There are three mechanisms by which Q T T C

heat is transferred: H = =kA H

t L
conduction
convection H = heat transfer rate (unit: 1J/s = 1W)
radiation k = thermal conductivity (unit: 1W/mK)
A = cross-section area of the object
L = length of the object

Heat is transferred through solids by the

mechanism of heat (or thermal)
conduction. For example, if you leave
one end of a metal poker in a fire for
enough time, the opposite or the handle
will get hot.
A material that readily transfers energy by
conduction is a good thermal conductor
and has a high value of k. A material
material with a low value of k is a
thermal insulator and has a high value of
thermal resistance R (unit: 1 m2K/W).

L
R=
k

For a composite slab with materials in

series:

H =H 2 =H 1
T T X T T C
H =k 2 A H =k 1 A X
L2 L1

For a composite slab with materials in

parallel:

H =H 2 + H 1
EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2
A copper slab of length 15.0cm and cross- A cylindrical copper rod of length 1.2m and
section area 105cm2 has TH = 1250C and TC = cross-sectional area 4.8cm2 is insulated to
100C. How much heat is conducted through prevent heat loss through the surface. The
the slab in 30 seconds? Copper has a thermal ends are maintained at a temperature
conductivity of 401W/mK. difference of 100C0 by having one end in a
water-ice mixture and the other end in boiling
L=15.0 cm=0.150 m water and steam. Find the rate at which ice
2
A=105 cm =0.0105 m
2 melts at the cold end. kcopper = 401 W/mK
0
T H =125 C =398.15 K
0
L=1.2 m
T C =10 C=283.15 K 2
A=4.8 cm =4.8 x 10 m
4 2

t =30 s 0
T H =100 C=373.15 K
k =401 W / mK 0
T H T C T C =0 C =273.15 K
Q
H = =kA k =401 W / mK
t L
L F =333,000 J / kg
Q 115
=(401)(0.0105) T H T C
30 0.15 H =kA
Q=2,914.833333 J L
100
H =(401)(4.8 x 104 ) =16.04 J / s
Q=2,914.833 J 1.2
Q mL F m H
H= = =
t t t LF
 m 16.04 5 T 1T 2 T 4T 5
= =4.816816817 x 10 kg / s ka A =k d A
t 333,000 La Ld
5 T 4 263.15
m 5 k a =5 k a
=4.817 x 10 kg / s=0.048 g / s La 2 La
t
T 263.15
1= 4
EXAMPLE 3 2
Consider the figure of a wall cross-section T 4 =2+263.15=265.15 K
shown below. Ld = 2La. kd = 5ka. If T1 =
250C, T2 = 200C, and T5 = -100C, determine the T 4=265.15 K =8.00 0 C
interface temperature T4.

While conduction also occurs with fluids,

convection is the dominant mode of heat
transfer in fluids. Put simply, convection
H =H a =H b =H c =H d is heat transfer via the physical motion of
H a= H d fluids.
For example, air in contact with the flame temperature.
of a candle increases in temperature. It
expands, becoming lighter and less dense.
It rises and is replaced by cold air and the
process continues.
Reading Assignment
natural convection
forced convection
An object and its environment can
exchange energy as heat via
electromagnetic waves (i.e. light).
Energy transferred in this way is referred
to as thermal radiation.
An object emits (or radiates)
electromagnetic waves by virtue of its
H = eAT 4
= Stefan-Boltzmann constant
= 5.6704 x 10-8 W/m2K4
e = emissivity of the surface (0 e 1)
e = 0 = ideal reflector of heat
e = 1 = blackbody
= ideal absorber & emitter of heat
A = area of the emitting surface
T = temperature of the object in Kelvin
Because an object both emits and absorbs
(from its environment) thermal radiation,
H net =H absorbH emit
4
H net = eAabsorb T env eAemit T 4obj
Hnet = + = object is gaining heat
Hnet = - = object is losing heat
EXAMPLE 4 Q=126,771.046 J
A sphere of radius 0.350m, temperature
27.00C, and emissivity 0.850 is located in an
environment of temperature 77.00C.
Assuming constant temperatures, what is the
spheres net change in energy in 3.50 minutes?

r=0.350 m
2 2
A=4 r =1.5393804 m
Aabsorb= Aemit = A
0
T obj=27.0 C=300.15 K
e=0.850
0
T env =77.0 C=350.15 K
t=3.50 min=210 s
Q
H net = = e Aabsorb T 4env e Aemit T 4obj
t
Q 4 4
= e A(T envT obj )
210
8
Q=(210)(5.6704 x 10 )(1.5393804)
x (6,915,779,388)
Q=126,771.0461 J