DRUNG AFFECTING BLOOD
Classifica(on
‐ 1. Platelet inhibitors : aspirin, dipyridamole
‐ 2. AnCcoagulants : heparin, warfarin
‐ 3. ThrombolyCc agents : streptokinase, urokinase, alteplase.
‐ 4. Treatment of bleeding (coagulants ) : aminocaproic acid, fibrinogen, vit. K, protamine sulfate
(antagonist of heparin )
Forma(on of a clot
‐ Clot formaCon requires platelet acCvaCon & aggregaCon , followed by formaCon of thrombin.
‐ This serum protease catalyze the producCon of fibrin which when cross linked stabalized the clot.
1. Platelet aggrega9on inhibitors
‐ They ↓ the formaCon of the acCon of chemical signal that promote platelet aggregaCon .
(A) Aspirin
‐ Block thromboxane A₂ synthesis from arachidonic acid in platelets by irreversible inhibiCon of
cyclooxygenase enzyme in Prostaglandin & thromboxane A₂ synthesis.
‐ The inhibitory effect is rapid & last for the life of platelet nearly 7 to 10 days.
‐ Uses :
. aspirin is currently employed :
a. In the prophylacCc treatment of cerebral ischemia.
b.To reduce incidence of recurrent myocardial infarcCon.
c.To ↓ mortality in post myocardial infarcCon paCents.
(B) Dipyridamole
‐ ↑ intracell level of cAMP by inhibiCng cyclic nucleoCde phosphodiasterase.
‐ Inhibit thromboxane A₂ synthesis & may potenCate the effect of prostacyclin to antagonize platelet
sCckiness & so ↓ platelet adhesion to thrombogenic surfaces.
‐ Uses :
. as coronary vasodilator is employed to prophylacCcally for angina pectoris.
. usually given in combinaCon with aspirin.
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2. An9coagulants
(A) Heparin
‐ Is an injectable, rapidly acCng anCcoagulant that is o]en used acutely to interfere with the
formaCon of thrombi.
‐ Heparin acCng indirectly by binding to anCthrombin III to cause a rapid anCcoagulant effect.
‐ This complex inacCvates thrombin & inhibits the clot formaCon.
‐ Uses :
. is the major anCthromboCc drug for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis & pulmonary
embolism.
. it is an anCcoagulant of choice for treaCng pregnant women with venous thromboembolism,
because it does not cross the placenta.
‐ Adverse effect :
. bleeding complicaCon
. thrombocytopenia
.HypersensiCvity reacCon ( chills, fever, urCcaria or anaphylacCc shock)
. the effect may be managed by treaCng with protamine sulfate (antagonist of heparin).
(B) Walfarin
‐ Is now widely employed clinically as oral anCcoagulants.
‐ It inhibits the acCon of vit. K ( a cofactor in complete synthesis several of protein factors including
factor II, VII, IX & X ) by the liver.
‐ Unlike heparin, the anCcoagulant effects of walfarin are not observed unCl 8 to 12 hours a]er
administraCon.
‐ The anCcoagulant effect of walfarin can be overcome by the administraCon of vit. K.
‐ However, reversal by vit. K take nearly 24 hours.
‐ Adverse effect :
. bleeding disorder
. thrombocytopenia
. disease state ( hepaCc disease )
‐ ContraindicaCon :
. in pregnancy, because it is teratogenic & can cause aborCon.
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3. Thromboly9c drugs
(A) streptokinase
‐ Is an extracellular protein from culture broth of group C β‐hemolyCc streptococci.
‐ It has no enzymaCc acCvity, instead it forms an acCve 1: 1 complex with plaminogen which then
converts uncomplexed plaminogen to the acCve enzyme plasmin.
‐ Uses :
. acute pulmonary embolism
. deep venous thrombosis
. acute myocardial infarcCon
. arterial thrombosis
‐ Adverse effect :
. bleeding disorder
. hypersensiCvity
(B) Urokinase
‐ Is an enzyme capable of directly degrading both fibrin & fibrinogen.
‐ Was originally isolated from human urine, but now obtained from cultures for human fetal renal
cells.
‐ More expansive than streptokinase & is usually employed in paCents who sensiCve to streptokinase.
‐ Uses :
. like streptokinase, urokinase is effecCve in treaCng in severe pulmonary emboli & deep vein
thrombosis.
‐ Adverse effect :
. bleeding complicaCon
4. Treatment of bleeding
‐ Bleeding problem may have their origin in naturally occurring pathologic condiCon such as
hemophilia or as a result of fibrinolyCc states may arise a]er gastrointesCnal surgery.
‐ The use of anCcoagulants may also give use to hemorrhage.
(A) Aminocaproic acid
‐ Inhibits plasminogen acCvaCon.
‐ A potenCal side effect is intravascular embolism.
(B) Vitamin K
‐ A cofactor is complete synthesis several of the protein factor. ( II, VIII, IX, X) by the liver.
‐ The response of vit. K is slow (24 hours).
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