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CLASS-X
BIOLOGY
Chapter : Transportation & Excretion
Assignment-3
1. What are the components of the transport system in human beings? What are the functions of
these components?
Ans. The components are:
(i) Heart (ii) Blood vessels (iii) Blood (iv) Lymph
Functions:
(i) Heart is a muscular organ which continuously pumps blood into the body through the
arteries.
(ii) Blood vessels: Artery, Vein, Capillaries.
Artery carry blood From heart to body
Veins From body to heart
Capillaries From arteries to organs as arterioles
From organ to veins as venules
(iii) Blood is connective tissue which carries RBC, WBC & platelets in the fluid medium called
plasma. It transports oxygen, food, CO2, waste and hormones in the body.
(iv) Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine and drains excess fluid from extra
cellular space back into blood. Lymph is similar to plasma of blood and it is colourless and
contains less protein.
2. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds?
Ans. It is necessary to allow a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body as birds & mammals use
this energy to maintain their body temperature.
3. What are the components of the transport system in highly organised plants?
Ans. Transport system in plants consists of xylem & phloem tissues which together are called vascular
tissue. Components of xylem are
trachieds, vessels, xylem parenchyma, and xylem fibres.
Components of phloem are:
(i) Sieve tubes (ii) Companion cells
(iii) Phloem parenchyma (iv) Phloem fibres
4. How are water and minerals transported in plants?
Ans. Xylem tissue carries water and minerals in the plant (from in plants pg. 108, last para till pushed
upwards pg. 109).
However this pressure by itself is not enough to move water to great heights in plants/trees. So
plants use another strategy to move water to highest point in plants. Pg. 109 (2nd para, fourth line
....... from evaporation till leaves of the next para).
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5. How is food transported in plants?
Ans. The transport of soluble product of photosynthesis is called Translocation. It occurs in the plant
tissue called phloem. The translocation of food, amino acids it takes place in the sieve tubes with
the help of adjacent companion cells both in upward and downward direction. Translocation in
phloem is achieved by utilising energy.
Extra Questions
6. What is plasma? What is its function?
Ans. Blood consists of a fluid medium called plasma in which the cells are suspended.
Function: Plasma transports food, carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes in the dissolved form.
7. What is the importance of capillaries?
Ans. Capillaries are one celled thick tubes that carry the oxygenated blood from arteries to the cells
and carry away deoxygenated blood from cells to the veins. Exchange of materials between blood
and the surroundings take place in capillaries.
8. Why is human heart separated into left and right halves? What is this separating structure called?
Ans. The human heart is separated into left and right halves to ensure that deoxygenated and oxygenated
blood do not mix. The separating structure is called septum.
9. What is double circulation? In which type of organism it is formed? How is it different in the
fishes?
Ans. The circulation of blood passing through the heart twice during each cycle is called double
circulation. Once the heart receives the deoxygenated and next it receives the oxygenated blood.
It is found in vertebrate except Pisces. In fishes blood goes only once through the heart during
each cycle of passage of blood through the body.
10. Why do amphibians and reptiles have 3 chambered heart?
Ans. Amphibians and reptiles do not use energy for maintaining their body temperature. So, they
have three chambered heart and tolerate some mixing of the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
11. Discuss the role of:
(i) RBC- Contain haemoglobin which binds with oxygen.
(ii) WBC- Acts as soldiers of the body as it fights against germs that may enter our body.
(iii) Platelets- Help in the clotting of blood.
12. Define transpiration. State its two functions.
Ans. Transpiration: The loss of water in the form of water vapour from the aerial parts of the plant is
known as transpiration.
Function:
(i) Helps in absorption and upward movement of water & minerals from roots to leaves.
(ii) It helps in temperature regulation.
13. Differentiate between arteries and veins.
Arteries Veins
i. Carry oxygenated blood from heart i.
Carry deoxygenated blood from cells
to cells of the body. of the body to heart.
ii. Are thick walled. ii. Are thin walled.
iii. Have no valves in them. iii. Have valves to ensure unidirectional
flow of blood.
iv. Blood passes though them in high iv. Blood moves slower and in less
pressure and fast. pressure.
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14. Differentiate between xylem & phloem.
Xylem Phloem
i. Carry water + minerals in upward i. Carry food in all directions.
direction.
ii. Composed of trachieds, vessels, and ii. Composed of companion cells, sieve
xylem parenchyma, xylem tubes, phloem parenchyma, phloem
sclerenchyma. sclerenchyma.
iii. Generally have deed cells. iii. Many cells are living.
iv. Formed towards + lower part of iv. Move towards surface of the stem.
stem.
Excretion
Extra Questions:
1. Define excretion.
Ans. The biological process involved in the removal of harmful metabolic wastes from the body is
called excretion.
2. Which artery brings blood to the kidneys?
Ans. Renal artery.
3. Which part of the nephron acts as a filter?
Ans. Glomerulus.
4. State two vital functions of human kidney?
Ans. Filters the blood.
Maintain a balance between water & electrolytes.
5. Name two waste products that are stored in plants.
Ans. (i) resins (ii) gum
6. Name one gaseous waste and two nitrogenous wastes in our body.
Ans. Gaseous waste: CO2
Nitrogenous waste: Urea, uric acid
7. Define dialysis. Which type of patients are part under dialysis. Which particular step in the functions
of kidney is not carried out during dialysis?
Ans. Dialysis: The process in which an artificial kidney is used to remove nitrogenous wastes from the
blood in called dialysis.
Patients who suffer kidney failure are part under dialysis.
Tubular reabsorption does not take place in the process of dialysis.
8. What is the functional unit of kidney?
Ans. Nephron
9. What happens to the glucose that enters along with filtrate in the nephron?
Ans. Glucose is reabsorbed (selectively) in the tube.
NCERT Question
10. Describe the structure and function of kidney nephrons.
Ans. Structure
The structure of nephron is divided into three parts:-
(i) A cluster of thin walled blood capillaries called glomerulus.
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 (ii) This cluster of capillaries are associated with a cup shaped structure called Bowmans capsule
which is double walled.
(iii) The nephron consists of a long coiled tubule which is further divided into proximal tubule,
loop of Henle and distal tubule
Function
(i) Filtration: Filtration of the blood takes place in Bowmans capsule from the capillaries of
glomerulus.
(ii) Reabsorption: Useful substances such as glucose, amino acid, salts and water are selectively
reabsorbed into the blood by capillaries surrounding the nephron tubule.
(iii) Tubular secretion: Harmful substances are secreted from capillary blood into the lumen of
distal tubule which is called tubular secretion.
11. What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products ?
Ans. The following are the methods used by plants to get rid of the wastes.
(i) Release gaseous wastes through stomata.
(ii) Sometimes they shed leaves and bark of tree which contain wastes.
(iii) Plants secrete wastes in their body in the form of resins & gums.
(iv) Some wastes are excreted through roots into soil around them.
(v) Water is transpired out by stomata.
12. How is amount of urine produced regulated?
Ans. The amount of urine produced depends upon:
(i) How much excess of water there is in the body as well as dissolved wastes that has to be
excreted.
(ii) ADH i.e., anti diuretic hormone also regulates the amount of urine produced.
Important Diagrams
Figure 6.1 Page 96
6.3 97
6.5 98
6.6 99
6.9 104
6.10 106
6.11 106
6.13 110
6.14 111