S Gems

WORKSHOP 1
OUTLINE
1. Data visualisation
2. Statistical data analysis
3. Data declustering
4. Normal score transform
5. Variography on the normal scores
6. Sequential Gaussian simulation
7. Group sequential Gaussian simulation
8. Back transformation
9. Checking the reproduction of variograms
10. Checking the reproduction of histograms
11. Post processing SGS simulations
12. Change of support (reblocking)
13. Direct block simulation
14. Global resources and selectivity

Workshop 2
1. Data visualization
EXERCISE 1
The demonstration dataset is from a lateritic nickel deposit. The dataset

contained within a 1 Km2 laterite zone, which varies in thickness up to a
maximum of 9m. Each drillhole has been composited to 1m intervals for which
nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and Iron (Fe) assays are available.
S-GeMS (Stanford Geostatistical Modelling Software) is free Windows software
for 3D geostatistical modeling, developed at Stanford University. More
information about it can be obtained at http://sgems.sourceforge.net/ . To open
S-GeMS, just double click its icon at your desktop.
An empty project already exists and it will be use through all this exercise.
(i) Select File Open Project and browse for C:\Shourt_course\
Shourt_course.prj.
Remind to constantly safe your work when you progress through this course by
selecting File Save Project.
2 Risk Analysis for Ore Reserves and Strategic Mine Planning: Stochastic models and applications
Workshop 2
(ii) Select Object Load Object command and open Nickel.dat at

C:\Short_Course\Data.
(iii) Choose point set as the object type and accept.
(iv) Define the name of the object as Nickel, the coordinate columns
for X (1), Y (2) and Z (3) and define the No-Data_Value to -999.
To see the drillholes, select Objects tab, expand the Objects tree, set visible the
Nickel database and choose the element that you would like to see.
Risk Analysis for Ore Reserves and Strategic Mine Planning: Stochastic models and applications 3
Workshop 2
It is possible to modify the visualization preferences for each loaded database or

the general settings.
(i) Using the Preferences tab, select General preferences, check
Show colorbar option and choose Nickel as object and property.
(ii) Change the selection to Nickel at the preference box, select
Nickel in the property selection box and choose a colormap of
your preference.
Workshop 2
2. Statistical data analysis
Statistical measures and plots will be generated using S-GeMS.
EXERCISE 2
Calculate statistical measures for nickel, cobalt, and iron. Prepare histograms
for the original and for log transformed data.
(i) Click on Data Analysis Histogram.

(ii) Select Nickel in the object and property boxes.
(iii) Set 70 as the bins number.
(iv) Save the histogram, click on the Save as image button.
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(v) Plot the histogram using a log scale. Click on Display tab and select
log scale.
(vi) Save the histogram, click on the Save as image button.
(vii) Repeat the process for cobalt and iron.
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Histogram of Nickel Log scale
Histogram of Nickel
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Histogram of Iron Log scale
Histogram of Iron
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Histogram of Cobalt Log scale
Histogram of Cobalt
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3. Data declustering
A declustering program (DECLUS) has been supplied for this exercise. This
program calculates declustered global means and variances by one of three
methods (random pick, weighted, or nearest neighbour) from any spatially
located dataset. Two output files are created:
1) the declustered global statistics; and

2) the declustered samples (with declustered weights if weighted or
random pick method used).
Random Pick Declustering

34 36 18 22
33
34 47 29
33
36 37
33 16
36
34 11
28
23
14 13
29
6 37
9
Cells (C) = 14 Samples (S) = 14

Sample weight (w) = 1/C = 1/14
S
Declustered mean (m*) = wivi = 25.07
i 1
S
Declustered variance (2) = wi ( vi m* )2 = 95.5
i =1
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Weighted Declustering
33 34 36
s=2 18 s=2 22
34 29
4
37 33
36
s=5 s=1 s=1
3 16
3
34 11
28
s=2 s=2 s=1 s=1

23
14 13
29
6 9 37
s=2 s=2 s=1 s=1 s=1
Cells (C) = 14 Samples (S) = 24 Cell Samples (s) - variable

Sample weights (w) = 1/(C*s) (e.g. 1/70)
S
i 1
S
Declustered variance (2) = wi ( vi m* )2 =100.7
i =1
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Nearest Neighbour Declustering

34 36 18 22
33
34 47 29
33
36 37
33 16
36
34 11
28
23
14 13
29
6 37
9
C = 14 S = 14
Sample weights (w) = 1/C = 1/14
S
i 1
S
Declustered variance (2) = wi ( vi m* )2 =77.2
i =1
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The DECLUS program requires the data file in GEOEAS format. A parameter file
is required (default is declus.par).
Parameter file for DECLUS

datafl \ input datafile
ix iy iz iv \ x, y, z, and variable columns
cct ncat \ continuous/categorical switch, # cat
tmin tmax \ trimming limits
dtype \ declustering method
outfl1 \ output file with declustered statistics
outfl2 \ output with declustered data
xcell ycell zcell \ cell size in x, y, and z dimensions
seed \ random number seed
datafl: name of input data file.
ix, iy, iz: data file columns with x, y, and z co-ordinates.
iv: data file column containing variable of interest.
cct: 1 = continuous variables; 2 = categorical variables.
ncat: number of categories (cct = 2).
tmin: minimum trimming limit to remove missing values. All z values tmin
are accepted.
tmax : all z values > tmax are set equal to tmax.
dtype: 1=random pick; 2=weighted; 3=nearest neighbour.
outfl1: output file with global statistics and warning messages.
outfl2: output file with declustered samples. For nearest neighbour, the selected
samples; for weighted and random pick approaches, all samples with
declustering weights. The declustering weights are inversely proportional to the
number of samples in each user-defined cell. The sum of all weights in an
occupied cell must sum to one e.g. if 5 samples are located in a declustered cell
each sample receives a declustered weight of 0.2.
xcell, ycell, zcell: dimensions of the cells in the x, y and z directions.
seed: random number generator seed. Must be large odd integer >1000 and
<10000.
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Example of input data file
Nickel Deposit
6
X
Y
Z
Nickel
Cobalt
Iron
106750.25 40062.35 401.5088 0.93 0.082 44.5
106795.73 40036.09 402.8 1.03 0.093 47.8
106795.73 40036.09 401.8 0.82 0.07 47.9
106795.73 40036.09 400.8 0.79 0.106 48.0
106835.56 40013.1 404.5024 0.76 0.054 48.7
106835.56 40013.1 403.5024 0.82 0.048 44.9
106835.56 40013.1 402.5024 0.71 0.077 50.2
106835.55 40013.1 401.5 0.72 0.223 48.7
106835.55 40013.1 400.5 0.78 0.327 48.4
106753.1 40111.42 403.5 1.31 0.1 48.12
106753.1 40111.42 402.5 1.31 0.1 48.12
Example of parameter file
Parameters for DECLUS

*********************
START OF PARAMETERS:
../01-data/nickel.dat \ data file
1 2 3 4 \ ix,iy,iz,ivr columns
1 10 \ cct ncat
0.0 999 \ tmin,tmax
2 10000 1.15 \ dtype, number, confidence
0 11 \ indicator switch & #cut-offs
.1 .3 .5 .7 1.0 1.3 2.0 3.0 4.5 8.0 12 \ indicator cut-offs
report.out \ declustered stats output file
declus.out \ declustered data output file
125.0 175.0 1.0 \ xcell, ycell, zcell
1967 \ random number seed
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Example declustered output file
106795.727 40036.090 400.800 0.790 1.000

106750.250 40062.352 401.509 0.930 0.500
106795.727 40036.090 401.800 0.820 0.500
106795.727 40036.090 402.800 1.030 1.000
106753.102 40111.422 400.500 1.310 0.143
106780.430 40101.129 400.500 1.540 0.143
106776.328 40104.941 400.600 0.930 0.143
106795.367 40150.949 400.500 0.920 0.143
106782.430 40218.660 400.497 1.010 0.143
106808.422 40260.699 400.501 0.880 0.143
106810.242 40200.762 400.903 0.800 0.143
106753.102 40111.422 401.500 1.310 0.167
106780.430 40101.129 401.500 1.390 0.167
106795.367 40150.949 401.500 1.020 0.167
106782.430 40218.660 401.497 0.880 0.167
106808.430 40260.699 401.503 0.890 0.167
106810.242 40200.762 401.903 0.800 0.167
106753.102 40111.422 402.500 1.310 0.200
106780.430 40101.129 402.500 1.230 0.200
106795.367 40150.949 402.500 0.860 0.200
106782.453 40218.660 402.501 0.670 0.200
106808.430 40260.699 402.503 0.820 0.200
106753.102 40111.422 403.500 1.310 0.333
106782.453 40218.660 403.501 0.480 0.333
106808.430 40260.699 403.503 0.750 0.333
106782.453 40218.660 404.501 0.410 1.000
106768.813 40281.309 400.500 1.010 0.125
106770.961 40400.371 400.500 1.240 0.125
106769.227 40398.020 400.498 0.740 0.125
Example of declustered statistics output file
STATISTICS BEFORE DECLUSTERING
Number of data in file = 1604

Number of data being used = 1604
Number of data cut to tmax = 0
Mean = 0.907
Variance = 0.676622E-01
STATISTICS AFTER DECLUSTERING
Declustered mean = 0.844

Declustered variance = 0.623873E-01
Workshop 2
(i) Select Run Script from the Scripts menu.
(ii) Then browse for C:\Short_Course\Scripts\Declus.py
(iii) A Command Prompt window appears asking for a parameter file; just
accept the standard parameter file.
The output produced by Declust, can be found at C:\ Short_course\Exe\

Declus. Change the parameter file accordingly to do Exercise 3 below.
Workshop 2
EXERCISE 3
Determine the declustered mean and variance for nickel using the nickel.dat file.
Declustered Mean
X 50m 75m 100m 125m 150m 175m 200m 225m 250m
Y
50m
75m
100m
125m
150m
175m
200m
225m
250m
Declustered Variance
X 50m 75m 100m 125m 150m 175m 200m 225m 250m
Y
50m
75m
100m
125m
150m
175m
200m
225m
250m
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4. Normal score transformation
EXERCISE 4
(a) Determine the normal scores using NormalScore.par.
(i) Select the option trans in the Utilities algorithm tab to do the normal score
transformation.
(ii) Load the parameters for this algorithm. Click Load in the parameter tab and
then browse for NormalScore.par in C:\Short_Course\Par_Files\Exercise4\.
The parameters for the normal score algorithm are divided into three tabs.
Data tab:
Object name: name of the object (Nickel).
Properties: Properties to be transformed

(Nickel).
Suffix for Output: a new property will be

defined by the suffix added to the property
name (_NScore).
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Source tab:
Source distribution: Gaussian, Log Normal,

Uniform, Non Parametric (Non Parametric).
Properties: source property (Nickel).
Target tab:
Target distribution: Gaussian, Log Normal,
Uniform, Non Parametric (Gaussian).
Mean: target mean distribution (0)
Variance: target variance (1)
(iii) Click on Run Algorithm button.
(b) Calculate and plot the histogram of the normal scores. (Recall Exercise 2:
now choosing the just created Normal score property)
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5. Variography on the normal scores
Quick reminder: Variograms are diagrams showing the average difference

between samples as a function of distance between them. Variograms are
normally computed along several directions of the 2D or 3D space. An angular
tolerance is defined in each direction. Pairs of samples oriented within half the
angular tolerance from the specified direction are used in the construction of the
variogram for that direction. For example, if the angular tolerance along the
vertical direction (azimuth = 0, dip = -90) is 20, then any pair of samples, with a
distance vector between the two samples dipping more than 80, will be used in
the computation of that vertical variogram. Selected pairs are classified according
to a lag distance. For example, if the lag distance is 10m, then a pair with a 78m
distance between the two samples will contribute to the determination of the
variogram value for the 8th lag (distances between 70 and 80m). Variograms can
be computed on raw data or transformed data.
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EXERCISE 5
(a) Calculate experimental variograms of the normal scores in the horizontal

plane at 0o and 90o.
(b) Fit variogram models to the calculated experimental variograms.
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(i) Select Variogram in the Data analysis menu.
(ii) Select Compute variograms from scratch in the Task selection; choose the
Nickel object and NScore (Nickel_NScore) as the head and tail property.
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(iii) Define the Variogram parameters as following and the click on the Next
button.
Number of Lags 20
Lag separation 25
Lag tolerance 12.5
Number of 2
directions
Dip 0
Tolerance 20
Bandwidth 50
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(iv) Using the Variogram modeling tab, enter 0.18 as

the Nuget Effect and set the number of structures to
two.
Define the 1st structure as a Spherical model with a

sill contribution of 0.32 and an isotropic range of 40
meters.
Define the 2nd structure as a Spherical model with a

sill contribution of 0.5 and an isotropic range of 400
meters.
(v) Save the Variogram model selecting Save Variogram Model option in the
File menu.
Workshop 2
6. Sequential Gaussian simulation

The Sequential Gaussian Simulation (SGSIM) algorithm can be found in the
algorithm tab under Simulation node.
To run the algorithm one first needs to create a grid of nodes.
(i) Select New Cartesian Grid in the Objects menu.
Give the name of Simulation_Grid for your grid. It is extremely important to

keep this name once all parameter files refer to it. The name is case sensitive.
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(ii) Define the grid properties as following:
Number of Cells
X Direction 200
Y Direction 200
Z Direction 2
Cell Size
in X 5
in Y 5
in Z 1
Origin Coordinates*
Ox 106750
Oy 40000
Oz 403
* Lower left corner
(iii) Create the grid.
The input for SGSIM is divided in three tabs:
General:
Simulation Grid: grid of nodes to be simulated.

Property Name Prefix: prefix to be added to the
simulated property.
Nb of realizations: Number of realizations required.
Seed: random number generation seed. Must be a
large odd integer >1000 and <1000000.
Kriging Type: Simple Kriging (SK), Ordinary Kriging
(OK), Kriging with Trend (KT) and Kriging with
Locally Varying Mean (LVM).
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Data:
Hard Data: The grid and the name of the property

containing the hard data.
Assign Hard Data: A flag specifying whether the
hard data should be re-located on the simulation grid.
Search Ellipsoid: The ranges and angles defining the
search ellipsoid (refer to the S-GeMS notation).
Use Target Histogram: If the distribution is not a
normal distributed one should check this box to do
the transformation.
Max Conditioning Data: The maximum number of
conditioning data used to infer the local conditional
distribution at each simulation node.
Variogram:
Variogram: The variogram model for the variable to

be simulated (refer to exercise 5).
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EXERCISE 6
(a) Create a single unconditional simulation using parameter file
Unconditional_SGS.par located in C:\Short_course\Par_Files\Exercise6
Visualize the simulation output (refer to exercise 1).
(b) Create a single simulation conditioned to the normalized data using
parameter file Conditional_SGS.par located in C:\Short_course\
Par_Files\ Exercise6. Visualize the simulation output (refer to exercise 1).
(c) Create a single simulation conditioned to the normal scores using one
spherical structure with c0 = 0.0, cc = 1.0, amax = 50m, amed = 50m, amin
= 3.6m.
(d) Create a single simulation conditioned to the normal scores using one
spherical structure with c0 = 0.9, cc = 0.1, and the same geometric
anisotropy as used in (c).
Example of simulations for Exercise 6 of the mineral deposit
(a) (b)
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EXERCISE 6 Extended
(a) Create a single unconditional simulation using the following variogram

parameters. Note that to create a unconditional simulation the Data object should
be set to None.
(b) Create a single simulation conditioned to the normal scores using the
following variogram parameters.
Exer. Nugget Sill Max(a) Med(a) Min(a) Azimuth Dip Rake

1 0 1 400 400 400 0 0 0
2 0 1 4000 4000 4000 0 0 0
3 0.90 0.1 4000 4000 4000 0 0 0
4 0 1 400 4 4 0 0 0
5 0 1 4000 40 40 0 0 0
6 0 1 4000 4 4 0 0 0
7 0 1 4000 4 4 90 0 0
8 0.90 0.1 4000 4 4 90 0 0
9 0.1 0.9 4000 4 4 90 0 0
10 0.1 0.9 4000 4 4 135 0 0
11 0.1 0.9 400 0.4 0.4 135 0 0
12 0.1 0.9 40 0.4 0.4 135 0 0
Example of results:
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7. Group Sequential Gaussian simulation

The Group Sequential Gaussian Simulation (GSGS) algorithm can be found in the
algorithm tab.
In this step, the grid object generated in the previous step will be used
(Simulation Grid).
The input for GSGS is divided in three tabs:
General:
Simulation Grid: grid of nodes to be simulated.

Property Name Prefix: prefix to be added to the
simulated property.
Nb of realizations: Number of realizations required.
Seed: random number generation seed. Must be a
large odd integer >1000 and <1000000.
Group dimension: Node group dimension separated
by spaces (Number of nodes in X, Y and Z).
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Data:
Hard Data: The grid and the name of the property

containing the hard data.
Assign Hard Data: A flag specifying whether the hard
data should be re-located on the simulation grid.
Search Ellipsoid: The ranges and angles defining the
search ellipsoid (refer to the S-GeMS notation).
Max Conditioning Data: The maximum number of
conditioning data used to infer the local conditional
distribution at each simulation node.
Use Target Histogram: If the distribution is not a normal
distributed one should check this box to do the
transformation.
Variogram:
Variogram: The variogram model for the variable to be

simulated (refer to exercise 5).
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EXERCISE 7
(a) Create a single simulation with a group discretisation of 2 x 2 x 2 conditioned

to the normalised data. Use parameter file GSGS_2x2x2.par located in
C:\Short_course\Par_Files\Exercise7. Visualize the simulation output. Save it
as an image file using the snapshot option and compare with the single
conditional SGS realisation created in the previous exercise.
(b) Create another conditional simulation using GSGS by increasing the group
discretisation to 10 by 10 by 1. Visualize the simulation.
(c) Generate 10 conditional simulation realisations using SGSIM and parameter
file 10_SGS.par located in C:\Short_course\Par_Files\Exercise7. Record the
time taken. Now generate 10 conditional simulation realisations using GSGS
with a group discretisation of 2 x 2 x 2. Use parameter file 10_GSGS.par.
Examples of simulations for Exercise 7 of the mineral deposit
SGS GSGS (2x2x2)
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GSGS (10x10x1)
Workshop 2
8. Back transformation
The SGS realizations created in Exercise 6 were of the normal scores and need to
be back transformed. Back transformation of the simulated normal score values
will be done using the inversed procedure that was used to Normal transform
the data.
(i) Select the option trans in the Utilities algorithm tab to do the normal score
transformation.
(ii) Load the parameters for this algorithm. Click Load in the parameter tab and
then browse for backSGS1.par in C:\Short_course\Par_Files\Exercise8.
The parameters for the normal score algorithm are divided into three tabs.
Data tab:
Object name: name of the object
(Simulation Grid).
Properties: Properties to be transformed

(Simulations).
Suffix for Output: a new property will be

defined by the suffix added to the property
name (back).
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Source tab:

Uniform, Non Parametric (Gaussian).
Mean: source distribution mean (0).
Variance: source distribution variance (1).
Target tab:
Uniform, Non Parametric (Non Parametric).
Properties: source property (Nickel).
(iii) Click on Run Algorithm button.
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EXERCISE 8
(a) Back transform the single SGS realisation generated in Exercise 6(b) using
parameter file backSGS1.par.
(b) Back transform the 10 SGS realisations generated in Exercise 7(c) using
parameter file backSGS10.par.
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9. Checking the reproduction of variograms
Exporting the simulations: scripts exportSGS1.py and exportSGS10.py exports

respectively, one SGS realization and 10 SGS realizations both generated in
Exercise 6. They are located at C:\Short_Course\Script and will create
respectively the files sgsim.btr and sgsims.btr at C:\Short_Course\Data. These
files will be used in exercise 9 and 10.
The GAMSIM program is used to calculate variograms for multiple realisations.

A parameter file is required (default is gamsim.par). The excel file gamsim.xls is
used to plot the variograms. All required files are located in
C:\Short_Course\EXE\GAMSIM.
Parameter file for GAMSIM

simfl \ input simulation file
iv \ Gaussian variable column
tmin, tmax \ trimming limits
outfl \ output file for data
nsim \ number of simulations
nx, xmn, xsiz \ definition of grid system (x axis)
ny, ymn, ysiz \ definition of grid system (y axis)
nz, zmn, zsiz \ definition of grid system (z axis)
nlags \ number of lags
ixinc, iyinc, izinc \ lag node spacing
icov \ covariance measure
iread \ simfl format
simfl: name of input simulation file.
are accepted.
tmax: all z values > tmax are ignored.
outfl: output file containing the normal scores.
nsim: number of realisations.
nx: number of nodes in x direction.
xmn: x co-ordinate of bottom left-hand node.
xsiz: spacing between nodes in the x direction.
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ny: number of nodes in y direction.

ymn: y co-ordinate of bottom left-hand node.
ysiz: spacing between nodes in the y direction.
nz: number of nodes in z direction.
zmn: z co-ordinate of bottom left-hand node.
zsiz: spacing between nodes in the z direction.
nlags: number of lags.
ixinc: number of nodes in x direction for a lag.
iyinc: number of nodes in y direction for a lag.
izinc: number of nodes in z direction for a lag.
icov: covariance measure, 1 = absolute variogram; 2 = pairwise relative
variogram.
iread: if =0 then the simfl must be in GEOEAS; if =1 then the simfl must be in IJK
format. The output will be in the same format as the simfl.
Example parameter file for GAMSIM

Parameters for GAMSIM
*********************
../08-backtr/sgsims.btr \ file with data
4 \ variable column
-999.0 999.0 \ trimming limits
gamsim.out \ file for variogram output
10 \ number of realisations
200 106750 5.0 \ nx, xmn, xsiz
200 40000 5.0 \ ny, ymn, ysiz
2 403 1.0 \ nz, zmn, zsiz
100 \ number of lags
1 0 0 \ ixinc, iyinc, izinc
1 \ covariance measure
1 \ input file format
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Example output file for GAMSIM

Absolute variograms - ..\08-backtr\sgsims.btr
1 5.00 79600 0.24969 0.25079 0.25006

2 10.00 79200 0.32154 0.32058 0.32162
3 15.00 78800 0.38828 0.38564 0.38751
4 20.00 78400 0.44026 0.43541 0.43890
5 25.00 78000 0.48431 0.47721 0.48246
6 30.00 77600 0.52260 0.51259 0.51468
7 35.00 77200 0.55114 0.53718 0.54452
8 40.00 76800 0.57794 0.55754 0.56801
9 45.00 76400 0.59640 0.57244 0.59014
10 50.00 76000 0.61223 0.58851 0.60466
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
Variograms from 10 SGS realisations and the model used
To run GAMSIM, select Run Scripts from the Scripts menu and browse the
GAMSIM.py located in the folder C:\Short_Course\Scripts. Use the same
Command Prompt window to run VMODEL.
Workshop 2
EXERCISE 9
Calculate E-W variograms of the SGS normal scores from exercise 7(c) using
GAMSIM (gamsim.par). Produce the variogram of the data using VMODEL
(vmodel.par). Compare the variograms from the 10 SGS realisations with the
data variogram model by opening spreadsheet gamsim.xls.
Workshop 2
10. Checking the reproduction of histograms

The simulation distributions can be calculated using the program SIMTEST. The
data file should be in GEOEAS format. A parameter file is required (default is
simtest.par). All required files are located in C:\Short_Course\EXE\SIMTEST.
Parameter file for SIMTEST

datafl \ declustered sample datafile
iv \ variable column
iw \ declustered weight column
simfl \ simulation file
ncol, isim \ #columns, simulated values column
nx, ny, nz \ number of nodes
nsim \ number of realisations
outfl \ output file for data
ncut \ number of cut-offs
cut(i) \ cut-off grade i
datafl: name of input declustered sample data file.
iv: declustered sample data file column containing variable of interest.
iw: sample file column containing declustered weights. If iw=0 then all samples
are assigned equal weights.
are accepted.
simfl: simulation output file.
ncol: number of columns in datafl.
isim: column containing the simulation realisation. Only used if iwrite=1.
nsim: number of realisations in simfl.
outfl: output file containing the distribution results.
ncut: number of grade cut-offs to investigate.
cut(i): grade for cut-off i.
Workshop 2
Example parameter file for SIMTEST

Parameters for SIMTEST
**********************
declus.out \ declustered sample file
4 \ variable column
5 \ weight column
0 98 \ trimming limits
../08-backtr/sgsims.btr \ simulation file
5 5 \ number of columns and var column
200 200 2 \ number of nodes nx,ny,nz
simtest2.out \ output file
17 \ number of cut-offs
0.35 .45 .55 .65 .75 0.85 0.95 1.05 1.15 1.25 1.35 1.45 1.55 1.65
1.75 1.85 1.95 2.05 \ cut-off grades
Example of output from SIMTEST program

Cut-off Samples Simulations
Ave. 1 2 3 4 5
0.35 0.293 0.482 0.510 0.284 0.585 0.566 0.411
0.45 3.060 3.695 4.310 2.981 3.966 3.980 3.372
0.55 8.268 8.790 9.681 8.007 9.149 8.870 8.087
0.65 13.368 13.241 13.854 13.011 13.201 13.310 12.712
0.75 13.961 14.807 15.015 15.371 14.086 14.597 14.471
0.85 14.838 15.793 15.431 16.645 15.581 15.873 15.385
0.95 14.646 13.697 13.135 13.962 13.580 14.199 13.877
1.05 11.686 11.796 11.336 12.071 12.046 11.879 12.323
1.15 10.771 9.105 8.649 9.057 9.306 9.041 9.983
1.25 4.096 4.244 3.894 4.351 4.395 3.990 4.620
1.35 1.988 1.930 1.776 1.956 1.878 1.742 2.191
1.45 1.107 0.926 0.873 0.944 0.874 0.741 1.025
1.55 1.407 1.031 1.038 0.966 0.981 0.885 1.091
1.65 0.155 0.149 0.157 0.120 0.116 0.108 0.150
1.75 0.109 0.093 0.095 0.085 0.086 0.061 0.086
1.85 0.070 0.083 0.093 0.056 0.061 0.054 0.090
1.95 0.000 0.007 0.010 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.005
0.177 0.133 0.144 0.125 0.101 0.096 0.119
Mean grade
0.844 0.829 0.817 0.835 0.827 0.822 0.841
To run SIMTEST, select Run Scripts from the Scripts menu and browse the
SIMTEST.py located in the folder C:\Short_Course\Scripts.
Workshop 2
EXERCISE 10
Note: (a) and (b) are optional

(a) Using simtest1.par, formulate a distribution for the cut-offs specified (in
.par file). Observe the output file comparing the mean grade of the
samples with the simulation realization.
(b) Using simtest.out developed in (a), construct a histogram of the data
samples versus the simulation realization (use Excel).
(c) Use simtest2.par to calculate histogram distributions of the data plus the
10 SGS realizations. Open simtest.xls enabling an automatic refresh to
view results.
Workshop 2
11. Post processing SGS simulations

Post processing of SGS realizations is completed by the Postsim algorithm
located in the Utilities nodes of the algorithm tab.
Postsim allows a number of summaries to be extracted from a set of

simulated realizations:
o ``E-type'' estimates, i.e., the point-by-point average of the

realizations.
o Compute the variance of the conditional distribution.
o probability of exceeding or to be below a fixed threshold, the
average value above that threshold, and the average value below
that threshold.
o The value where a fixed conditional cumulative distribution
function (cdf) value p is reached, i.e., the conditional p-quantile
value.
The input and output are defined by the following options:
Input
Object Name: grid object used to do the

simulation and where the results are
storied.
Properties: Realizations to be
considered by the postsim algorithm.
Workshop 2
Output
The selected check boxes are going to be done all at once. There will be created
new properties in the grid object corresponding to the selected options.
The options are: E-Type, Conditional Variance, Interquartile range, Quantile,

Probability and mean above and below a threshold.
Workshop 2
EXERCISE 11
(a) Determine the E-type (average), M-type (median) and probabilities using
the 10 SGS realisations. Use the parameter file postsim.par located in the
folder C:\Short_course\Par_Files\Exercise11.
(b) Visualise E-type, M-type and probabilities.
(c) Look at the statistics and histogram of the E-type distribution and
compare to the sample data (Refer Exercise 2).
Example of E-type and M-type of the mineral deposit
E- Type
M- Type
Workshop 2
12. Change of support (reblocking)

Changing the support of the SGS realisations will be performed using the
program REBLOCK. A parameter file is required (default is reblock.par).
All required files are located in C:\Short_Course\EXE\REBLOCK.
Parameter file for REBLOCK

simfl \ input simulated realisations
iread \ simfl format
ivr \ variable column
nx, ny, nz \ # of nodes in x, y, and z directions
xmn, ymn, zmn \ x,y,z co-ords of simulation origin
xsiz, ysiz, zsiz \ x,y,z node spacing
xcm, ycm, zcm \ upscaled model x,y,z origin
xcs, ycs, zcs \ x,y,z cell dimensions
ncx, ncy, ncz \ x,y,z number of cells
cut \ cut-off of interest
outfl \ output file with results
iwrite \ outfl format
simfl: name of input file with realisations.
iread: if =0 then the simfl must be in GEOEAS format; if =1 then the simfl must
be in IJK format.
ivr: column with variable of interest.
are accepted.
tmax: all z values > tmax are set equal to tmax.
xmn: x co-ordinate of bottom left-hand node.
xsiz: spacing between nodes in the x direction.
ymn: y co-ordinate of bottom left-hand node.
ysiz: spacing between nodes in the y direction.
zmn: z co-ordinate of bottom left-hand node.
zsiz: spacing between nodes in the z direction.
nsim: number of realisations.
ncx: number of cells in x direction.
xcm: x co-ordinate of bottom left-hand cell.
xcs: spacing between cells in the x direction.
ncy: number of cells in y direction.
Workshop 2
ycm: y co-ordinate of bottom left-hand cell.

ycs: spacing between cells in the y direction.
ncz: number of cells in z direction.
zcm: z co-ordinate of bottom left-hand cell.
zcs: spacing between cells in the z direction.
cut: cut-off grade of interest.
outfl: output file containing the reblocked model with the block grades, the
probability above cut and the grade of the material above cut.
iwrite: if =0 then the outfl will be in GEOEAS format; if =1 then the outfl will be
in IJK format.
Example parameter file for REBLOCK

Parameters for SIMMEAN
**********************
../08-backtr/sgsim.btr \ simulation file
1 \ file format
5 \ column with simulation
0 99 \ trimming limits
200 200 2 \ number of nodes x,y,z
106750 40000 403 \ x,y,z origin
5.0 5.0 1.0 \ node spacing x, y, z
106752.5 40002.5 403 \ upscaled model origin x,y,z
10.0 10.0 1.0 \ x,y,z cell dimensions
100 100 2 \ x,y,z number cells
1.0 \ cut-off of interest
reblock1.blk \ output file
1 \ file format
Example output file from REBLOCK program in IJK format

1 1 1 0.862
2 1 1 0.800
3 1 1 0.782
4 1 1 0.923
5 1 1 0.880
6 1 1 0.933
7 1 1 0.830
8 1 1 0.809
9 1 1 0.755
10 1 1 0.903
11 1 1 1.058
12 1 1 0.932
13 1 1 1.078
14 1 1 1.167
Workshop 2
EXERCISE 12
To run REBLOCK, select Run Scripts from the Script menu and browse
Reblock.py located in C:\Short_Course\Script\.
Reblock the single SGS realisation generated in Exercise 6(b) for the following
cell sizes:
10m x 10m x 1m (x, y, z) (reblock1.par)
25m x 25m x 1m (reblock2.par)
25m x 25m x 2m (reblock3.par)
To visualize the reblocked SGS realizations, run Load_Reblock.py located in

C:\Short_Course\Script\. The script will import the 3 reblocked models.
The steps to import are:
1 Step: define the model as a Cartesian grid.
Workshop 2
2 Step: Define the model name and dimensions. Note that for each reblocked
model the number of cell and cell size are going to change.
1st reblocked model 10x10x1

Number of Cells
X Direction 100
Y Direction 100
Z Direction 2
Cell Size
in X 10
in Y 10
in Z 1
Origin Coordinates*
Ox 106750
Oy 40000
Oz 403
2nd reblocked model 25x25x1

Number of Cells
X Direction 40
Y Direction 40
Z Direction 2
Cell Size
in X 25
in Y 25
in Z 1
Origin Coordinates*
Ox 106750
Oy 40000
Oz 403
Workshop 2
3rd reblocked model 25x25x2

Number of Cells
X Direction 40
Y Direction 40
Z Direction 1
Cell Size
in X 25
in Y 25
in Z 2
Origin Coordinates*
Ox 106750
Oy 40000
Oz 403
Workshop 2
Example of the reblocked (SGS) mineral deposit
5x5x1 10 x 10 x 1
25 x 25 x 1 25 x 25 x 2
Workshop 2
13. Direct block simulation

Direct block simulation will be done using the program DBSIM. The data file
should be in GEOEAS format. A parameter file is required (default is dbsim.par).
All required files are located in C:\Short_Course\Exe\Dbsim\.
Parameter file for DBSIM

datafl \ input datafile
ix, iy, iz, iv, iw, zcd \ x, y, z, variable, weight columns, zone
igauss \ transform data (0=yes; 1=no)
transfl \ output transformation file (igauss=0)
zmin, zmax \ minimum, maximum data values
ltail, ltpar \ lower tail extrapolation
utail, utpar \ upper tail extrapolation
outfl \ output file for realisations
seed \ random number generator seed
xmin, xmax \ definition of grid system (x axis)
ymin, ymax \ definition of grid system (y axis)
zmin, zmax \ definition of grid system (z axis)
nsup \ number of block support sizes
dx, dy, dz \ block dimensions in x,y,z directions
nxdis, nydis, nzdis \ block discretisation in x,y,z directions
modfl \ model file
xm, ym, zm, zone \ x, y, z, zone
ndmin, ndmax \ minimum, maximum number of data
nblks \ maximum number of blocks
noct \ number of data per octant(0=not used)
zcode \ zone code
tcut \ top cut
radius \ search radius
sang1,sang2,sang3,sanis1,sanis2 \ search ellipsoid parameters
nst, c0 \ # of structures, nugget variance
it, aa, cc \ variogram parameters
ang1, ang2, ang3,anis1, anis2 \ variogram parameters
datafl: name of input data file.

ix, iy, iz: data file columns for x, y, and z coordinates.
iw: data file column containing variable weights. If iw 0 then equal weighting
is considered.
Workshop 2
zcd: zone code for various domains.

are accepted.
igauss: if =1 then the input variable is assumed to be Gaussian (the output
results are left unchanged); if =0 then Gaussian transformation of input data and
back transformation of simulated values performed internally.
transfl: the output file containing the transformation lookup table (igauss=0).
zmin: minimum allowable data value (used in back transformation i.e. when
igauss=0).
zmax: maximum allowable data value (used in back transformation i.e. when
igauss=0).
ltail and ltpar: specify the lower tail extrapolation in the back transformation
process (igauss = 0): ltail = 1 implements a linear interpolation to the lower limit
zmin; ltail = 2 implements power model interpolation with = ltpar to the lower
limit zmin.
utail and utpar: specify the upper tail extrapolation in the back transformation
process (igauss = 0): utail = 1 implements a linear interpolation to the upper limit
zmax; utail = 2 implements power model interpolation with = utpar, to the
upper limit zmax; utail
outfl: output file containing the normal scores.
seed: random number generator seed. Must be large odd integer >1000 and
<10000.
nsim: number of realisations required.
xmin, xmax: extents of the model in the x direction.
ymin, ymax: extents of the model in the y direction.
zmin, zmax: extents of the model in the z direction.
nsup: number of support sizes on which to simulate - only one size option is
available here.
dx, dy, dz: block size in the x, y and z directions.
nxdis: group discretisation in the x direction.
nydis: group discretisation in the y direction.
nzdis: group discretisation in the z direction.
modfl: file containing block coordinates on which to simulate, i.e. coordinates of
blocks within a wireframe.
xm, ym, zm: block coordinates (in modfl) to be simulated.
zone: zone code for various domains of blocks within modfl.
ndmin: minimum number of conditioning data that should be used to simulate
a grid node.
ndmax: maximum number of conditioning data that should be used to simulate
a grid node.
nblks: maximum number of simulated blocks to use in the simulation of a point.
Workshop 2
noct: number of original data to use per octant. If noct 0 then an octant search
is not used. If noct 1 then the ndmax parameter is overridden.
zcode: zone code to simulate.
tcut: assigning high grade values a maximum value. Values greater than tcut is
assigned the value of tcut.
radius: search radius.
sang1, sang2, sang3, sanis1, and sanis2: define the 3-D search anisotropy of the
search ellipsoid (see notes on GSLIB).
nst: number of variogram structures. If nst > 1 then the following parameters
need to be defined for each structure: c0, it, aa, cc, ang1, ang2, ang3, anis1, and
anis2.
c0: isotropic nugget variance.
it: variogram type; 1= Spherical; 2 = Exponential; 3= Gaussian.
aa: variogram range.
cc: variogram spatial variance.
ang1, ang2, ang3, anis1, and anis2: define the 3-D anisotropy of the
variography ellipsoid (see notes on GSLIB).
Workshop 2
Example parameter file for DBSIM

Parameters for BLKSIM
********************
nickel.dat \ data file
1 2 3 6 0 7 \ x,y,z,vr,wt,zone
-1.0e21 1.0e21 \ trimming limits
1 \ 0=transform the data, 1=don't
NORM_SC.trn \ output transformation table
0.00 5.95 \ min and max data values
2 2.5 \ lower tail option, parameter
4 5.0 \ upper tail option, parameter
dbsim1.blk \ output file for realisations
567989 \ random number seed
106760 107735 \ xmin,xmax: model limits in X
40010 40985 \ ymin,ymax: model limits in Y
403 404 \ zmin,zmax: model limits in Z
1 \ # of block support sizes (only 1)
25 25 1 \ block dimensions
5 5 1 \ block discretisation
model25a.out \ model file for simulation
1 2 3 4 \ x,y,z,zone
10 30 \ min,max data for simulation
6 \ max simulated blocks to use
0 \ max per octant (0-> not used)
1 \ zone code
100.00 \ top cut
600.0 \ maximum search radius
0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.02 \ sang1,2,3,anis1,2
2 0.18 \ nst, nugget effect
1 40.0 0.32 \ it, aa, cc
0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.09 \ ang1,ang2,ang3,anis1,anis2
1 400.0 0.50 \ it, aa, cc
0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.02 \ ang1,ang2,ang3,anis1,anis2
Example of the model file (25 x 25 x 1)

106760.0 40010.00 403.0000 1
106785.0 40010.00 403.0000 1
106810.0 40010.00 403.0000 1
106835.0 40010.00 403.0000 1
106860.0 40010.00 403.0000 1
106885.0 40010.00 403.0000 1
106910.0 40010.00 403.0000 1
106935.0 40010.00 403.0000 1
106960.0 40010.00 403.0000 1
106985.0 40010.00 403.0000 1
107010.0 40010.00 403.0000 1
107035.0 40010.00 403.0000 1
107060.0 40010.00 403.0000 1
107085.0 40010.00 403.0000 1
107110.0 40010.00 403.0000 1
Workshop 2
EXERCISE 13
To run DBSIM, select Run Scripts from the Script menu and browse Dbsim.py
located in C:\Short_Course\Script\.
Create a single block simulation (25 x 25 x 1) conditioned to the nickel data using
parameter file dbsim1.par.
To import the block model run the script Load_dbsim.py located at C:\Short_Course\
Script. Use the same model dimensions as used in Exercise 12 but remind to change the
name of the grid.
Number of Cells
X Direction 40
Y Direction 40
Z Direction 2
Cell Size
in X 25
in Y 25
in Z 1
Origin Coordinates*
Ox 106750
Oy 40000
Oz 403
Workshop 2
Example of simulation for Exercise 13 of the mineral deposit
25 x 25 x 1
Workshop 2
14. Global resources selectivity
Global resources will be calculated with the GLORES program. A parameter file
is required (default is glores.par). All required files are located in
C:\Short_Course\Exe\Glores
Parameter file for GLORES

modfl \ input model file
iread \ modfl format
ivr \ variable column
ivol \ volume column
isg \ specific gravity column
outfl \ output file with results
ncut \ number of cut-offs
cut(i) \ cut-off i (i = 1,ncut)
dsg \ default specific gravity
dvol \ default volume
modfl: name of input model file.
iread: if =0 then the simfl must be in GEOEAS format; if =1 then the simfl must
be in IJK format.
ivr: column with block grade.
ivol: column with block volume.
isg: column with block specific gravity.
outfl: output file with results.
ncut: number of cut-offs.
cut(i): cut-off i, i = 1 to ncut.
dsg: default specific gravity (used if isg = 0).
dvol: default volume (used if ivol = 0).
Workshop 2
Example parameter file for GLORES

Parameters for GLORES
*********************
../08-backtr/sgsim.btr \ model file
1 \ file format(0=GEOEAS;1=IJK)
5 \ block grade column
0 \ block volume column
0 \ block SG column
glores1.txt \ output file
11 \ number of cut-offs
.5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 \ cut-offs grades
1.16 \ default specific gravity
25 \ default block volume
Example output file from GLORES program

Number of blocks = 80000
Total Volume = 2000000.0

Total Tonnes = 2319999.9
Average Block SG = 1.160

Average Block Tonnes = 25.00
Cutoff Vol Above Ton Above Gr Above Vol Below Ton Below Gr Below
0.500 1825900.0 2118043.9 0.853 174100.0 201956.0 0.442
0.600 1608100.0 1865395.9 0.894 391900.0 454604.0 0.501
0.700 1331925.0 1545033.0 0.947 668075.0 774967.0 0.559
0.800 1011125.0 1172905.0 1.011 988875.0 1147095.0 0.620
0.900 701800.0 814088.0 1.083 1298200.0 1505912.0 0.673
1.000 448875.0 520695.0 1.161 1551125.0 1799304.9 0.718
1.100 258275.0 299599.0 1.249 1741725.0 2020400.9 0.753
1.200 123625.0 143405.0 1.368 1876375.0 2176594.9 0.781
1.300 68625.0 79605.0 1.472 1931375.0 2240394.9 0.794
1.400 38100.0 44196.0 1.577 1961900.0 2275803.9 0.802
1.500 17600.0 20416.0 1.715 1982400.0 2299583.9 0.809
Workshop 2
EXERCISE 14
(a) Calculate grade-tonnage information at various levels of selectivity using the

SGS realisation generated in Exercise 8(a) and the reblocked output produced in
Exercise 12. Use parameter files GLORES1.par, GLORES2.par, GLORES3.par
and GLORES4.par. To run Glores, select Run Script in the Script menu and
browse for Glores.py located in C:\Short_Course\Script.
(b) Determine sensitivities of grade-tonnage information by opening gradeton

.xls.
Grade-tonnage information at various levels of selectivity

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WORKSHOP 1

2. Statistical data analysis

4. Normal score transform

5. Variography on the normal scores

6. Sequential Gaussian simulation

7. Group sequential Gaussian simulation

9. Checking the reproduction of variograms

10. Checking the reproduction of histograms

11. Post processing SGS simulations

12. Change of support (reblocking)

13. Direct block simulation

14. Global resources and selectivity

The demonstration dataset is from a lateritic nickel deposit. The dataset

(ii) Select Object Load Object command and open Nickel.dat at

It is possible to modify the visualization preferences for each loaded database or

2. Statistical data analysis

Statistical measures and plots will be generated using S-GeMS.

(i) Click on Data Analysis Histogram.

(iv) Save the histogram, click on the Save as image button.

(vi) Save the histogram, click on the Save as image button.

(vii) Repeat the process for cobalt and iron.

Histogram of Nickel Log scale

Histogram of Iron Log scale

Histogram of Cobalt Log scale

1) the declustered global statistics; and

Random Pick Declustering

Cells (C) = 14 Samples (S) = 14

s=2 s=2 s=1 s=1

Cells (C) = 14 Samples (S) = 24 Cell Samples (s) - variable

Nearest Neighbour Declustering

Parameter file for DECLUS

Example of input data file

Example of parameter file

Parameters for DECLUS

Example declustered output file

106795.727 40036.090 400.800 0.790 1.000

Example of declustered statistics output file

STATISTICS BEFORE DECLUSTERING

Number of data in file = 1604

STATISTICS AFTER DECLUSTERING

Declustered mean = 0.844

(i) Select Run Script from the Scripts menu.

(ii) Then browse for C:\Short_Course\Scripts\Declus.py

The output produced by Declust, can be found at C:\ Short_course\Exe\

4. Normal score transformation

Properties: Properties to be transformed

Suffix for Output: a new property will be

Source distribution: Gaussian, Log Normal,

Object name: name of the object (Nickel).

Properties: source property (Nickel).

Mean: target mean distribution (0)

Variance: target variance (1)

(iii) Click on Run Algorithm button.

5. Variography on the normal scores

Quick reminder: Variograms are diagrams showing the average difference

(a) Calculate experimental variograms of the normal scores in the horizontal

(i) Select Variogram in the Data analysis menu.

(iv) Using the Variogram modeling tab, enter 0.18 as

Define the 1st structure as a Spherical model with a

Define the 2nd structure as a Spherical model with a

6. Sequential Gaussian simulation

To run the algorithm one first needs to create a grid of nodes.

(i) Select New Cartesian Grid in the Objects menu.

Give the name of Simulation_Grid for your grid. It is extremely important to