Relieving officer must read and sign the Master's "night order
book" and follow instructions detailed.
5(c). List three other reporting systems with which you are
familiar.
AUSREP
INSPIRES
MAREP
March,'96
For H-102 :-
Name of port.
General remarks.
Anchorages.
Pilotage.
Directions.
Tugs.
Wharves.
Cargo handling.
Cranes.
Repairs.
Rescue and distress.
Supplies.
Services.
Communications.
Port authority.
Small craft facilities.
Views
Following are the factors which make all routes indirect are
:-
As temperatures around the Red sea are very high, the altitudes of
a body can be affected by refraction as it depends upon
temperature and pressure of the atmosphere.
The stars should be well spread around the horizon, and hence, the
fix will be inside the cocked hat; otherwise, the position will be
outside the cocked hat.
5(a). (ii). List the sea areas designated by GMDSS and the means
of communication within each.
Sea Area A2 : excluding Sea Area A1, and within the range of
shore-based MF stations (150-200 nm); ships will carry VHF and MF
equipment, and a satellite EPIRB.
Sea Area A3 : excluding Sea Area A1 and A2, and within the
range of geo-stationary satellite (eg. INMARSAT), covering roughly
between 70 N and 70 S; ships will carry VHF, MF, a satellite EPIRB
and either HF or satellite communications equipment.
Sea Area A4 : excluding Sea Areas A1, A2 and A3, covers area
beyond INMARSAT range ie. greater than 70 N or 70 S (Arctic and
Antartic Ocean); ships will carry VHF, MF and HF equipment, and a
satellite EPIRB.
X Observed body
CI Calculated Intercept
CM Longitude or Meridian
CL Latitude
C Actual Position
Z Azimuth of "X"
4(d). State the action, in the absence of the Master, that the
O.O.W. should take if he is in doubt as to a Pilot's intention.
Master relieves the Pilot and takes the con of the vessel.
NB :
Co-tidal lines : are lines which join places having the same
MHWI (Mean High Water Interval).
Co-range lines : are lines which join having the same MSR
(Mean Spring Range).
Local geography affects both times and heights of high and low
water from their predicted values.
Spring and Neap tides will cause greater and lesser volumes of
water movement in and out of basin / estuaries.
Risk of negative tidal surges which could reduce depth from that
predicted.
The O.O.W. should monitor weather reports for each watch period.
4(b). For routeing purposes "Ocean Passages for the World "
catagorises vessels as full powered, moderate powered and low
powered.
State how the vessels are split into these categories.
Precautions in planning :
Choose high altitude stars or if possible medium altitude stars
between 20 to 70 degrees, because nearer to the zenith refraction
is least; low altitude stars have greatest refraction.
Ensure that stars are spread evenly around the horizon.
At least three stars to be taken and if possible more.
Precautions in plotting :
Use separarate corrections for dip and refraction. Do not use
Total Correction Tables.
Use Temperature / Pressure Correction Tables because standard
values are given for Mean Refraction Table assuming that the table
is for sea level.
When conditions give rise to abnormal refraction always use sight
results with caution.
If stars are evenly spread around the horizon, the position should
be inside the cocked hat. If stars are taken on one side, the fix
is almost certainly out of cocked hat.
Systematic error solution may indicate probable position. Target
error could be due to human error.
June, '93
Following are the factors that the Master must take into
account when choosing an optimum route for an Ocean Passage :-
Any route selected should not stand the vessel into danger. The
prime consideration should be safe naviagation of the vessel
throughout the voyage and therefore, all information must be
gathered on various recommended routes.
The Master should obtain the monthly weather chart and current
forecasts from the Met Office.
He should take into account the time of the year and of any
recommendations made by shore routeing organizations.
Contents of warnings :-
Newly discovered wrecks.
Changes to Navigation aids.
On going search rescue.
Cable laying activity.
Anti-pollution operations.
Natural hazards present.
Methods of promulgation :-
Best method of transmission is Navtex.
In the USA, in the form of "HYDROLANT's" or "HYDROPAC's".
Current warnings in the Weekly Notice to Mariners.
December,'92
4(a). List the information that the Master has to give to the
Metroute Routeing Office or List the information that the Routeing
Officer will require from the Master of vessel (i). before sailing
(ii). whilst on voyage.
(Q.3b / November,'94; Q.4 / June,'90; November,'88)
Before sailing
Name and type of ship.
Speed of the vessel.
Classification of the vessel (eg. ice class).
Destination and departure points.
Date and time of departure.
Draft of vessel on sailing.
Type of cargo.
Stability aspect
Information on the vessel's performance curves.
Type of route required by the Master.
State of loading.
Passage speed required.
Preference of Master / Owner / Charterers
Whilst on voyage
The duties of the lookout and helmsman are separate and the
helmsman shall not be considered to be the lookout while steering.
Do not make erasures or use tippex / snow paint on the charts and
in publications.
5(c). Checking and testing the bridge equipment
Any entry to the fact that any equipment has been tested or used,
should be inserted in the log book, together with any defects
experienced, in which case Master should be informed
June,'92
2. A vessel is to make a passage through an area of pack ice
where ice accretion may also be encountered. Describe the problems
that may be encountered with respect to each of the following :-
Compass face plates are often obscured with ice crystals making
visual bearings difficult.
Echo sounder may not give correct readings due to false echoes.
The courses through pack ice will vary with ice conditions.
Navigation will depend upon leads in the ice being available and a
course will be dictated by the flow and leads of the pack.
Ice movement can and will influence the 'set' of the vessel. The
subsequent holding of the course is, therefore, difficult; the
amount of set being variable.
Other marks such as spar buoys are pushed beneath the ice and are
not visible for use as a navigational aid.
3(a). State the factors that the four Masters should take into
consideration when determining which of them will take on the role
of the Co-ordinator Surface Search (CSS).
3(b). List the information that CSS will require from each of the
other three Masters.
Dangerous Ice.
Dangerous derelict.
Any danger to navigation.
Tropical revolving storm.
Sub-freezing air temperature associated with gale force causing
severe ice acceration on the superstructure of the ship.
Winds of force 10 or above on Beaufort scale for which no storm
warning is received.
Fuel saving, often the same as least time with least damage route,
for steam turbine ships as it is more economical if constant
throttle is maintained. (eg. VLCC's - steam turbines).
4(b). (i). State the general areas of the world where it is
advantageous to use weather routeing, either shipboard or shore
based.
(2). Shipboard
(3). Ground
Before sailing :-
Whilst enroute :
Report Content :
(a). Ship's name and port of registry.
(b). Date and GMT of the observation.
(c). Type of ice observed.
(d). Position of ice observed.
(e). Concenteration and thickness, if known.
(f). Icebergs; size and shapes.
All instructions from the Pilot should comply with the projected
passage plan and any intended deviation from the plan should be
reported to the Master before they occur.
Helmsman :-
ensure that respected traffic and other vessels movements does not
endanger own vessel.
The arrow flows with the currents and are related to the
prevailing winds.
Other publications :
Nautical almanac
Temporary and preliminary notices
Navigational warnings.
IALA buoyage
5011- Chart abbreviations
Previous passage plans
2(c). Discuss the problems associated with fixing the vessels
position on passage from Nagoya to Brisbane by the following :-
The horizon at all times may not be clear due to onset of fog,
mist and clouds, or presence of islands.
Due to clouds, rain and fog, celestial bodies (eg sun, moon and
stars) may not be visible.
Bodies such as stars may not be spread out around the horizon.
Transit systems may have long time gap between one fix and the
next; sometimes exceeding 12 hours in low latitudes.
Helm hard over to the side on which the man has fallen.
Release lifebuoy with self-igniting light and self-activating
smoke signal.
Press the MOB button on the GPS, if available.
Sound the general emergency alarm.
Inform the Master.
Inform the E/R and have the main engines ready for immediate
manoeuvring.
Revert to hand steering.
Release SART, where appropriate.
Post extra lookouts.
Establish communications with the CRS.
Advise other vessels in the vicinity by VHF.
Hoist International Code Flag "O" and sound "O" (- - -) on the
whistle.
Rescue boat turned out and ready for launching.
Hospital made ready to treat for shock and hypothermia treatment.
Plot the datum position / appropriate search pattern, and complete
the manoeuvre.
Obtain updated weather report.
(ii). Stranding
Stop engines.
Sound general emergency alarm.
Inform Master and E/R.
Advice CRS and other vessel's in the vicinity by VHF.
VHF watch maintained on Ch.16 at all times.
Position on the chart verified and safe port options investigated.
Display appropriate light and shape signals; switch on deck
lights.
Sound appropriate sound signals (eg "U").
Close all watertight doors.
Sound round all bilges and tanks.
Sound round the vessel's hull to check depth of water.
Determine nature of seabed.
Calculate times and heights of next high water.
Damage control team mustered.
Refer to vessel's damage stability information.
Consider possibility of dropping anchor underfoot to prevent
damaged ship from sliding off into deeper waters.
Consider whether assistance is required by tugs.
Make relevant entries in the logbook.
Position of vessel sent ashore with updates from time to time.
(iii). Steering Gear Failure (Q.4c / June,'96; Q.3c /
March,'89)
Master should
5(a). List the factors that the Master should take into
consideration when determining the composition of watches.
Watchkeeping arrangements
Always adequate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions and
should take into account the needs of maintaining a proper
lookout.
At no time should the Bridge be left unattended; one O.O.W. and
one rating as lookout with an additional rating on immediate call,
if required and a helmsman, where appropriate.
State of visibility and weather conditions.
Day or night conditions.
Operational conditions of navigational aids.
The need to use manual steering or autopilot; autopilot is
designed to relieve the helmsman but not the lookout rating.
Any navigational hazards or special circumstances.
Need of proper rest of watchkeepers.
Certification and experience of watchkeepers.
Dangerous Ice.
Dangerous derelict.
Any danger to navigation.
Tropical revolving storm.
Sub-freezing air temperature associated with gale force causing
severe ice acceration on the superstructure of the ship.
Winds of force 10 or above on Beaufort scale for which no storm
warning is received.
4(b). State where the navigator will find details of the position
of (i). Production platforms and (ii). Exploration rigs.
(1). Observe all safety zones (500 mtrs.) and fairways when
laying of courses / tracks.
(2). Observe a slow speed or safe speed in areas of oil /
gas operations (Ref. no.20).
(3). Update navigational warnings and chart.
(4). Check navigational warnings.
(5). Contingency plan for fog or emergency.
(6). Manual steering inside the operations zone.
(7). Use of appropriate publications in appraisal of plan.
(8). Highlight "NO GAS AREAS".
(9). Emphasize monitoring points (primary and secondary
system of position fixing).
(10). Show focal points of heavy or crossing traffic.
(11). Identify areas of expected strong currents.
(12). Mark safe anchorage sites.
(13). Potential hazard area for Master on con, Pilots and
double personnels.
5(a). State the objectives of Ship's Routeing as adopted by IMO.
(Q.4a / March,'96)
Patterns :-
(i). Directions :
Approaching and berthing informations;
Tidal streams;
Navigational aids;
Landmarks, their position and description;
Area and dangers to be avoided; hazardous to navigation;
Position of fairways and useful navigation marks;
Availability of leading lights and their reliability;
Availability of any TSS.
(ii). Anchorage :
Designation (Prohibited / Deep water / Dangerous goods /
Quarantine / Recommended Anchorages);
Limitation (Inner and outer anchorage);
Depths;
Holding ground;
Shelter afforded;
Weather / sea condition effecting on anchorage.
(iii). Pilot :
Controlling authority;
Either compulsory / optional;
Authority for requests;
Embarkation position / changing point of pilots;
Regulations;
Type of pilot service available eg. deep sea;
Type and times of communication;
Description of pilot boats;
Signals to be displayed by own vessel;
(iv). Communications :
Road, rail and air services available;
Nearest airport or airfield;
Port radio and information services with frequencies and hours of
operating;
Post and telegraph services available.
November,'89
Ascertain current set and drift, and adjust the course and speed
accordingly.
Post lookouts and brief them as the usual contact is lost during
manoeuvre under freeboard or around the stern.
Ensure pilot ladder well rigged as per instructions with two man-
ropes; lifebuoy with self-igniting light and a safety line kept
ready for immediate use at the boarding point.
Navtex.
Ice pilot have local knowledge of the area and therefore, is aware
of the concenteration of ice in the area.
Ice pilot make best use of ice leads as well as Ice Breakers.
Radar scanners may become frozen with ice accretion. Ice particles
adhering to the reflecting surface of the scanner may become
frozen up with ice accretion, thereby reducing radar energy both
inward and outward, and hence reducing the working range of the
radar to six miles or less appropriate to the prevailing
circumstances and conditions.
Leads and openings will not show unless more than 0.25 nm wide.
Topography may not be the same to the one shown in the Sailing
Directions due to the diposition of snow and such features should
not be relied upon due to lack of survey.
4. (c). The use of sectored leading lights as leading lines :-
Inform Master at the earliest and the C/E or D/E, if unmanned E/R.
Maximise use of "head reach".
Plot vessel's position immediately.
Display NUC signals / lights as appropriate.
Prepare for emergency anchoring; have anchors ready for deep water
anchoring.
Advise vessels in immediate vicinity and if in TSS, inform
respective reporting station, if any.
Continuous watch maintained on VHF Ch.16
Keep good watch on the traffic via radar / visual.
Post lookouts.
Establish rate of drift.
Be in contact with the E/R regarding repairs and update Master
accordingly.
Obtain latest weather reports.
4. (a). Give a brief description of Navtex System of
transmitters and receivers.
(Q.5b / November,'94)
VITAL :-
for immediate broadcast, subject to avoiding interference to
ongoing transmissions;
IMPORTANT :-
for broadcast at the next available period when the
frequency is unused;
ROUTINE :-
for broadcast at the next scheduled transmission period.
A - Navigational warnings
B - Meteorological warnings
C - Ice reports
D - Search and rescue information
E - Meteorological forecast
F - Pilot service messages
G - Decca messages
H - Loran messages
I - Omega messages
J - Satnav messages
K - Other electronic navigation aid messages
L - Additional navigation warnings
"V"
V - Special services
W - Special services
X - Special services
Y - Special services
Z - No message on hand
The upper figure in the centre of the rose represents the total
number of observations.
The arrow flows with the current and represents the mean resultant
direction and rate of current; the mean position of the
observation is at the centre of the arrrow.
The figure above the arrow indicates speed, while the range of
values within which the speed falls is shown by the thickness of
the arrow.
The figure beneath the arrow shows the number of observations used
to determine the vector mean.
Differences :-
3(c). Describe, briefly, any other reporting system with which you
are familiar.
The Master of the VLCC should plan his passage through the
English Channel as per the recommendations given in 5500 (section
4) which gives information regarding details and dangers for a
deep drafted vessels bound for Europort.
All new charts and new editions to be ordered and logged on board
prior to the vessel sailing.
All new publications and new editions must be ordered and received
on board prior to vessel's sailing.
Charts are not infallible, and the scale cannot cover every
depth in total. Depth contours will also be affected by
topographic changes.
Q. Discuss in general terms the realibility of navigation
charts.
Paper of chart may have some distortion when being printed from
various causes.
Note recommendations from the Ocean Passages of the World and the
Routeing Charts.
Construction :-
Complete the plot and prepare a radar report. (course, speed, CPA,
TCPA, aspect).
Why was the action taken and what will be new consequences ?
Errors in Bearing :-
When taken on Relative Motion display, error can be upto +/- 2
degrees.
If the display is stabilised, a greater accuracy is obtained.
Time interval errors may be incurred with some electronic cursors
which are difficult to align.
Errors in Range :-
Range errors depends on quality of equipment.
Maximum value of error 2.5% of range scale in use; 5%, if set is
old.
Larger percentage of error incured if target is slow moving,
making the plot inaccurate.
Navigator : Note CSP, plot datum and search area limits (if
known), plot alteration course points and monitor ship's position
by alternative fixing method.
The duty officer shall test all bridge and navigational equipment
atleast 1 hour before sailing.
Any entry to the fact that the gear has been tested, should be
inserted in the log book, together with any defects experienced.
The engines and steering gear of any ship must be reliable and
capable of quick response to manoeuvrability orders.
Ballast and fresh water tanks should be kept not more than 90%
full to avoid risk of damage due to freezing of water.
Area of operation.
Draft and depth of the water over the propellor tips and rudder.
Ice should be entered at very low speed and at right angles to the
Ice edge to receive the initial impact and once into the ice,
speed should be increased to maintain head way and control of the
ship.
Ice information in South Atlantic :-
The OOW should alter the course away from the immediate danger in
accordance with SI No.534.
Subsequent actions :-
Post extra lookouts and breif them regarding ice sightings and
recognition.
7/10 pack ice is considered that level where drift ice becomes
known as pack ice or more.
Baltic sea :
Decca reliable
Loran only skywave recption.
Radio beacon are numerous; Direction Radio beacon also available.
Radar beacon (racon) on, fitted to light houses, light structures
and landfall buoys in approach to ports (ALRS volume 3).
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