Angular stuff

Position vector in polar coordinates

r = r0(i cos + j sin ) r

i cos + j sin is a unit vector in the direction of r

r = (i sin + j cos )

= (i sin + j cos ) is a unit vector perpendicular to r

r = and = -r

Velocity vector

r=rr

r = v = rr+r r

for circular motion r = 0

= v = r = r

Acceleration vector

for circular motion

Angular momentum

Torque

Angular velocity

Angular acceleration

Work

W = d = dt

Conservation of angular momentum for a central force

Consider

J is conserved
Keplers laws

I
The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the foci.

(rearranging the expression for energy)

(use the following substitutions:)

(rearranging the expression for )

which is the equation for an ellipse in polar coordinates.

II
A line joining a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.

III
The squares of the orbital periods of planets are directly proportional to the cubes of the
semi-major axis of the orbits.

For a circle

For an ellipse

alpha = GmM