20-Sep-17

Introduction
to
Geometric Modeling

-Solid Modeling
-Faceted Modeling

Asma Khan
M.Tech Sem III
CAD/CAM

3D MODELING
There are three basic types of three-dimensional computer geometric
modeling methods:
Wireframe modeling
modeling the curves of the part.

Surface modeling
Model the surfaces of the part, but without knowledge of
material.

Solid modeling
full solid representation

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SOLID MODELS
In the solid modeling, the solid definitions include vertices
(nodes), edges, surfaces, weight, and volume.
The model is a complete and unambiguous representation of a
precisely enclosed and filled volume.
It may be assessed for mass property calculations, analysis,
manufacturing, etc.
Modeling software like SolidWorks, Pro-E, etc. are available.
Most of the software provides various options to generate all three
types of models. (WF, Surf. & Solid)
Analysis automation and integration is possible only with solid
models has properties such as weight, moment of inertia, mass.
Solid model consist of geometric and topological data.

SOLID MODELS
ADVANTAGES:

Has all the advantages of surface models (uniqueness, non-

ambiguous, realistic, surface profile) plus volumetric information.
Allows the designer to create multiple options for a design.
2D standard drawings, assembly drawing and exploded views are
generated form the 3D model.
Can easily be exported to different Finite Element Methods
programs for analysis.
Mass properties of an object can be easily obtained.

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Exploded view of 3D model of a F1 car

SOLID MODELS

DISADVANTAGES:

More intensive computation than wireframe and surface

modeling.

Requires more powerful computers (faster with more

memory and good graphics), not a problem any more.

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Methods of Creating Solid Models

Boundary Representation (B-rep), mostly used in finite

element programs.

Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) - CAD packages

SET THEORY

Union Difference Intersection

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BOOLEAN OPERATION
Union - logical OR

Difference - logical NOT

Intersection logical AND

CONSTRUCTIVE SOLID GEOMETRY

(CSG)
Basic Primitive Solid:

The simplest solid objects used for the representation are

called primitives.

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Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)

Typically they are the objects of simple shape:
cuboids, cylinders, prisms, spheres, cones. etc
The set of allowable primitives is limited by each
software package.
Some software packages allow CSG on curved objects
while other packages do not.

Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)

Constructive solid geometry (CSG) is a technique used in solid
modeling

Constructive solid geometry allows a modeller to create a complex

surface or object by using Boolean operators to combine objects.

Often CSG presents a model or surface that appears visually

complex,
but is actually little more than cleverly combined or separated
objects.

CSG defines a model in terms of combining basic and generated

(using extrusion and sweeping operation) solid shapes.

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Solid Modeling Example Using CSG

Union

Plan your modeling strategy

before you start creating the
solid model
Cut

Cut

Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)

CSG objects
can be
represented by
binary trees,
where leaves
represent
primitives, and
nodes
represent
operations.

In this figure, the nodes are labeled for intersection, for union,
and - for difference.

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Constructive solid geometry (CSG) -

Advantages
CSG is powerful with high level command.
Easy to construct a solid model minimum
step.
CSG modeling techniques lead to a concise
database less storage.
Complete history of model is retained and can
be altered at any point.
Can be converted to the corresponding
boundary representation.

Constructive solid geometry (CSG) -

Disadvantage

Only boolean operations are allowed in the modeling

process with boolean operation alone, the range of
shapes to be modeled is severely restricted not possible
to construct unusual shape.

Requires a great deal of computation to derive the

information on the boundary, faces and edges which is
important for the interactive display/ manipulation of solid.

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BOUNDARY REPRESENTATION
(B-REP)
A solid model is formed by defining the surfaces that form
its boundary (edges and surfaces)

B-rep model is created using Euler operation

Many Finite Element Method (FEM) programs use this

method.

A B-rep model or a boundary model is based on

topological notation that physical object is bounded by set
of faces.
The faces are regions or subsets of closed and orientable
surfaces.
A closed surface is one which is continuous without breaks.
An orientable surface is one which is possible to distinguish
two sides by using the direction of surface normal pointed
inside or outside the solid model under construction.
B-rep solid is represented as a volume contained in a set of
faces.
The database of boundary model contains both, its
topology and geometry.

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A B-rep model of an object consists of faces, edges, vertices,

loops, genes (handle) and body.

A minimum body is a point

(vortex) which
topologically has one face
one vortex and no edges.
A point is therefore called
a seminal or singular body.

Genus : it is topological name for the number of handles or

through holes in an object

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The total information present in a B-rep model is classified

into topological and geometrical data.,

The topological part of the data provides the relationship

among its objects such as vertices, edges and faces similar
to that used in WFM

Geometric information is usually equations of edges and

faces.

TYPES OF MODEL IN THIS SCHEME

There are two types of solid models in this scheme

a) Polyhedral solid or object
Consists of planer faces connected at straight edges which in
turn are connected at vertices.

b) Curved solid or object:

Similar to polyhedral objects but with curved faces and
edges.

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Polyhedral objects are classified in to four class:

a) First class:
do not have holes
each face is bounded by a single set of connected edges

b) Second class
face may have loop

c) Third class
objects with holes that are not through

d) Fourth class

Through holes
Topologically holes are called as handle
Topological name for no. of handles in object is genus

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Euler Equation

Euler proved that polyhedra are topologically valid if they

satisfy the following equation

FE+VL=2(BG)

FACETED MODELLING

Facet: A smooth surface

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Faceted models consist of groups of polygons (often triangles).

Breaking down of representation of surfaces into facets is done by a process
called meshing.
The mesh (or grid) is then used as the basis to perform simulations such
as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).
By processing the facets it is possible to recover the contiguous topology and
thus proceed with a CAE simulation as if the facets are the same as native
CAD geometry.
However, one further enhancement is usually necessary to make the
recovered topology better suited for simulation, and that is the joining or
merging of adjacent surfaces and edges.

Faceted fuselage - a simplified topology with analysis mesh

Fig.(a)

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