tense'
verbs'that'you'hear.'
!Transcript'correc%on'' On'your'transcript,'circle'the'
ideas'that'MaP'CuPs'wants'to'
emphasize.'
!Tiny'ques%ons' Move'your'pencil'up'and'down'
with'the'speakers'intona%on.'
Language'spoeng:'the'sound'/f/'
Few''
'
Felt' Total'number'of''
Follow' /f/'sounds'='10'
'
Footsteps' Note:''
Philosopher' philosopher'
has'/f/'
For' of'does'not'
For' have'/f/'
'
From''
'
 LanguageQFocused'Listening'
Language(Spo<ng(Ac8vi8es(
!Dicta%on'' Have'students'listen'selec%vely'for'
certain'aspects'of'language.'This'
could'be'sounds,'words,'
!Repe%%on' intona%on,'grammar''''
Examples:''
!An%cipa%on' Raise'your'hand'every'%me'
you'hear'the'word'THIRTY.'
Write'down'every'word'you'
!Language(Spo<ng( hear'that'begins'with'/f/.'
Write'down'the'past'tense'
verbs'that'you'hear.'
!Transcript'correc%on'' On'your'transcript,'circle'the'
ideas'that'MaP'CuPs'wants'to'
emphasize.'
!Tiny'ques%ons' Move'your'pencil'up'and'down'
with'the'speakers'intona%on.'
Language'spoeng:'past'tense'verbs'

Learned''' No%ced'''
Was' Started''''
Was'' Grew'''
Was''' Went'
Did'' Ended'up'
Was''' Would'never'have'been'
Was'doing'' Started''
 LanguageQFocused'Listening'
Language(Spo<ng(Ac8vi8es(
!Dicta%on'' Have'students'listen'selec%vely'for'
certain'aspects'of'language.'This'
could'be'sounds,'words,'
!Repe%%on' intona%on,'grammar''''
Examples:''
!An%cipa%on' Raise'your'hand'every'%me'
you'hear'the'word'THIRTY.'
Write'down'every'word'you'
!Language(Spo<ng( hear'that'begins'with'/f/.'
Write'down'the'past'tense'
verbs'that'you'hear.'
!Transcript'correc%on'' On'your'transcript,'circle'the'
ideas'that'MaP'CuPs'wants'to'
emphasize.'
!Tiny'ques%ons' Move'your'pencil'up'and'down'
with'the'speakers'intona%on.'
 Language'spoeng:'emphasis'
There's'a'few'things'I'learned'while'doing'these'30Qday'
challenges.'The'rst'was,'instead'of'the'months'ying'by,'
forgoPen,'the'%me'was'much(more(memorable.'This'was'
part'of'a'challenge'I'did'to'take'a'picture'every'day'for'a'
month.'And'I'remember'exactly'where'I'was'and'what'I'
was'doing'that'day.'I'also'no%ced'that'as'I'started'to'do'
more'and'harder'30Qday'challenges,'my'selfQcondence'
grew.'I'went'from'deskQdwelling'computer'nerd'to'the'
kind'of'guy'who'bikes'to'work'QQ'for'fun.'Even'last'year,'I'
ended'up'hiking'up'Mt.'Kilimanjaro,'the'highest'
mountain'in'Africa.'I'would'never'have'been'that'
adventurous'before'I'started'my'30Qday'challenges.''
 LanguageQFocused'Listening'
Transcript(Correc8on(Ac8vi8es(
!Dicta%on'' Students'll'in'the'blanks'on'a'
transcript''choose'a'specic'
!Repe%%on' language'focus'when'crea%ng'
blanks.'''
!An%cipa%on' Students'nd'and'correct'errors'
inserted'by'the'teacher.''Errors'
!Language'Spoeng' can'involve'any'of'the'language'
levels'discussed'previously.''

!Transcript(correc8on((
!Tiny'ques%ons'
 Transcript'ac%vity'examples'
Note'
Transcript'Comple%on' languag
e'focu
'here s
There___'a'few'thing___'I'learn___'while'do___'these'30Qday' :'
s' s' ed' ing'
s'
challenge___.'The'rst'was___,'instead'of'the'month___'ying'
s'
by,'forgot____,'the'%me___'was'much'more'memorable.''
ten'
'

Transcript'Correc%on'
I'also'discovered'that'if'you'really'want'something'enough,'you'can'
do'anything'for'30'days.'Have'you'ever'wanted'to'write'a'book?'
Every'November,'tens'of'thousands'of'people'try'wri%ng'their'own'
5,000Qword'novel'from'scratch'in'30'days.'It'turns'out,'all'you'are'to'
do'is'write'1,667'words'a'day'for'a'month.'So'I'did.'By'the'way,'the'
secret'is'to'go'to'sleep'un%l'you'write'your'words'for'the'month.'You'
might'be'sleepQdeprived,'but'you'll'nish'your'novel.''
 LanguageQFocused'Listening'
Tiny(Ques8on(Ac8vi8es(
!Dicta%on'' Very'brief'listening'text'
Students'must'infer'the'answer'
!Repe%%on' from'grammar'or'word'choices.'''
Tiny'ques%ons'are'challenging'to'
!An%cipa%on' create'or'nd,'but'very'useful.'''
For'example:''
!Language'Spoeng' Students(hear:(A(few(years(ago,(I(
felt(like(I(was(stuck(in(a(rut.(
!Transcript'correc%on'' Tiny(ques>on(1:(Stuck(in(a(?((What(
does(this(mean?(
Tiny(ques>on(2:(Was(he(denitely(
!Tiny(ques8ons( stuck(in(a(rut?(
Balanced'Listening'Instruc%on'

LanguageQFocused' Meaning5Focused(
Listening' Listening((
' '

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FluencyQBuilding' StrategyQBuilding'
Listening' Listening'
 MeaningQFocused'Listening'
Meaning'=''
"Main'idea(s)' Students'can'
"Suppor%ng'points'
!Reconstruct'Content'
"Details,'gures,'and'
evidence' !Manipulate'Content'

"Inferences' !Respond'to'Content'

"Listener'reac%ons'
 MeaningQFocused'Listening'
Ac8vi8es(for(content(reconstruc8on(
' Students'can'
' Students'take'
' scaolded'notes'
' !Reconstruct(Content(
Scaolding'for'noteQtaking'=''

A'chart'or'graphic'organizer.' !Manipulate'Content'
A'discussion'of'the'texts'sec%ons.'

A'known'purpose'for'the'notes.' !Respond'to'Content'
'
'
'
Scaolded'noteQtaking'examples:'

Text'sec%ons'
Graphic'organizer'
 MeaningQFocused'Listening'
Ac8vi8es(for(content(reconstruc8on(
' Students'can'
' Students'take'
' notes'in'order'to:'
' !Reconstruct(Content(
Create/correct/complete'a'summary.'

Paraphrase'in'an'oral'presenta%on.' !Manipulate'Content'
Follow'the'instruc%ons'they'hear.'

Create'comprehension'ques%ons.' !Respond'to'Content'
Answer'comprehension'ques%ons.'
'
 MeaningQFocused'Listening'
Ac8vi8es(for(content(manipula8on(
' Students'can'
' Students'listen''
' in'order'to:'
' !Reconstruct'Content'
Put'pieces'in'order.'
Match'theme'%tles'to'parts.'
!Manipulate(Content(
Tell'it'back'in'reverse'order.'
Finish'or'change'the'story.'
!Respond'to'Content'
Compare'content'in'a'jigsaw'ac%vity.'
'
Examples'for'manipula%ng'content'''''
Finding'themes:'
Sequencing:' '
Raise(your(hand(when(
Write'numbers'to'put'these' MaH(CuHs(switches(
challenges'in'order'as'you' from(describing(to(
hear'them:'' giving(advice.(
[''']'Eat'no'sugar' '

[''']'Take'daily'pictures'
Jigsaw'ac%vity:'
[''']'Write'a'novel'
[''']'Stop'watching'the'news'
[''']'Bike'to'work'
 MeaningQFocused'Listening'
Ac8vi8es(for(responding(to(content(
' Students'can'
' Students'listen''
in'order'to:'
'
Share'ini%al'reac%ons.' !Reconstruct'Content'
Compare'to'personal'experience.'
Evaluate,'discuss'or'debate''the'
speakers'opinion.'
!Manipulate'Content'
Answer'ques%ons'leY'open'by'speaker.'
Play'the'role'of'the'speaker.'' !Respond(to(Content(
Create'related'interview'ques%ons.'
 Response'ques%on'examples:'

Groups'discuss'aYer'listening:''
'
1. Does'MaP'CuPs'think'its'a'good'idea'to'try'new'
things?''How'do'you'know?'Can'you'think'of'
specic'words'or'phrases'that'showed'his'
opinion?'''
2. Was'MaP'CuPs'argument'convincing'for'you?''
Why'or'why'not?'''
3. Will'you'try'a'30Qday'challenge?''What'will'it'be?'
'
Balanced'Listening'Instruc%on'

LanguageQFocused' MeaningQFocused'
Listening' Listening''
' '

' '
FluencyQBuilding' Strategy5Building(
Listening' Listening(
 StrategyQBuilding'Listening'
Strategies'are..''
"Techniques'
eec%ve'listeners' Strategy'ac%vi%es'include'
use'in'challenging'
situa%ons.' !Predic%on/Planning'
"OYen'categorized'
as'cogni%ve,' !Monitoring'
metacogni%ve,'or'
socioQaec%ve.' !ProblemQsolving'
"Variable'from' !Collabora%on'
student'to'student'
and'from'ac%vity'to' '
ac%vity.'
(See'Vanderbilt'&'Goh,'2012)'
 StrategyQBuilding'Listening'
Suggested(ac8vi8es:( Strategies:'
Show'%tle'or'rst'few'
sentences,'then' !Predic8on/Planning(
Ss'predict'content.'
Ss'predict'structure.' !Monitoring'
Ss'predict'words'they'
will'hear.'' !ProblemQsolving'
Groups'discuss'and'
plan'HOW'they'will' !Collabora%on'
listen.''
 StrategyQBuilding'Listening'
Suggested(ac8vi8es:(
Strategies:'
Discuss'importance'of'
checking'understanding.' !Predic%on/Planning'
Students'use'hand'
signals'while'listening.' !Monitoring(
Teacher'pauses'video'for'
small'groups'to' !ProblemQsolving'
summarize,'evaluate'
comprehension,'ask'
each'other'ques%ons,'
plan'for'next'part.'
!Collabora%on'
 StrategyQBuilding'Listening'
Suggested(ac8vi8es:( Strategies:'
Students'list'comprehension'
challenges'and'possible'tools/
solu%ons'for'each,'eg:''
! Focus(on(key(words(
!Predic%on/Planning'
! Ignore(unknown(words(
! Use(context(
! Make(a(guess(+(verify( !Monitoring'
! Take(a(deep(breath,(forget(what(
you(missed,(and(hear(whats(being(
said(now(
'

Teacher'pauses'the'video'and'
!Problem5solving(
thinks'aloud'about'how'to'apply'
strategies.'
!Collabora%on'
Students'complete'reec%ve'
strategy'journals'aYer'listening.'
 StrategyQBuilding'Listening'
Suggested(ac8vi8es:(
Strategies:'
VandergriYs'process'
approach'(2004)''in'
groups:'' !Predic%on/Planning'
1. Planning/Predic%ng'
Stage' !Monitoring'
2. First'Verica%on'Stage'
3. Second'Verica%on' !ProblemQsolving'
Stage'
4. Final'Verica%on'Stage' !Collabora8on(
5. Reec%on'stage'
Balanced'Listening'Instruc%on'

LanguageQFocused' MeaningQFocused'
Listening' Listening''
' '

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Fluency5Building( StrategyQBuilding'
Listening( Listening'
 FluencyQBuilding'Listening'

Ac%vi%es:'' Listening(Fluency(=(The(ability(
to(hear(&(understand(without(
signicant(eort.(
!Graded'listening'

!Repeated'listening' FluencyQBuilding'Listening'='
learners'complete'an'easy'task,'
with'a''high'level'of'performance,'
!Supported'listening' (Na%on'&'Newton).'

!Topic/genre'ooding' Learners'receive'a'lot'of'
comprehensible'and'enjoyable'
!Independent'listening' input'(Renandya'&'Farrell).'
 FluencyQBuilding'Listening'
Graded(texts(for(uency'
Ac%vi%es:''
Students'listen'to'interes%ng'
texts'without'unknown'
!Graded(listening( vocabulary'or'grammar'
elements.'
!Repeated'listening'
Teacher'tells'stories.'
!Supported'listening' Students'listen'to'other'
students.'
!Topic/genre'ooding' Use'textbook'audio,'graded'
readers'CDs,'or'online'
!Independent'listening' recordings'for'a'lower'level.'
 FluencyQBuilding'Listening'
Repeated(listening(for(uency(
Ac%vi%es:'' Of'all'the'ways'to'make'
listening'easier,'repea%ng'is'the'
!Graded'listening' most'eec%ve'(Chang'&'Read).'
Many'of'the'ac%vi%es'already'
!Repeated(listening( described'involve'repe%%on.'
One'easy'way'to'add'a'thread'
of'uencyQbuilding'listening'to'
!Supported'listening' instruc%on'is'to'always'play'
recordings'one'more'%me'aYer'
!Topic/genre'ooding' other'ac%vi%es'are'nished,'
with'instruc%ons'to'just'listen'
and'enjoy.''
!Independent'listening' '
 FluencyQBuilding'Listening'
Supported(listening(for(uency'
Ac%vi%es:''
Students'receive'support'for'
comprehension'while'they'
!Graded'listening' listen.''

!Repeated'listening' Listen'while'reading'a'story.'

Listen'while'reading'
!Supported(listening( sub%tles.'
Listen'while'following'along'
!Topic/genre'ooding' with'pictures,'gestures,'or'
video.'
!Independent'listening'
 FluencyQBuilding'Listening'
Topic/genre(ooding(for(uency'
Topic/genre'ooding'for'uency'
Ac%vi%es:'' 'If'students'are'familiar'with'the'
'content'of'what'they'hear,'they'
!Graded'listening' are'likely'to'recognize'more'of'
the'vocabulary'and'be'able'to'
compensate'for'some'missed'
!Repeated'listening' informa%on.''
This'can'be'accomplished'via:'
!Supported'listening' Content'themes'sustained'
over'several'lessons.'
!Topic/genre(ooding( OnQgoing'audio/video'series.'
Focusing'on'topics'that'are'
!Independent'listening' familiar'to'students.'
 FluencyQBuilding'Listening'
Independent(listening(for(uency'
Ac%vi%es:'' Class'%me'is'limited,'but'
students'can'hear'a'greater'
!Graded'listening' quan%ty'of'easy,'interes%ng'
material'if'they'listen'
independently.''
!Repeated'listening'
Easy'and/or'mo%va%ng'material'
!Supported'listening' is'available'online'
Podcasts'
!Topic/genre'ooding' VOA'

!Independent(listening( Songs'and'videos'
Balanced'Listening'Instruc%on'

LanguageQFocused' MeaningQFocused'
Listening' Listening''
' '

' '
FluencyQBuilding' StrategyQBuilding'
Listening' Listening'
 Finding'Time'

Good'ac%vi%es''
Student'needs'
Instruc%onal'
Time'
 Finding'Time'
Integrate'(and'emphasize!)'listening'instruc%on'
when'teaching'other'skills'
Vocabulary'
Grammar'
Speaking'
Reading'
Wri%ng''
 References'
Chang,'A.'&'Read,'J.'(2006).''The'eects'of'listening'support'on'the'listening'
performance'of'EFL'learners.'TESOL(Quarterly,'40(2),'375Q397.''
Field,'J.'(2008).'Listening(in(the(language(classroom.'Cambridge,'UK:'New'
York,'Cambridge'University'Press.'
Lynch,'T.'(2009).'Teaching(Second(Language(Listening.'Oxford:'Oxford'
University'Press.''
Na%on,'I.S.P.'&'Newton,'J.'(2009).'Teaching(ESL/EFL(Listening(and(Speaking.''
New'York:'Routledge.''
Renandya,'W.''&'Farrell,'T.'(2010).'Teacher'the'tape'is'too'fast!'Extensive'
listening'in'ELT.''ELT'Journal,'65(1)'
Richards,'J.'(2005).'Second'thoughts'on'teaching'listening.'Regional'
LanguageCenter'Journal,'36(1),'85Q92.''
Rost,'M.'(2011).'Teaching(and(Researching(Listening((2nd'edn.).'Harlow:'
Pearson.''
VandergriY,'L.'(2004).'Listening'to'learn'or'learning'to'listen?'(Annual(Review(
of(Applied(Linguis>cs,'24(1),'3Q25.'''
VandergriY,'L.'&'Goh,'C.'(2012).'Teaching(and(Learning(Second(Language(
Listening:(Metacogni>on(in(Ac>on.'New'York:'Routledge'