Contents
1. INTRODUCTION
2. RIGHTPRISM
1. CUBOID
2. CUBE
3. CYLINDER
3. RIGHTPYRAMID
1. CONE
2. FRUSTUMOFACONE
3. CONSTRUCTINGACONEFROMTHESECTOROFACIRCLE
4. SPHERE
5. HEMISPHERE
Mensuration
1. INTRODUCTION
Mensurationisabranchofgeometrywherewestudymeasurementsoftheperimeter,areaand
volumeofgeometricalfiguresandsolidobjects.
Wehavecoveredmeasurementsofperimeterandareaoftwodimensionalfigureswhilelearningthe
conceptsoftriangles,quadrilateralsandcircles.Inthislesson,wewillfocusonthemeasurementsof
solidsorthreedimensionalobjects.
Asolidisaportionofspaceboundedbysurfaces,knownasfaces.Theintersectionofthesurfaces
giveslinesknownasedges.Theintersectionoftheedgesgivespointsknownasvertices.
REMEMBER:
InasolidwithFfaces,VverticesandEedges,accordingtoEulersrule:
F+V=E+2(ifV0andE0)
Forexample,
Foracube,F=6,V=8.UsingEulersrule,wecanfindthenumberofedgesasfollows.
6+8=E+2
E=12whichistrue.
Wewilldiscusstherelationsbetweenthesurfacearea,volumeanddiagonallengths.Ingeneral,
wewilldiscusstwotypesofsurfaceareasasfollows:
LateralSurfaceArea(LSA):Thesumoftheareasofallthevertical/lateralsurfaces
(excludingthetopandbottom)isknownasthelateralsurfaceareaofthesolid
TotalSurfaceArea(TSA):Thesumoftheareasofallsurfaces(includingthetopandbottom)
isknownasthetotalsurfaceareaofthesolid
TSA=LSA+Areaoftopandbottomsurfaces
Inthecaseofarectangularroom,theareaofthefourwallsistheLSA.Ifweaddtheareasof
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theroofandthefloortotheLSA,wegettheTSA.
2. RIGHTPRISM
Asolidinwhichthetopandbottomsurfacesareidenticalpolygonsandthelateral(vertical)surfaces
arerectangularinshapeandperpendiculartothetopandbottomsurfacesisknownasarightprism.In
arightprism,thecorrespondingsidesofthetopandbottompolygonsareparallel.
Arightprismwithatriangularbaseisshowninthediagram.
Ingeneral,therelationsapplicabletoallkindsofrightprismaregivenby:
LSA=Perimeterofbaseheight
TSA=LSA+2Areaofbase
Volume(V)=Areaofbaseheight
1. CUBOID
Arightprisminwhichallthesixsurfacesarerectangularinshapeisknownasacuboidora
rectangularparallelepiped.
Foracuboidwithbaselengthl,basebreadthbandheighth:
LSA=2(lh+bh)
TSA=2(lh+bh+lb)
Volume(V)=lbh
Example1:
Findthelateralsurfacearea,totalsurfacearea,volumeandbodydiagonalsofacuboidwith
dimensionsoflength,breadthandheightof5m,4mand3mrespectively.
Solution:
LSA=2(lh+bh)=2(53+43)=54m2
TSA=LSA+2lb=54+254=94m2
Volume(V)=lbh=543=60m3
Example2:
Asquaretinsheetofside12inchesisconvertedintoaboxwithopentopinthefollowingstepsthe
sheetisplacedhorizontally.Then,equalsizedsquares,eachofsidexinches,arecutfromthefour
cornersofthesheet.Finally,thefourresultingsidesarebentverticallyupwardsintheshapeofabox.
Ifxisaninteger,thenwhatvalueofxmaximizesthevolumeofthebox?
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[CAT2003ReTest]
(1)3 (2)4
(3)1 (4)2
Solution:
Whenthetinsheetiscutacrossitscornersasshowninthefigure,theboxformedwillhaveaheight
ofxinchesanditsbasewillbeasquareofside(122x)inches.
Letthevolumeofthebox,V=(122x)2x
=4x348x2+144x
i.e.12x296x+144=0
12(x6)(x2)=0
x=2orx=6
However,xcannotbe6asthelengthofthesideis(122x).
x=2
Hence,option4.
Alternatively,
SinceV=(122x)2x=[2(6x)]2x
=4x(6x)2,
Substitutingvaluesofxfrom1to5,wegetVmaximumwhenx=2(i.e.V=128)
Hence,option4.
Example3:
Thelength,breadthandheightofaroomareintheratio3:2:1.Ifthebreadthandheightarehalved
whilethelengthisdoubled,thenthetotalareaofthefourwallsoftheroomwill
[CAT2006]
(1)remainthesame
(2)decreaseby13.64%
(3)decreaseby15%
(4)decreaseby18.75%
(5)decreaseby30%
Solution:
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Lettheoriginallength,breadthandheightoftheroombe3x,2xandxrespectively.
Thenewlength,breadthandheightare6x,xandx/2respectively.
Areaoffourwalls=(2lengthheight)+(2breadthheight)
Originalareaoffourwalls=6x2+4x2=10x2
Newareaoffourwalls=6x2+x2=7x2
Areaofwalldecreasesby[(10x27x2)/10x2]100
=30%
Hence,option5.
2. CUBE
Arightprisminwhichallthesixsurfacesaresquareinshapeisknownasacube.Itisaspecialcase
ofthecuboid.
Foracubewithsidea:
LSA=4a2
TSA=6a2
Volume(V)=a3
Example4:
Threemetalcubesofbodydiagonalsaremeltedandrecastintoabiggercubeofbodydiagonal
withoutanylossofmetal.Findx.
Solution:
Letthesidesofthethreesmallercubesbea,bandc.Thenthebodydiagonalsofthesecubeswillbe
whicharegivenasHencea=6,b=8andc=10.
Sincethecubesarerecastwithoutanylossofmetal,thevolumeofthebiggercubewouldbesameas
thetotalofthevolumesoftheindividualcubes.
Now,sincethebodydiagonalofthebiggercubeis,itssidewillbexanditsvolume=x3
x3=a3+b3+c3
=63+83+103=216+512+1000=1728
x=12
Example5:
IfthelengthsofdiagonalsDF,AGandCEofthecubeshownintheadjoiningfigureareequaltothe
threesidesofatriangle,thentheradiusofthecirclecircumscribingthattrianglewillbe_______.
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[CAT2004]
(1)equaltothesideofthecube
(2)timesthesideofthecube
(3)
(4)impossibletofindfromthegiveninformation
Solution:
Letthesideofthecubebeaunits.
DF,AGandCEarebodydiagonalseachoflengthaunits.
Thetriangleisanequilateraltriangleofsideaunits.
Circumradiusofthisequilateraltriangle
Circumradius=sideofcube.
Hence,option1.
3. CYLINDER
Arightcircularcylinderisaspecialcaseoftherightprism.Thetopandbottomsurfacesareidentical
polygonswithinfinitenumberofsides,orarecircles.Itslateralsurfacesarecurvedhencetheconcept
ofLSAisreplacedbytheconceptofCSA(curvedsurfacearea).
Foracylinderwithheighthandradiusofbasecircler:
CSA=2rh
TSA=2rh+2r2
Volume(V)=r2h
Example6:
Arectangularsheet4cminlengthand6cminwidthcanbefoldedtomakeacylinderintwodifferent
ways.Findthecurvedsurfacearea,totalsurfaceareaandvolumeofboththecylinders.
Solution:
Refertothediagramsabove.
Incase(1),heighth1=6cmandcircumferenceofthebase=2(R1)=4,
Forcase(2),heighth2=4cmandcircumferenceofthebase=2(R2)=6,
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CSAofboththecylinders=areaofthegivenrectangularsheet=46=24cm2
TSAforcase(1)CSA+2(R1)2
TSAforcase(2)CSA+2(R2)2
Volumeforcase(1)(R1)2h1
Volumeforcase(2)(R2)2h2
Example7:
Fromacylinderofheight5cm,acylindricalringofthickness2cmisformedbyremovingtheinner
concentriccylindricalportion.Iftheradiusoftheremovedportionis3cm,findthetotalsurfacearea
andvolumeofthering.
Solution:
Acylindricalringofthickness2cmismadebyremovingacylinderofradius3cm.
i.e.theradiusoftheoriginalcylinderis(2+3)=5cm.
Alsoheightofthecylinder=5cm
Volumeofthering
=VoriginalcylinderVremovedcylinder
=(52)5(32)5
=80cm3
Surfaceareaofthering
=Lateralsurfaceareaoftheoriginalcylinder+Lateralsurfaceareaoftheremovedportion+2(Top
surfaceareaoftheoriginalcylinderTopsurfaceareaoftheremovedportionofthecylinder)
=(255)+(235)+2(5232)
=112cm2
Example8:
Thewaterfromaroof,9sq.metresinarea,flowsdowntoacylindricalcontainerof900cm2base.To
whatheightwillthewaterriseincylinderifthereisarainfallof0.1mm?
[SNAP2008]
(1)0.1cm (2)0.1metre
(3)0.11cm (4)1cm
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Solution:
Forconvenience,weconverttheareaoftherooftosq.cm.andtherainfalltocm.
Hence,option4.
3. RIGHTPYRAMID
Arightpyramidisasolidinwhich:
Thebottomsurface(i.e.base)isapolygon,eachvertexofwhichisjoinedwiththehelpofslanted
edgestoasinglevertexatthetop
Thelateral(slantedvertical)surfacesaretriangularinshape
Thelinejoiningthetopvertextothecentreofthepolygonwhichformsthebottomsurface(also
knownastheheight)isperpendiculartothebottomsurface
Intheabovefigure,arightpyramidwithasquarebaseisshown.
Ingeneral,therelationsapplicabletoalltherightpyramidsaregivenby:
TSA=LSA+Areaofbase
Example9:
Aregularpyramidhasasquarebasewithside10cmandaverticalheightof20cm.Iftheheight
increasesby10%ofitsoriginalvalueandthevolumeisconstant,thepercentagechangeinthesideof
thesquarebasewithrespecttoitsoriginalvalueisapproximately:
[JMET2010]
(1)+5% (2)+10%
(3)5% (4)10%
Solution:
Volumeofsquarepyramid
Originalbase=10cm
Originalheight=20cm
Newheight=22cm
Newbase=b
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Asvolumeremainsconstant,
b9.5
Percentagechangeinsideofbase
Hence,option3.
1. CONE
ARightCircularConeisaspecialcaseoftherightpyramid,inwhichthebottomsurfaceisapolygon
withaninfinitenumberofsidesacircle.ItslateralsurfacesarecurvedhencetheLSAgeneralizesto
theconceptofaCSA(curvedsurfacearea).
Thefigureaboveshowsarightcircularcone,withsomeimportantparametersmarked.
Foraconewithheighth,slantheightlandradiusofthebasecircler:
CSA=rl
TSA=rl+r2
Example10:
Findtheareaofcanvasrequiredtomakeaconicaltentofheight3mandbaseradius4m.
Solution:
Slantheightl==5m
Areaofcanvasrequired=CSAoftheabovecone=rl=45=20m2
Example11:
Whatistheareaofthecoppersheetrequiredtoprepareaconeofbaseradius30cmwiththeheight40
cm?
[FMS2009]
(1)7543cm2 (2)5146cm2
(3)5432cm2 (4)7246cm2
Solution:
Theareaofthecoppersheetrequiredtoprepareaconeofbaseradius30cmandheight40cmwillbe
equaltothetotalsurfaceareaofthecone.
TotalSurfaceareaofcone=r(r+l)
Wherelistheslantheightoftheconeandristheradiusofitsbase.
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Usingr=30andh=40,wegetl=50cm
Hence,option1.
2. FRUSTUMOFACONE
Iftheupperpartofthecone(thepartcontainingthetopvertex)iscutoffbyaplaneparalleltothe
base,theremainingpartoftheoriginalconeisknownasthefrustumofthecone.Theupperpartso
removedwillalsobeacone,similartotheoriginalcone.
IfthedimensionsoftheoriginalconeareR,HandLandthoseoftheremovedconearer,handl,we
canusethepropertyofsimilarity(asstudiedearlierfortriangles)tosaythattheratioofthe
correspondingdimensionsoftheconeswillbeequal.
Applyingthispropertyofsimilaritytotheconeinthefigureabove,weget
Theratioofthevolumesofthetwoconeswillbe
LetLfbetheslantheightofafrustumofaconeandHfbetheheightofthefrustumofthecone.{In
theabovecase,Lf=(Ll)andHf=(Hh)}Then,
REMEMBER:
IftheupperpartofthePyramid(thepartcontainingthetopvertex)iscutoffbyaplaneparallel
tothebase,theremainingpartoftheoriginalpyramidisknownasthefrustumofthepyramid.
IfLftheslantheightofafrustumofapyramid
Hftheheightofthefrustumofthepyramid
Pperimeterofthebottomsurfaceofthefrustumofthepyramid
pperimeterofthetopsurfaceofthefrustumofthepyramid
Abareaofthebottomsurfaceofthefrustumofthepyramid
Atareaofthetopsurfaceofthefrustumofthepyramid
Then,
Example12:
Findtheheightofabucketofvolume168squareinches,iftheradiiofthetopandbottomsurfacesare
6inchesand3inchesrespectively.
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Solution:
Abucketcanbemodelledasthefrustumofacone.Weusetheconceptofsimilarityoftheoriginal
coneandtheconeremovedtogetabucketlikeshape.
SincetheratiooftheradiiR/r=6/3=2/1,theratiooftheheightsH/hwillalsobeequalto2/1andthe
ratioofthevolumesV/vwillequal(2/1)3=8.
(Here,R,HandVcorrespondtothedimensionsoftheoriginalcone,andr,handvcorrespondtothe
dimensionsofthesmallerconeremovedtogetthebucket)
V/v=8meansthatthevolumeofthebucket
=(Vv)=(8vv)=7v
Hence,168=Volumeofthebucket
=7(1/3)(3)2h
h=8inches
Theheightofthebucket=(Hh)=(2hh)=h=8inches
Example13:
Achildconsumedanicecreamofinvertedrightcircularconicalshapefromthetopandleftonly
12.5%oftheconeforhermother.Iftheheightoftheicecreamconewas8cm,whatwastheheight
oftheremainingicecreamcone?
[JMET2010]
(1)2.5cm (2)3.0cm
(3)3.5cm (4)4.0cm
Solution:
Coneleftforthemotherafterthechildconsumes=12.5%=1/8
Now,thechangeinthevolumeofthecoinisproportionaltothecubeofchangeinheight.
Theheightoftheconethatisleft=originalheight(1/8)1/3=81/2=4
Hence,option4.
Example14:
Considerarightcircularconeofbaseradius4cmandheight10cm.Acylinderistobeplacedinside
theconewithoneoftheflatsurfacerestingonthebaseofthecone.Findthelargestpossibletotal
surfacearea(insq.cm)ofthecylinder.
[CAT2008]
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Solution:
Asshowninthefigure,ABCisthecrosssectionofaconeofheight10cmandradiusofbase4cm.
PQRSisthecrosssectionofacylinderwhichneedstobefittedinsidetheconesuchthatoneofthe
flatfacesofthecylinder(representedbyRS)coincideswiththebaseofthecone(representedbyBC).
ABDandPBRaresimilartriangles.
Totalsurfaceareaofthecylinder=S
DifferentiatingSwithrespecttor,weget,
tozero
Maximumtotalsurfaceareaofthecylinder
Hence,option1.
3. CONSTRUCTINGACONEFROMTHESECTOROFACIRCLE
IfwecutasectorofanglefromacircularpieceofpaperwithradiusRandtrytomakeaconeoutof
it,byjoiningthetworadii:
Thecentreofthecirclewillbecomethetopvertexofthecone
Theradiusoftheoriginalcirclewillbecometheslantheightofthecone
Thelengthofthearcofthesectorwillbecomethecircumferenceofthecircleatthebaseofthecone
So,forthecone:slantheightL=R,Circumferenceofthebasecircle2r=2R(/360).
Hence,r=R(/360)
Example15:
Findthevolumeoftheconeformedbyjoiningthetworadiiofasemicirclewhichhasradius14cm.
Solution:
Refertothefigureabove.
Slantheightofthecone,l=14cm(=radiusofthesector)
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4. SPHERE
Asphereisasolidforwhicheverypointonthesurfaceisatthesamedistancefromitscentre.The
distancefromthecentretoanypointonthesurfaceisknownasitsradius.
Foraspherewithradiusr:
CSA=TSA=4r2
Example16:
Eightsmallsolidsphericalmetalballsaremelted,andthismaterialiscastintoabiggersphericalball
withoutanylossofmetal.Findthepercentagechangeinthetotalsurfacearea.
Solution:
LettheradiusandvolumeofthesmallerballberandvandthoseofthebiggerballbeRandV
respectively.
Sincenometaliswasted,thetotalvolumeofthe8smallerballsmustequalthevolumeofthebigger
ball.
Thus,V=8v
4R3/3=84r3/3
R3=8r3i.e.R=2r
TheTSAoftheeightsmallerballs=84r2andtheTSAofthebiggerballis
4R2=4(2r)2=44r2.
Hence,wecanseethattheTSAofthebiggerballisreducedtohalfthatoftheoriginal8balls.
Thepercentagechangeisequalto50%(decrease).
Example17:
LetAandBbetwosolidspheressuchthatthesurfaceareaofBis300%higherthanthesurfacearea
ofA.ThevolumeofAisfoundtobek%lowerthanthevolumeofB.Thevalueofkmustbe
[CAT2003LeakedTest]
(1)85.5 (2)92.5
(3)90.5 (4)87.5
Solution:
Ratioofareasoftwospheres=s1:s2=4:1
Ratiooftheirradii=r1:r2=2:1
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Ratiooftheirvolumes=v1:v2=8:1
VolumeofAis12.5%(1/8th)ofthevolumeofB.
But,volumeofAisk%lessthanB.
k=(10012.5)=87.5%
Hence,option4.
5. HEMISPHERE
Ifasphereiscutintotwohalvessymmetrically,eitherofthepartsthusformediscalledahemisphere.
Forahemispherewithradiusr:
CSA=2r2
TSA=3r2
Example18:
Asphereiscutintotwohemispheresfindthechangeinthetotalsurfacearea.
Solution:
Totalsurfaceareaoftheoriginalsphere=4r2
Totalsurfaceareaofthetwohemispheres=2(3r2)=6r2
ThenewTSAis1.5timesthatoftheoriginal,hencethepercentagechangeisequalto50%(increase).
Example19:
Acylinder,aHemisphereandaconestandonthesamebaseandhavethesameheights.Theratioof
theareasoftheircurvedsurfaceis:
[IIFT2008]
(1)2:2:1
(4)Noneoftheabove
Solution:
SinceincaseofHemisphere,radiusissameasheight,itimpliesthattheheightforallthethree
shapesissame,i.e.equaltor.
Assumingthebaseradiustoberinallthethreecases,wethenhave,
Incaseofcylinder:Thecurvedsurfacearea
=2r2
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Incaseofhemisphere:Thecurvedsurfacearea
=2r2
Hence,option4.
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