Course OWJ103102

WCDMA Radio Resource

Management

ISSUE 1.1
OWJ103102 WCDMA Radio Resource Management ISSUE1.1 Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Abbreviations................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction...................................................................................................................................... 3
Chapter 1 Basics of WCDMA.......................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Radio Access Technologies.................................................................................................. 4
1.2 The UMTS Architecture and the RRM..................................................................................4
1.3 Quality of Service................................................................................................................. 5
Chapter 2 RAB Mapping.................................................................................................................. 8
2.1 The Radio Channel Structure...............................................................................................8
2.2 Channel Configuration........................................................................................................ 10
2.2.1 RLC mode................................................................................................................ 10
2.2.2 Channel Type........................................................................................................... 11
2.2.3 Error Ratio................................................................................................................ 11
Chapter 3 Power Control............................................................................................................... 12
3.1 Open Loop Power Control.................................................................................................. 12
3.1.1 RACH initial power................................................................................................... 13
3.1.2 DL DPCH initial power setting..................................................................................13
3.2 Close Loop Power Control................................................................................................. 13
Chapter 4 Handover....................................................................................................................... 15
4.1 Handover Flow................................................................................................................... 15
4.2 Soft Handover.................................................................................................................... 15
4.3 Intra-freq Hard Handover................................................................................................... 17
4.4 Inter-RAT Handover........................................................................................................... 17
Chapter 5 Cell Selection and Reselection...................................................................................18
Chapter 6 Best Effort Service Control......................................................................................... 19
Chapter 7 Load Management.......................................................................................................... 22

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OWJ103102 WCDMA Radio Resource Management ISSUE1.1 Introduction

Abbreviations
RRM: Radio Resource Management
WCDMA: Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
SHO: Soft Handover
UE: User Equipment
RNC: Radio Network Controller
CN: Core Network
RAN: Radio Access Network
QoS: Quality of Service
BE: Best Effort
RRC: Radio Resource Control (layer)
RAB: Radio Access Bearer
RB: Radio Bearer
RLC: Radio Link Control
MAC: Media Access Control
PHY: Physical layer
BMC: Broadcast and Multi-cast Control
PDCP: Packet Data Convergence Protocol
CCCH: Common Control Channel
DCCH: Dedicated Control Channel
CTCH: Common Traffic Channel
DTCH: Dedicated Traffic Channel
BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel
PCCH: Paging Control Channel
TrCH: Transport Channel
DCH: Dedicated Channel
CCH: Common Channel
RACH: Random Access Channel
FACH: Forward Access Channel
PCH: Paging Channel
BCH: Broadcast Channel
DPCH: Dedicated Physical Channel

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OWJ103102 WCDMA Radio Resource Management ISSUE1.1 Abbreviations

DPCCH: Dedicated Physical Control Channel

DPDCH: Dedicated Physical Data Channel
CPICH: Common Pilot Channel
PCCPCH: Primary Common Control Physical Channel
SCCPCH: Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
SCH : Synchronization Channel
AICH: Acquisition Indicator Channel
PICH: Paging Indication Channel
PC: Power Control
OLPC: Outer Loop Power Control
ILPC: Inner Loop Power Control
TPC: Transmitting Power Control
TX: Transmitter
RX: Receiver
DCCC: Dynamical Channel Configuration Control
TVM: Traffic Volume Measurement
TCP: Transmitted Code Power

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OWJ103102 WCDMA Radio Resource Management ISSUE1.1 Introduction

Introduction
This document gives detailed introduction of Radio Resource Management (RRM)
algorithms.
At first, some basic concept of WCDMA is introduced as the basis of the RRM.

Following that is the RRM descriptions. The RRM includes channel allocation, power
control, handover, cell selection and reselection, best service control, and load
management. These algorithms will be described in separate sections.

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OWJ103102 WCDMA Radio Resource Management ISSUE1.1 Chapter 1 Basics of WCDMA

Chapter 1 Basics of WCDMA

1.1 Radio Access Technologies

Traditional radio access technologies include TDMA and FDMA technologies.
TDMA system identifies users in time space and FDMA in frequency space.

While in CDMA system, the 3rd space, code-space is introduced. Users are identified
by different codes. That means all active users will transmit power in the whole
frequency band and at all the time. The CDMA technology can utilize the user
inactivity to improve the system capacity. But meantime in CDMA system every user
will cause interference to other users all the time and in the whole band. So its very
important to control the transmitting power as just enough.

In CDMA system, the concept of soft capacity is introduced. In CDMA system, the
system capacity is not hard limited anymore. The capacity is mainly limited by the
interference. As the interference (e.g. from neighboring cells) fluctuates, the cell
capacity will also vary too. This introduces new topics to control the interference, i.e.
the load carefully.

The introduction of orthogonal codes and high chip rate makes the CDMA system is
capable of combine multi-path figures to improve the link performance. And also it
makes the mobile capable of combine signals from different base stations. The softer-
handover (SHO) is included then. With soft handover, the user can connect to more
than one access point, and this can improve the connection quality greatly. On the
other hand, SHO is helpful to decrease the interference since it can connect to cells
with good signal strength (though not the best one) instead of just cause interference
to or suffering interference from these cells.

1.2 The UMTS Architecture and the RRM

Basically, the UMTS system can be divided as the following figure, including 4 parts:
UE, NodeB, RNC and Core Network. Also the RNC, NodeB and the UE access part
together consist of the RAN.

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U C
E N

R
A R
N R N
R C
M
N
o
d
e
B

Figure 1.1 RRM in UMTS

The RRM function is used to improve the utilization of the radio resource and
guarantee the service quality on air interface.

The RRM functions are divided into RAN entities as show in figure 1. Currently, the
main RRM functions are physically located in RNC.

1.3 Quality of Service

The QoS architecture in WCDMA system is as below figure:

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OWJ103102 WCDMA Radio Resource Management ISSUE1.1 Chapter 1 Basics of WCDMA

Figure 1.2 QoS architecture

In the QoS hierarchical, the UTRAN provide the RAB as service to the UMTS bearer
service and E2E services.

In 3G system, therere 4 service classes, the characteristics are as the following table.

Table 2.1 QoS classes in WCDMA system.

Traffic classes Conversational Streaming Interactive Background

Fundamental Preserve time Preserve time Request response Destination is not

characteristics relation (variation) relation (variation) pattern Preserve expecting the data
between between data integrity within a certain time
information entities information entities Preserve data
of the stream of the stream integirity
Conversational
pattern (stringent,
low delay)
Example of Voice, Streaming Web Browsing, Background
application Videotelephony, multimedia Network games download of emails
Video games

For conversational service, the time-delay and delay variance are the most important
requirement, while it has no much error ratio requirement.

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The streaming service almost has the same requirement as conversational service.
The only difference is the streaming can bear longer time delay.

Both interactive and background service has very high requirement on error-ratio
performance. Their time delay requirement is much longer than RT services
(conversational and streaming), furthermore, the interactive service time delay
requirement is higher than background class. The interactive and background service
together is called BE (Best Effort) service.

Comparing with fore-going wireless systems, multiple service class support is one of
the most important characteristics of 3G system. The 3G system must be able to
satisfy all kinds of QoS requirement. At the same time, the different QoS requirements
can also be utilized to improve the system capacity and performance. For example,
since BE service has no much time-delay requirement their traffic can be delayed
when the radio resource is no enough. This will not degrade the QoS while can
service more RT services.

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OWJ103102 WCDMA Radio Resource Management ISSUE1.1 Chapter 1 Basics of WCDMA

Chapter 2 RAB Mapping

As shown in Error: Reference source not found-1, the radio access network provides
the service of RAB to higher layer to bearing the service traffics. To provide the
service satisfying quality requirements, the RAN needs to setup the appropriate radio
channels to bearing the service. This function is RAB Mapping.

2.1 The Radio Channel Structure

On the air interface, the protocol layer structure is as the following figure:

C -plane signalling U -plane information

GC Nt DC

D up li catio n avoi dance

GC Nt DC
Uu S b ou n dary
L3
co ntr ol
R RC

P DCP
PDC P L2 /P DC P
co ntr o l

co nt rol
contr ol
co n tr ol

BM C L 2/BM C

R LC RL C L 2 /R LC
R LC R LC
RL C RL C
RL C RLC

Lo g ical
Chann els

M AC L 2 /M AC
T ran sp o r t
C h an nels
PH Y L1

Figure 1.3 the air interface protocol layers

As in the above figure, the air interface protocol layers includes: Physical layer (PHY),
MAC sub-layer, RLC sub-layer, and RRC layer. (Also therere other L2 sub-layers,
PDCP and BMC, since they has no relationship with radio channel type definition, so
we will not discuss them here).

Based on the protocol layers, the radio channel hierarchical is defined. The channel
between MAC and PHY is transport channel, channel between RLC and MAC is
defined as logical channel, and the channel below the physical layer, or between UE
and NodeB physical layers is physical channel.

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The logical channels can be divided as common channel and dedicated channel. The
common channel can be used by any user, while the dedicated channel belongs to a
specific user.
According to the bearing data type, the logical channel can also be divided into
control channel and traffic channel. The former one is used to carry control
information and the later one is used for traffic data.
Summarizing the two divisions, therere 4 types of logical channel: common control
channel (CCCH), common traffic channel (CTCH), dedicated control channel (DCCH)
and dedicated traffic channel (DTCH). The common logical control includes broadcast
control channel (BCCH) and paging control channel (PCCH).

The transport channel is used by MAC to transport data to physical layer with the
appointed channel configurations and quality protections. Transport channel can also
be divided into 2 types, dedicated channel (DCH) and common channel (CCH). The
common transport channel further includes, random access channel (RACH), forward
access channel (FACH), broad-cast channel (BCH), paging channel (PCH),

The mapping of logical channel onto transport channel is as the following figure:

Logical Channels Transport Channels

Control Channel (CCH) Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) BCH/FACH

Paging Control Channel (PCCH) PCH

Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) RACH/FACH/DCH

Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
Common Control Channel (CCCH) RACH/FACH

Traffic Channel (TCH) Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) DCH/RACH/FACH

Common Traffic Channel (CTCH) FACH

Figure 1.4 logical channel and transport channel mapping

The physical channel is the connection between physical layers. The mapping of
transport channel is as the following figure.

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OWJ103102 WCDMA Radio Resource Management ISSUE1.1 Chapter 1 Basics of WCDMA

Transport Channels Physical Channels

DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)

Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)

RACH Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

BCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)

FACH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)

PCH Synchronization Channel (SCH)

Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)

Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)

Figure 1.5 the mapping of transport channel onto physical channel

To define a channel, the RLC, MAC, PHY configuration as well as the logical channel,
transport channel, physical channel configurations must be set properly.

2.2 Channel Configuration

The channel configuration comprises too many parameters to be included here. In
this section well discuss only some important parts.

2.2.1 RLC mode

The RLC include 3 modes, AM, UM and TM mode.

The AM mode requires acknowledgement from the receiver side to make sure the
data is correctly received. The ARQ mechanism is used here to improve the error-
ratio performance.
UM mode is different, it doesnt require ACK. It just segment the data and to form the
RLC PDU to transmit out.
In TM mode, RLC does nothing more than just relay the data.

For data service and some very important service, the RLC mode is used to provide
high reliability transmission. On the other hand, due to retransmission, some delay is
produced.

UM mode is usually used to carry some loss-able signaling.

The TM mode RLC can transmit data with shortest delay. Conversational service is
mapped on the TM mode RLC.

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2.2.2 Channel Type

Therere two type of transport channel (and physical channels), dedicated and
common one. The dedicated channel is exclusively occupied by one user, so it can
provide fast transmission, while loss the multiplex gain.
The common channel can be shared by users, so the resource utilization is higher.

Theres another significant difference between DCH and CCH: dedicated channel has
power control, the CCH has no. So the DCH is much more reliable than CCH.

Generally, the RT service and high bit-rate data should be mapped onto DCH, while
the low rate data and some signaling connections can be mapped onto the CCH.

2.2.3 Error Ratio

Error protection includes the ARQ provided by RLC, and other error-correction
mechanism in physical layer. For RT services, the quality provided by physical layer is
enough, so TM mode RLC can be used to save the transmission time. While for data
services, both mechanisms must be used to provide the very low error-ratio service.
However, its very important to set the appropriate error-ratio target for the physical
layer. In this progress, the trade-off between the delay and the radio resource must be
taken into consideration.

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Chapter 3 Power Control

As discussed in section 1.1, in CDMA system, due to the importance of interference
limitation, power control is very important to control the power at the just enough
level.

We know that to receive data correctly, the following requirement must be satisfied.

p rx ptx L
SIRreq Eq 1
I I

Here, p rx is received signal power, and p tx is transmitted power, L is pathloss

between receiver and transmitter. I is interference and SIRreq is the required
minimum signal quality to correctly decode the received data.

Basically, the power control is aim to control the transmitted power to make the
formula work as a equation rather than an un-equation.

Power control includes two forms: Close-loop power control and Open loop power
control. The open loop power control is the calculation of channel TX power without
any control loops. Its used to set the channel initial power. The close loop power
control use a adaptive control loop to control the TX power works at the just enough
level for the target quality requirement.

The close-loop power control further comprise of two parts: inner-loop power control
and outer-loop power control. The OLPC measure the received data block error ratio
(BLER), comparing with the target BLER requirement, and based on the comparison
to adjust the target SIR value that is the reference of ILPC. In ILPC, the receiver
measures the received SIR value and compares it with the target SIR set by OLPC. If
the measured SIR value is higher than the target, that means the signal is too good,
the receiver will transmit a TPC (transmitting power control) command to the
transmitter to lower the transmitting power, vise versa, if the measured SIR is poorer
than the target one, the negative TPC command will be sent to increase the
transmitting power. In WCDMA system, the 1.5k TPC command can be sent in very
second.

3.1 Open Loop Power Control

In open loop power control, the transmitting side estimates the channel initial power
according to the quality requirement and the interference level.
Its used for both common channel and dedicated channels.

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3.1.1 RACH initial power

For the common channel, the open loop power control mechanism is used mainly on
RACH and the power calculation is done in mobile according to parameters
broadcasted by the network.

When mobile want to initial a random access to the network, at first it needs to listen
to the broad cast channel and get the information such as, the required SIR for the
receiver (network side), the interference at the basestion and the downlink PICH
transmitting power. Then mobile measure the received PICH power level and
compare it to the broadcasted PICH TX power to get the estimation of path loss
between the mobile and the base station. Then according to the equation 1, the UE
can estimate its initial power setting.

3.1.2 DL DPCH initial power setting

When setup the dedicated channel for a UE, the downlink channel should be
estimated.
Before setup the DCH, the UE reported the measured downlink PICH Ec/Io. Based on
the report, the network can estimate the DL DPCH initial power as the following
equation:

P b
E
I0

R PCPICH
W Ec
a Ptotal

Eq 2
I 0
CPICH

3.2 Close Loop Power Control

The close loop power control is show in the figure below.

Data
Transmitte Receive Blocks BLER Meas
r r

+1/-1d SIR
B estimate
TPC cmd: +1/-1 SIRtarge BLERtarget
decod Compare Comparing
t
e

Inner Loop Outer Loop

Figure 1.6 the close loop power control

As shown in this figure, the close loop power control includes two loops.

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The inner loop adjusts the transmitting power based on the comparison between the
received SIR and the target SIR set by OLPC.
The OLPC adjusts the target SIR for ILPC based the comparison between the
measured BLER and the target BLER value.

For UL and DL, the close loop function entities location is different, as show in Error:
Reference source not found and 3-2

Uu interface SIRtarget

User data
U Signal N R
E o N
TPC cmd
d Iub InterfaceC
e
UL ILPC
B UL OLPC

UL power control

Figure 1.7 UL close loop power control

UE User data

SIRtarget
Uu
DL OLPC
Signal N
o
TPC cmd
d
e
DL ILPC
B

DL PC

Figure 1, DL close loop power control

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Chapter 4 Handover
As described in section 2, soft handover is one of the most important characteristics
of CDMA system. Besides the SHO, WCDMA system also use hard handover to turn
over the UE to inter-freq or inter-RAT system.

4.1 Handover Flow

The handover flow is as the following figure:

1. HO measurement
report control

2. Measurement and
filtering

3. Measurement
report

4. Handover decision

5. Handover
execution
Figure 1.8 handover work flow

1. When a dedicated connection setup up between the UE and the network, the
network will initiate the handover measurement, and command the UE to monitoring
neighboring cells.
2. Once receipt of the measurement control messages, the UE start to
measurement the specified target neighboring cells, and comparing the measurement
with the report criteria.
3. If any target cell measurement satisfied the report criteria, the UE send the
report to network, with the target cells information.
4. Received the measurement report, the network make handover decision based
on the report information.
5. If the handover is decided, network initiates the procedures to handover the UE
to target cell.

4.2 Soft Handover

When handover to intra-freq neighboring cells, the soft handover procedure will be
proceed. With SHO, the mobile can connect to more than one cell simultaneously. In
SHO state, i.e. UE connection to 2 or more cells, the UE can combine the DL signals

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with maximum likelihood combination method, while in the UL the network combines
the data streams by select the best data blocks.

In SHO state, if the connected cells are in a same one NodeB, it is called softer
handover. In softer handover state, since the NodeB can also combine signals to
different cells with MRB method.

The soft handover procedure is different with hard handover. In traditional hard
handover, each handover procedure includes a addition of new branch and a deletion
of the old branch. While for SHO, a handover procedure might include only an
addition, or a deletion or a replace (same as hard handover, with both addition and
deletion) action.

Figure 1.9 Soft Handover

In figure 4-2 shows the soft handover procedure.

At first the UE connected with cell#1 whose signal is best. Then as UE moving, the
relative signal qualities are changed. The cell#2 gets better and better and goes into
the soft-handover range (defined by the threshold: AS_Th1, hysteresis:
AS_Th_Hyst1, and the timer to trigger the measurement report: T1), then
measurement report initiated by the UE to report this event (Event A). Received the
report, the network add the new branch to cell#2.

The UE keep on moving, and the cell#3 quality gets better than the cell#2, then the
replace happens. The old brand of cell#2 is deleted and at the same time branch of
cell#3 is added.

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The last event in the figure illustrated the branch deletion action. When the cell #2
gets so worse and falls out of the range, that means the branch can has no help to
the connection anymore. Then the branch of cell#2 is deleted.

4.3 Intra-freq Hard Handover

Sometimes even when UE moves between cells with same frequency, the hard
handover instead of soft handover is needed.
1. When UE handover between RNC where no Iur interface available.
2. For high bit-rate data service, to save the NodeB hardware resource, the hard
handover is used. Doing so, only one copy of hardware resource is needed.

4.4 Inter-RAT Handover

When UE move out of 3G coverage, the UE can be handover to 2G networks, such
as GSM network.

The Inter-RAT handover can also be used to handover specific service load to 2G
system. For example, speech service can be handover to 2G system even in areas
where 3G signal is not too bad.

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Chapter 5 Cell Selection and Reselection

There are 2 criteria for cell section and reselection, R criteria and S criteria.

In cell selection procedure, the S criteria is proceed. I.e. in cell selection, the target
cell signal strength must be higher than a minimum requirement and also the cell
signal quality must be higher than a minimum requirement.
Shortly, S criteria requires the both the signal level and quality are good enough.

While in cell reselection procedure, the target cell quality should be much better than
the current camping cell for a certain of time. Also in this procedure, some offset can
be applied between cells to affect UE reselection behavior as the operators wish. For
example, for high loaded cell, we may not like too many mobiles camp on, then we
can set the offsets between the cell and its neighboring cell to make mobiles will more
likely to camp onto the neighboring cells.

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Chapter 6 Best Effort Service Control

As described in section 2, the interactive and background service together is called
Best Effort service. That means its not mandatory for the network to transmit the data
always with the highest bandwidth. The service data could be only tried when theres
free capacity.

In best effort service, therere 3 features. Dynamical channel configuration control,

link quality monitoring and UE state transition.

1. Dynamical Channel Configuration Control (TVM based DCCC)

The dynamical channel configuration control can adjust the channel bandwidth based
on the source data rate. We know that one of characteristics of the data service is
bursty. So if we can adjust the bandwidth dynamically according to the source traffic
status, the radio resource utilization can be improved greatly.

Configured bandwidth is fixed when no DCCC

Rate Configured bandwidth is changing when DCCC
Source traffic data rate

Figure 1.10 DCCC (based on traffic volume measurement)

As shown in figure 6-1, the red solid curve is the source data rate. Its varying as time
being. The black solid line is the channel bandwidth should be allocated for the
service if theres no DCCC algorithm. And the blue dashed curve is the bandwidth
allocated under the control of DCCC. We can see the big resource utilization
difference in the figure.

2. Link Quality Monitoring (TCP based DCCC)

As shown in the following figure, possibly at the beginning of 3G deployment only low
data rate can be supported through the whole coverage area as well as the speech
service. for high data rate service, such as 384kbps, it can only be supported in the
center of cell.

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128/384k coverage

64k data coverage

12.2k voice coverage

Figure 1.11 Figure 2, the data rate coverage

When the mobile with active high bit rate data service moves from the center to the
border of the cell, the high bit rate can not be supported anymore. To avoid the
connection be dropped, the bit rate should be lowered. The network monitor the
downlink channel transmitting power, if the power reaches the up-limit, it indicates
that the user reaches the border of the current bit rate coverage area. Then the
network initiates the channel reconfiguration procedure to down grad the data bit rate.

3. UE RRC State Transition

Therere 5 UE state in WCDMA system, IDEL, CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH, URA_PCH,

and CELL_DCH states.

In idle mode, the UE has no RRC connection with the network.

In CEL_FACH, the UE has the RRC connection on the common channel (ul: RACH,
dl: FACH). In this state, the UE needs to listen to the downlink FACH.

In CELL_PCH, the UE has RRC connection with the network but dont need to listen
to the FACH. Whenever the UE changed the camping cell, it should update its
location information to the network.

URA_PCH state is similar with CELL_PCH. The only difference is the location update
happens only when URA changed, so more power can be saved.

In CELL_DCH state, the UE has a dedicated connection with the network, high bit
rate data can be transported.

To improve the radio resource utilization and save the UE battery power, the UE state
is changed according the connection activities.

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When UE has high bit rate data of CS service, the UE is in DCH state. While for users
only has low bit rate data service or without service, the UE could be transferred to
the CELL_FACH state.

For UE in CELL_FACH state, if theres no traffic for a certain of time, the UE state can
be transferred into CELL_PCH to save the power. Furthermore, in CELL_PCH if the
location update is too often, the state can be changed into URA_PCH where only the
URA changed the location update would happen. This can further reduce the power
consuming.

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Chapter 7 Load Management

[Please see the Load Control ]

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