MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCE

ENGI 9605 Advanced Wastewater Treatment

Assignment #2 (Due on February 28th, 2011, 100 points)

1. A surface water treatment plant is being designed to process 50 mgd. The preliminary size of the
flocculation tank is 96.0 ft long, with a series of six baffled compartments to create an over-under
flow pattern. The tank width is 96.0 ft, and the water depth is 14.5 ft. Each of the six
compartments has a horizontal shaft supporting six paddle flocculators with four arms on which
to attach blades; the total number of units in the tank is 36. Up to five blades, each 15 ft by 0.5 ft,
can be attached on each arm at radii of 6.5 ft, 5.5 ft, 4.5 ft, 3.5 ft and 2.5 ft from the center line of
the shaft to the center of the blades. The maximum rotation of the flocculators, driven by
variable-speed drives, can provide a velocity of 2.5 fps at a radius of 6.5 ft (center of the outer
blade). What is the minimum number of blades needed on the flocculators for a velocity gradient
of 60 s-1? Assume a ratio of water velocity to paddle velocity of 0.3, Cd equal to 1.8, and a water
temperauter of 50 F so that the water density is 1.936 b-s2/ft4 and viscosity is 2.73510-5 b-s/ft2.
(30 points)

Solution:
j
nCd Ai 1 k 2N r
1
P
3 3 3 2
i
G
P 1
V
2

= 2.73510-5 b-s/ft2 and = 1.936 b-s2/ft4 at 50 F

1
2. Two rectangular clarifiers in paraller, each 30 ft long, 15 ft wide, and 10 ft deep, settle 0.40 mgd
following alum coagulation. The effluent channels have a total weir length of 60 ft. Calculate the
overflow rate, detention time, horizontal velocity of flow, and rate of flow over the outlet weir (in
gpd/ft) in each clarifier. (20 points)

Solution:
Q = 0.40 mgd/2 = 0.2 mgd

Q Q 0.2 106 gal / d

V0 444 gpd / ft 2
A LW 30 ft 15 ft
ts = H/V0 = tR = L/V
H 10 ft 7.48gal / ft 3 24hr / d
tR 4.04hr
V0 444 gpd / ft 2
L 30 ft
Vhorizontal 0.12 ft / min
tR 4.04hr 60 min/ hr
Weir loading = 0.4 106 gal/d
6667 gpd / ft
60 ft
3. The results from a jar test for coagulation of a turbid alkaline raw water are given in the table.
Each jar contained 1000ml of water. The aluminum sulphate solution used for chemical addition
had such strength that each millilitre of solution added to a jar of water produced a concentration
of 8.0 mg/l of aluminum sulphate. (a) Based on the jar test results, what is the most economical
dosage of aluminum sulphate in mg/l? (b) If another jar had been filled with freshly distilled
water and dosed with 5 ml of aluminum sulfate solution, what would have been the degree of
formation? (20 points)

Jar Aluminum Sulfate Solution (ml) Floc Formation

1 1 None
2 2 Smoky
3 3 Fair
4 4 Good
5 5 Good
6 6 Very heavy

Solution:
(a) ) Based on the jar test results, the most economical dosage of aluminum sulphate is that in Jar
4 with a dosage of 4ml * 8.0 mg/l per ml = 32 mg/l
(b) With distilled water, no floc formation occurs because of the lack of hardness and alkalinity
for the chemical reaction.

4. The water defined by the analysis given below is to be softened by excess-lime treatment. (a)
Sketch a meq/l bar graph of the untreated water. (b) Calculate the softening chemicals required.
(c) The practice limits of removal can be assumed to be 30 mg/l of CaCO3 and 10 mg/l of
Mg(OH)2, expressed as CaCO3. Draw a bar graph for the softened water after recarbonation and
filtration, assuming that 80% of the alkalinity is in the bicarbonate form. (30 points)

2
 CO2 = 8.8 mg/l Alk (HCO3-) = 135 mg/l
Ca2+ = 40.0 mg/l SO42- = 29.0 mg/l
Mg2+ = 14.7 mg/l Cl- = 17.8 mg/l
Na+ = 13.7mg/l

Solution: (a)
mg
8.8
CO 2 l 0.4 meq mg CaCO3
mg 135
all as HCO
l l meq
22.0
meq Alk 2.70 -
mg CaCO3 l
50.0
mg meq
40
2
Ca l 2.0 meq mg
mg l 29
20.0
SO 4 2 l 0.6 meq
meq mg
48 l
mg meq
14.7
2
Mg l 1.21 meq
mg mg
12.2 l 17.8
meq
Cl l 0.51 meq
mg l
mg 35.5
13.7 meq

Na l 0.60 meq
mg l
23.0
meq

0.40 0 2.00 3.21 3.81

2+ 2+ +
CO2 Ca Mg Na
HCO3- SO42- Cl-
0.40 0 2.70 3.30 3.81
(b) During the softening treatment,

Components meq/l Lime Soda ash Components after softening

before softening (meq/l) (meq/l)
CO2 0.40 0.40 0 CaCO3
Ca(HCO3)2 2.00 2.00 0 CaCO3
Mg(HCO3)2 0.70 1.40 0 CaCO3 and Mg (OH)2
MgSO4 0.51 0.51 0.51 Na2SO4, CaCO3 and Mg (OH)2
4.31 0.51

Therefore,

3
 meq mg CaO mg mg
Lime required = 4.31 28 35 156 CaO
l meq l l
meq mg Na 2CO3 mg
Soda ash required 0.51 53 27 Na 2CO3
l meq l

(c) The purpose of recarbonation is to remove excess lime and OH- in the system and convert
part of the CO32- into HCO3-.

Component before meq/l Component after recarbonation

recarbonation
Excess lime 35 mg/l = 1.25 meq/l removed as CaCO3
CaCO3 (dissolved) 30 mg/l (as CaCO3)/50 CaCO3 partial changed to Ca (HCO3)2
= 0.6 meq/l
Mg (OH)2 (dissolved) 10 mg/l (as CaCO3)/50 MgCO3 partial changed to Mg(HCO3)2
= 0.2 meq/l
Na2SO4 0.51 Na2SO4
Na+ 0.60 (previously exists in Na+
the system)
Cl- 0.51(previously exists in Cl-
the system)

Therefore, after the recarbonation treatment,

Component after meq/l Component after meq/l

recarbonation recarbonation
Ca2+ 0.6 CO32- 20% (0.6+0.2) = 0.16
Mg2+ 0.2 HCO3- 80% (0.6+0.2) = 0.64
Na+ 0.51+0.60=1.11 SO42- 0.6
Cl- 0.51

The bar graph as the recarbonation treatment is thus shown as:

0 0.60 0.80 1.91

2+ 2+
Ca Mg Na+
2- - 2-
CO3 HCO3 SO4 Cl-
0 0.16 0.82 1.40 1.91