WAVE PROPAGATION
Solution Manual
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
2
Contents
1 Electromagnetic Radiation 5
2 Antenna Characteristics 19
3 Wire Antennas 45
4 Aperture Antennas 59
5 Antenna Arrays 83
6 Special Antennas 97
3
4 CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Electromagnetic Radiation
Solution 1.1 The unit vectors in spherical coordinates, viz., ar , a , and a can be
expressed in terms of ax , ay , and az as (see Example 1.7),
Taking the dot product of each of the unit vectors with itself,
5
6 CHAPTER 1. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
A = ( " # " #)
Ay Ax Ax Az
ax
y x y z z x
( " # " #)
Az Ay Ay Ax
+ay
z y z x x y
( " # " #)
Ax Az Az Ay
+az
x z x y y z
( )
2 2 2 2
Ay Az Ax Ax
= ax + 2 2
xy xz y z
( )
2 2
Ax Az Ay 2 Ay
2
+ay + 2 2
xy yz x z
( )
2 2
Ax Ay Az 2 Az
2
+az + 2 2
xz yz x y
( )
2 2
Ay Az Ax Ax 2 Ax 2 Ax
2 2
= ax + + 2 2 2 2
xy xz x x y z
( )
2 2
Ax Az Ay Ay Ay 2 Ay
2 2 2
+ay + + 2 2 2 2
xy yz y x y z
7
( )
2 Ax 2 Ay 2 Az 2 Az 2 Az 2 Az
+az + + 2 2 2 2
xz yz z x y z
!
Ax Ay Az
= ax + +
x x y z
!
Ax Ay Az
+ay + +
y x y z
!
Ax Ay Az
+az + +
z x y z
ax 2 Ax ay 2 Ay az 2 Az
= ( A) 2 A
E = jH
H = jE
E = 0
H = 0
E = j H
Expanding the L.H.S. using the vector identity and substituting the expression for H
on the R.H.S from the second equation,
( E) 2 E = j(jE)
2 E + k 2 E = 0
H = j E
Expanding the L.H.S. using the vector identity and substituting the expression for E
on the R.H.S from the first equation,
( H) 2 H = j(jH)
Since H = 0, we get
2 H + k 2 H = 0
Solution 1.6 From Eqns (1.31) to (1.34), we can conclude that V (r) = V0 ejkr /r rep-
resents a wave with a velocity v = /k. Since both and k are positive numbers, the
8 CHAPTER 1. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
velocity is positive. Therefore, V (r) represents a wave travelling in the positive r direction.
Solution 1.7 (a) The equiphase surface is a sphere of radius r with center at the origin.
(b) Equiphase surface is a plane x =constant.
ejkr
Az = I0 dl
4 r
Substituting into Eqn (1.57)
" #
1 ejkr ejkr
A = a (r I0 dl sin ) ( I0 dl cos )
r r 4 r 4 r
Performing the indicated differentiation,
" #
1 ejkr
A = a I0 dl jkejkr sin + sin
r 4 r
1 ejkr
= a I0 dl sin (jkr + 1)
r 4 r
Substituting in
1
H= A
and rearranging, we get
Hr = 0
H = 0
" #
I0 dl sin ejkr 1
H = jk 1+
4 r jkr
Solution 1.9 Substituting the expression for H from Eqn (1.61) into Eqn (1.63)
" ( )!
1 1 I0 dl sin ejkr 1
E = 2
a r r sin jk 1+
j r sin 4 r jkr
( )!#
jkr
I0 dl sin e 1
ra r sin jk 1+
r 4 r jkr
Performing the indicated differentiation,
" ( )
1 1 I0 dl ejkr 1
E = a r r2 sin cos jk 1 +
j r2 sin 4 r jkr
2
( )#
jkr jkr
I0 dl sin jkr e e
ra jk jke jk
4 jkr jkr2
9
Solution 1.10 From Eqn (1.53), the magnetic vector potential due to a z directed current
element is,
ejkr
A = az I0 dl
4 r
where, q
r = x2 + y 2 + z 2
The curl of A in rectangular coordinates is given by
! ! !
Az Ay Ax Az Ay Ax
A = ax + ay + az
y z z x x y
We now compute
! !
ejkr ejkr q 2 ejkr q 2
= jk x + y2 + z2 2 x + y2 + z2
x r r x r x
ejkr x 1
= jk
r r r
Similarly, !
ejkr ejkr y 1
= jk
y r r r r
10 CHAPTER 1. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
and hence
Az ejkr y 1
= I0 dl jk
y 4 r r r
Therefore, the magnetic field components are,
1 Az I0 dl ejkr y 1
Hx = = jk
y 4 r r r
jkr
1 Az I0 dl e x 1
Hy = = jk
x 4 r r r
Hz = 0
Using the transformation from rectangular to spherical coordinates (see Appendix F),
Substituting the expressions for Hx and Hy and using the relationships x = r sin cos
and y = r sin sin ,
I0 dl ejkr 1
Hr = jk {sin cos sin sin sin sin sin cos }
4 r r
= 0
I0 dl ejkr 1
H = jk {cos cos sin sin cos sin sin cos }
4 r r
= 0
I0 dl ejkr 1
H = jk ( sin sin sin cos sin cos )
4 r
r !
I0 dl sin ejkr 1
= jk 1+
4 r jkr
Since Hz = 0, " !#
1 Hy Hx Hy Hx
E= ax + ay + az
j z z x y
We now compute the partial derivates of Hx and Hy with respect to x, y, and z.
" !
Hx I0 dl y 1 ejkr ejkr y 1
= jk + jk
y 4 r r y r r r y r
! #
jkr
e 1 y
+ jk
r r y r
11
"
Hx I0 dl y 1 ejkr 1 y
= jk jk
y 4 r r r r r
! #
jkr jkr 2
e y y e 1 y 1
+ + jk
r r r3 r r r3 r
Similarly,
"
Hy I0 dl ejkr 1 xx 1
= jk jk
x 4 r r rr r
! #
ejkr x x ejkr 1 x2 1
+ + 3 jk
r r r3 r r r r
I0 dl ejkr 1 1
E = cos cos jk cos sin cos jk
4j r r r
!#
1 1 cos
sin cos cos jk + sin cos
r r r2
1 1
+ cos sin jk cos sin sin jk
r
r!#
1 1 cos
sin sin cos jk + sin sin
r r r2
"
1 2 2
+ sin jk + sin
r
! #)
1 2 sin2 sin2
+ jk + 2
r r r r
(
jkr 2
I0 dl e 1 1 1 1
= jk + cos2 sin + jk + cos2 sin + 2 cos2 sin
4j r r r r r
2
1 2 1 1 1
+ jk + sin3 jk + sin + jk + sin3
r r r r r
1 3
+ 2 sin
r " #
I0 dl sin 1 ejkr 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
= jk + + jk + jk + + 2
4 j r r r r r r r
" #
jkr 2
I0 dl sin 1 e 1 1 1 1
= jk + + jk +
4 j r r r r r
" #
I0 dl sin 1 ejkr jk 1
= (jk)2 + + 2
4 j r r r
" #
jkr
I0 dl sin e 1 1
= j 1+
4 r jkr (kr)2
I0 dl ejkr 1 1
E = sin jk cos sin cos jk
4j r r r
!#
1 1 cos
sin cos cos jk + sin cos
r r r2
1 1
+ cos jk cos sin sin jk
r
r !#)
1 1 cos
sin sin cos jk + sin sin
r r r2
= 0
These are the expressions for the components of the electric field in spherical coordinate
system as given by Eqns (1.64)-(1.66).
14 CHAPTER 1. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
Solution 1.12 The electric and magnetic fields in the far-field region of a Hertzian dipole
can be written as
ejkr
E = E0 sin
r
E0 ejkr
H = sin
r
where E0 is a complex constant. Taking the curl of the electric field,
ar ra r sin a
1
E= 2 r
r sin jkr
0 rE0 sin e r
0
Since the electric field is independent of , differentiation with respect to yields a zero.
Thus, the determinant can be expanded to get,
( )
1
E= 2 r sin a (E0 sin ejkr )
r sin r
Differentiating with respect r,
ejkr
E = a jE0 k sin
r
ejkr
= ja E0 sin
r
" #
E0 ejkr
= j a sin
r
= jH
Similarly,
ar ra r sin a
1
H =
r2 sin
r
jkr
0 0 r sin E0 sin e r
jkr
1 E0 e 1 E0
= ar r 2 sin cos 2 ra sin2 (jk)ejkr
r2
sin r r sin
E0 ejkr E0 ejkr
= ar 2 cos 2 + a j sin k
r r
15
At large distances, we can ignore the term containing 1/r2 and using the relationship
k/ = , we can write
( )
ejkr
H = j a E0 sin
r
= jE
Solution 1.14 The magnetic vector potential for a y directed Hertzian dipole is given by
0 ejkr
A = ay I0 dl
4 r
Expressing ay is spherical coordinates,
0 ejkr
A= I0 dl (ar sin sin + a cos sin + a cos )
4 r
The magnetic field is given by
ar ra r sin a
1 1 1
H = A= r
r2 sin
Ar rA r sin A
( " ! !#
1 I0 dl ejkr ejkr
= 2 ar r sin cos r cos sin
r sin 4 r r
" ! !#
jkr jkr
e e
ra r sin cos sin sin
r r r
" ! !#)
jkr
e ejkr
+r sin a r cos sin sin sin
r r r
( " #
jkr jkr
1 I0 dl e e
= 2 ar r cos cos r cos cos
r sin 4 r r
16 CHAPTER 1. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
" #
ejkr ejkr
ra jkr sin cos sin cos
r r
" #)
jkr
e ejkr
+r sin a jkr cos sin cos sin
r r
I0 dl ejkr
= {a cos (jkr + 1) a cos sin (jkr + 1)}
4r r ! !
jkI0 dl ejkr 1 jkI0 dl ejkr 1
= a cos 1+ a cos sin 1+
4 r jkr 4 r jkr
The electric field is given by,
ar ra r sin a
1 1 1
E = H= r
j j r2 sin
0 rH r sin H
jkI0 dl 1 1
= 2
4 j r sin
( " !! !!#
ejkr 1 ejkr 1
ar r sin cos sin 1+ r cos 1+
r jkr r jkr
" !#
jkr
e 1
ra r sin cos sin 1+
r r jkr
" !#)
jkr
e 1
+r sin a r cos 1+
r r jkr
k I0 dl 1
= 2
4
( " r sin ! !#
2 ejkr 1 ejkr 1
ar r cos sin 1+ + r sin 1+
r jkr r jkr
" ( ! !)#
jkr 1 jkr 1
+ra sin cos sin jke 1+ +e
jkr jkr2
" ! !#)
1 1
+ r sin a jkejkr 1 + + ejkr
jkr jkr2
The components of the electric field are,
!
jkr
I0 dl 1 2 e 1
Er = 2
r sin sin 1+
4 r sin r jkr
!
jkr
I0 dl e 1
= sin sin 1+
4r r jkr
" #
I0 dl jk jkr 1 1
E = r sin cos sin e 1+
4 r2 sin jkr (kr)2
" #
jkI0 dl ejkr 1 1
= cos sin 1+
4 r jkr (kr)2
" #
jkI0 dl ejkr 1 1
E = cos 1+
4 r jkr (kr)2
17
Solution 1.15 The electric field, Ez at (0, 100, 0) is the same as E (r = 100, = 2 , =
2
), and from Eqn (1.65)
" #
kI0 dl ejkr 1 1
E = j 1+
4 r jkr (kr)2
Since az Ez |=90 = a E ,
If the dipole is oriented along x direction, the field also gets oriented along the x
direction. Therefore,
Ex = 0.018566 99.3 V/m
18 CHAPTER 1. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
Chapter 2
Antenna Characteristics
Solution 2.1 The magnetic field can be written in terms of the electric field by
1
H= E
j
ejkr
E = (a E0 cos sin + a E0 cos )
r
Therefore,
ar ra r sin a
1 1
H = r
j r2 sin
Er rE r sin E
1 1
= 2
j r sin
( " ! !#
ejkr ejkr
ar r sin E0 cos rE0 cos sin
r r
!
jkr
e
ra r sin E0 cos
r r
!)
ejkr
+r sin a rE0 cos sin
r r
1 1
= 2
j r sin
( " #
ejkr ejkr
ar r cos E0 cos rE0 cos cos
r r
ra sin E0 cos (jk)ejkr
o
+r sin a E0 cos sin (jk)ejkr
k ejkr
= E0 [a cos + a cos sin ]
r
19
20 CHAPTER 2. ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS
Since = k,
E0 ejkr
H= [a cos + a cos sin ]
r
Therefore
E E
= =
H H
S = E H
S = Re{Eejt } Re{Hejt }
Solution 2.4 Following the procedure of Example 1.8 we can write the magnetic vector
potential due to a y directed Hertzian dipole of length dl, and carrying a current I0 , as
0 ejkr
A = ay I0 dl
4 r
Expressing the unit vector in terms of the spherical coordinates,
ejkr
A= I0 dl (ar sin sin + a cos sin + a cos )
4 r
The magnetic field is given by
ar ra r sin a
1 1 1
H= A= r
r2 sin
Ar rA r sin A
Expanding the determinant,
( " ! !#
1 I0 dl ejkr ejkr
H = 2 ar r sin cos r cos sin
r sin 4 r r
" ! !#
jkr jkr
e e
a r r sin cos sin sin
r r r
" ! !#)
jkr
e ejkr
+a r sin r cos sin sin sin
r r r
22 CHAPTER 2. ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS
Solution 2.5 This is the electric field of an x-directed Hertzian dipole. In the = 0
plane, the power pattern is a figure of eight (xz plane pattern in Fig. 2.8). The = 90
plane pattern (yz cut in Fig. 2.8) is a circle.
Solution 2.6 (a)In the = 2
plane
ejkr
E = a E0 sin
r
24 CHAPTER 2. ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS
Solution 2.8 The radiated electric field has only component and is given by
ejkr
E = a (cos 1)
r
In the far field region, the electric and magnetic field intensities are related by (Eqn (2.10))
E
=
H
where is the impedance of the medium. Therefore, the radiated magnetic field is given
by
1 ejkr
H = a (cos 1)
r
The time averaged power density is given by
1
S = Re {E H }
2 ( )
1 ejkr 1 ejkr
= Re a (cos 1) a (cos 1)
2 r r
25
Since a a = ar ,
1 (cos 1)2
S = ar
2 r2
Solution 2.9 For U (, ) = sinn , the direction of the maximum is =90 . For n = 3,
U (, ) = sin3 . The 3 dB points are given by sin3 = 0.5 or = sin1 3 0.5 = 52.53
and 127.47 Therefore, 3dB beam width is 3dB = 127.47 52.53 = 74.94 .
Solution 2.10 The time-averaged power density of a Hertzian dipole is given by [see
Eqn (2.12)]
2
1 kI0 dl sin2
S(r, , ) = ar
2 4 r2
The total radiated power is obtained by integrating the power density over the surface of
a sphere of radius r.
Z 2 Z
Prad = S(r, , ) ar r2 sin dd
=0 =0
2
1 kI0 dl Z 2 Z
= sin3 dd
2 4 =0 =0
Prad
=
Pin
which gives, Prad = 0.95 1500 = 1425 W. Since, Pin = Prad + Ploss , Ploss = 1500
1425 = 75 W.
Solution 2.12 On doubling the current into a Hertzian dipole, (a) the total radiated
power goes up by a factor of 4, (b) the radiation intensity also goes up by a factor of 4,
and (c) there is no change in the directivity.
ejkr
E = E0 cos cos
r
ejkr
E = E0 sin
r
Therefore
1 |E0 |2 2 2 2
S = ar cos cos + sin
2 r2
The radiation intensity is given by
|E0 |2 2
U = r2 S = cos cos2 + sin2
2
27
The total power radiated is obtained by integrating the radiation intensity over the sphere.
I
Prad = U d
|E0 |2 Z 2 Z
= (cos2 cos2 + sin2 ) sin dd
2 =0 =0
|E0 |2 Z n 2 o
= cos (2) + 2 sin d
4 =0
|E0 |2 Z 1
= 2 (1 + cos 2) + 1 sin d
4 =0 2
|E0 |2 Z
= (3 sin + cos 2 sin ) d
4 =0
U (, )
D (, ) = 4
Prad
2 2 2
|E0 |2 cos cos + sin
= 4 |E0 |2 4
2
3
= 1.5 cos2 cos2 + sin2
ejkr
E = (a E0 cos sin + a E0 cos )
r
28 CHAPTER 2. ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS
1 |E0 |2 2 2 2
S = ar cos sin + cos
2 r2
The radiation intensity is given by
1
U (, ) = r2 S = |E0 |2 cos2 sin2 + cos2
2
The total power is,
I
|E0 |2 Z 2 Z
Prad = U d = (cos2 sin2 + cos2 ) sin dd
2 =0 =0
Initiating with respect to
2 2 !
|E0 |2 Z 2 1 1 1 1
Prad = cos sin 2 + + sin 2 sin d
2 =0 2 2 0 2 2 0
|E0 |2 Z 2
= cos (2) + 2 sin d
4 =0
|E0 |2 Z 1 1
= 2 + cos 2 + 1 sin d
4 =0 2 2
2 Z
|E0 |
= (3 sin + cos 2 sin ) d
4 =0
Solution 2.14
Pt D
Smax =
4R2
3.5
Substituting Pt = 10 103 W, D = 10 10 = 2.24, = 0.80, and R = 5000, we get
Therefore,
/2
1 1 11
Prad = 2 cos 2 cos 4
4 2 24 0
1 1 1 1
= + + =
2 2 8 2 8 2
The directivity is given by
Umax 2
D = 4 = 4 = 8
Prad
The 3 dB points are given by cos3 = 0.5, which gives = cos( 3 0.5) = 37.5 . Therefore
half-power beamwidth = 2 37.5 = 75 = 1.31 rad. Thus, directivity using Eqn (2.32) is
4
= (1.31)2 = 7.3.
(c)U (, ) = cos4
Z 2 Z /2
Prad = cos4 sin dd
=0 =0
Let us expand
Solution 2.16
Pt D
Smax =
4R2
22
Substituting Smax = 0.2 103 W/m2 , Pt = 2 103 W, D = 10 10 = 158.5, and R =
10 103 m, we get
2 103 158.5
0.2 103 =
4 (10 103 )2
and hence, = 0.793. The radiation efficiency is 79.3%.
U (, ) = U0 [1 sin(2)]
(a) The direction of the maximum is given by the solution of dU/d = 0. Substituting
for U and differentiating
U0 [2 cos ] = 0
which gives = 45 and 135 . The direction of the maximum is along = 135 . (Along
= 45 we have U (, ) = 0.)
(b) Radiated power is given by
Z 2 Z
Prad = U0 [1 sin 2] sin dd
=0 =0
Z
= 2U0 (sin sin 2 sin )d
=0
Solution 2.19 Given Rrad = 1.97 , Rloss = 1 , and jX = j100 , the antenna
impedance becomes
Therefore, the series reactance is Zser = +j100 so that the input impedance becomes
Zin = 2.97 .
n2
For a Transformer ZZ12 = n12 . Substituting Z1 = 50 and Z2 = 2.97 we get n1 : n2 =
q 2
50
: 1 = 4.1 : 1.
2.97
Source current = 100
100
= 1 A, peak to peak. The power supplied by the source into
a matched load Ps = 41 V I. ( 12 V I is the power generated by the source. Half of this is
dissipated
int he
source resistance.) Substituting V = 1002
= 50 V and I = 12 A, we have
Ps = 14 50 21 = 6.25 W.
Peak Current in the secondary I2 = I1 nn21 = 12 4.1 = 2.05 A.
Real power input to the antenna= 12 2.052 2.97 = 6.25 W.
Power radiated by the antenna = 21 2.052 1.97 = 4.15 W.
Solution 2.20 Power into a 100 load is 100 W. Therefore, P = 21 I 2 100 = 100
Therefore, I = 2 A, and the source voltage is Vg = I (100 + 50) = 150 2 V.
When this source is connected to an antenna, the maximum power is delivered if the
the antenna
input
impedance is equal to the source impedance.1 Therefore, the
current is
I = 150
50+50
2
= 1.5 2 A. The power into the antenna is Pin = 2
I 2
R = 1
2
(1.5 2)2
50 =
225 W. Since the antenna has an efficiency of 80%, the radiated power is Prad = 0.8225 =
180 W.
Ea = (a a j)
33
Eb = (a j a )
Solution 2.22 The polarization of the wave is decided by the factor (a ja ). This is the
same vector given in problem 2.21(a). Therefore, the wave is right circularly polarized.
Solution 2.23 (a) Linearly polarized along the x axis. (b) Linearly polarized along the
y axis.
E(t) = (a 3 + a 5) cos(wt)
5
The angle made by the the vector (a 3 + a 5) with respect to the axis is tan = 3
or
= 59.04 .
Since the amplitudes of the and components are not equal and the components are
not in phase, this represents an elliptically polarized wave. The tip of the electric field
vector rotates clockwise and hence it is right elliptically polarized.
(b) The magnetic field vector is given by
H = a 4 + a 36 90
34 CHAPTER 2. ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS
E E
Since H
= H = , the electric field vector is given by
V2 = I1 Z12 + I2 Z22
Solution 2.27 Let I0 be the amplitude of the current source. When it is connected to
port 1 of a two port network, let the open circuit voltage at port-2 be Voca . Let us call
this situation (a). Since port-2 is open-circuited, current I2 = 0. Therefore, from the
definition of the Z matrix,
V2 = Z21 I1
For this situation we can write this as,
Voca
Z21 =
I0
Let us now interchange the location of the source and the response. We connect the
source to port-2, and measure the open circuit voltage, Vocb at port-1. This is the situation
(b). Since I1 = 0, from the definition of the Z matrix we get
V1 = Z12 I2
Solution 2.28 Replace the two-port network by its T equivalent circuit (the network
is reciprocal). Now, one can easily compute the impedance Za of network shown in
Fig. 2.15(a) as,
Zoc1 = Z11
(Z12 )(Z22Z12 )
Zsc1 = Z11 Z12 +
Z22
Z2 Z2
= Z11 Z12 + Z12 12 = Z11 12
Z22 Z22
Zoc2 = Z22
Z2
Zsc2 = Z22 12
Z11
Substituting the impedance values,
2
Z12 = 125 6 53.12
Z12 = 11.18 6 26.56
Z12 = (10 + j5) = Z21
Solution 2.30 The two antennas and the space between them can be modeled by a Z
matrix, with the terminal voltage and current related to each other by
Since the receive antenna is terminated in a load impedance ZR , the V2 and I2 are related
to each other by
V2
ZR = (S2.3)
I2
The negative sign is because, according to the conventions of the Z matrix, the current
is entering the port-2 (or leaving the load impedance ZR ) from the terminal which is at a
higher potential.
Eliminating V2 from Eqn (S2.2) using Eqn (S2.3),
ZR I2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2
or
Z21
I2 = I1
ZR + Z22
Substituting in Eqn (S2.1) and rearranging
V1 Z12 Z21
Zin = = Z11
I1 ZR + Z22
Solution 2.31 The electric field in the far-field region of a y directed Hertzian dipole is
given by (see solution to Problem 1.14) The components of the electric field are,
jkI0 dl ejkr
E = cos sin
4 r
jkr
jkI0 dl e
E = cos
4 r
Comparing with Eqn (2.105), we can write the effective length as
Along the axis of the dipole, i.e., y axis, we have = 90 and = 90 . Therefore, the
vector effective length is zero. Perpendicular to the axis of the dipole, for example x axis,
we have = 90 and = 0. Therefore, the vector effective length reduces to
leff = a dl
37
H = (a + ja )
E E
Since H
= H
= , E = j and E = . Thus the electric field is given by
E = a j a
1
= (cos2 cos2 + sin2 ) = 0.5
2(cos cos2 + sin2 )
2
Solution 2.33 From Eqn (2.83), the power delivered to a matched load is
|Va |2
Pr = (S2.4)
8Rrad
where Va is the open circuit voltage and Rrad is the antenna resistance. The open circuit
voltage is related to the incident electric field and the effective length by
Va = Eleff (S2.5)
The received power is related to the incident power density and the effective aperture by
1 E 2 Ae
Pr = SAe = (S2.7)
2
1 E 2 Ae E 2 leff
2
=
2 8Rrad
Solution 2.34 Gain and the effective area of an antenna are related to each other by,
Ae
G = 4
2
Substituting the expression for Ae from the previous solution,
!2
30 leff
G = 4
Rrad
Solution 2.35 (a) A -polarized wave from (, ) = (/2, /2) is orthogonal to the
x-directed dipole. Therefore, the polarization efficiency is zero.
(b) A -polarized wave from (, ) = (/2, /2) is parallel to the x-directed dipole.
Therefore, the polarization efficiency is one.
E = E0 (ax jay )
As a function of time, the tip of the electric field rotates in a clockwise direction if the
wave is propagating along the positive z-direction. Therefore, the antenna transmits a
right circularly polarized wave propagating in the positive z-direction.
39
Pn = I 2 Ra
Vn2
=
4Ra
4kTa B
=
4Ra
kTa B
=
Ra
Solution 2.38 The noise power delivered by a resistor into a matched load is [Eqn (2.124)]
P = kT B
P = kT B
14
3.981 10 = 1.38 1023 T 10 106
Solution 2.40 The noise equivalent temperature of the the amplifier, referenced to its
input is
N0
Te =
GkB
20
Substituting G = 10 10 = 100, k = 1.38 1023 J/K, B = 1 106 Hz, and N0,dBm =
98.6
98.6 dBm which is N0 = 10 10 mW = 1.38 1013 W, we get
1.38 1013
Te = = 100 K
100 1.38 1023 106
40 CHAPTER 2. ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS
(a) For an antenna with narrow beam and low sidelobes, Ta = Tb0 = 10 K. Noise
power received by the antenna is
Prn = kTa B
= 1.38 1023 10 106
= 1.38 1016 W
N = GPrn + GkTe B
= 100 1.38 1016 + 100 1.38 1023 100 106
= 1.518
1013 W !
1.518 1013
NdBm = 10 log = 98.2 dBm
1 103
Prn = Gk(Ta + Te )B
= 100 1.38 1023 (300 + 100) 106
= 5.52 1013 W
Prn = 92.6 dBm
Pr 0.1 109
S= = = 3.33 1011 W/m2
Aer 3
Solution 2.42 The transmitter power, P = 100 W and the cable loss is 3 dB. Therefore,
power into the antenna, Pt ,is 50 W. (3 dB loss implies half the power is lost in the cable)
Now from the Friis Formula,
Pt Gt Gr
Pr =
(4R/)2
Substituting Pt = 50 W, Gt = 1015/10 = 31.62, Gr = 101/10 = 0.79, R = 25 103 m, and
3108
= fc = 90010 6 = 0.33 m we set
50 31.62 0.79
Pr = 3
2 = 1.403 109 W
4 2510
0.333
Expressing it in dBm,
!
1.403 109
Pr = 10 log = 58.5 dBm
1 103
Solution 2.43 The effective area of the receive antenna is related to its gain by
4 Aer
Gr =
2
c 3108
Substituting Gr = 1015/10 = 31.62 and = f
= 2.4109
= 0.125 m, we get
Gr 2 31.62 0.1252
Aer = = = 0.0393 m2
4 4
Received power is
Pr = S Aer
Substituting S = 25 106 W/m2 and Aer = 0.0393 m2
Expressing in dBm,
!
9.825 107
Pr,dBm = 10 log = 30 dBm
1 103
70
Substituting Pr = 70 dBm = 10 10 mW = 1 1010 W, Gt = Gr = 1020/10 = 100,
3108
R = 20 103 m and = fc = 2.4109 = 0.125 m, we get
Pt 100 100
1 1010 = 3
2
4 2010
0.125
where Pt1 = 20 mW and R1 = 0.5 m. The received power with Pt2 as the transmit power
and R2 as the range is
Pt2 Gt Gr
Pr2 = 2
4 R2
where R2 = 1000 m. For system operation, Pr2 = Pr1 and hence
Pt1 Pt2
2
= 2
R1 R2
which gives
R22 3 10002
Pt2 = Pt1 = 20 10 = 80 kW
R12 0.52
Solution 2.46 If d is the distance between the transmitter and the receiver, the received
power using the cable connection,
c
Pr,dBm = Pt,dBm d 1 dB
Expressing in decibels,
!
f d
Pr,dBm = Pt,dBm + Gt,dB + Gr,dB 20 log 4
1000103 c 3103
Substituting Pt,dBm = 10 log 103
= 20 dBm and = f
= 2.4109
= 0.125 m, we
get
c
Pr,dBm = 20 d
!
f 4d
Pr,dBm = 20 + 20 20 log
0.125
43
which reduces to ! !
20 + d 4 d
= log
20 0.125
Solving this iteratively,
d LHS RHS
100 6 4
200 11 4.3
50 3.5 3.7
60 4 3.78
55 3.75 3.74
54.8 3.74 3.74
we get d = 54.8 m.
Pr,min = 70 dBm
Using the cable
70 = 20 d 1
which gives,
d = 90 m
Using free space propagation
!
4 d
70 = 20 + 20 20 log
0.125
Wire Antennas
ejkr
Ar (r, , ) = Ar0 (, )
r
ejkr
A (r, , ) = A0 (, )
r
jkr
e
A (r, , ) = A0 (, )
r
The magnetic flux density is related to A by B = A. Therefore we can write,
a ra r sin a
1 r
B =
r2 sin r
Ar rA r sin A
( " ! !#
1 ejkr ejkr
= 2 ar r sin A0 rA0
r sin r r
" ! !#
jkr jkr
e e
+a r Ar0 r sin A0
r r r
" ! !#)
ejkr ejkr
+ a r sin rA0 Ar0
r r r
( " #
1 jkr jkr A0
= 2 ar e (sin A0 ) e
r sin
" #
jkr
e Ar0
+a r sin A0 (jk)ejkr
r
" #)
jkr ejkr Ar0
+a r sin (jk)A0 e
r
Ignoring the terms containing r2 and the higher powers of r in the denominator,
ejkr ejrk
B = a jkA0 a jkA0
r r
45
46 CHAPTER 3. WIRE ANTENNAS
Since 2 = k 2 ,
E = jAt
Solution 3.2 The electric field of a short dipole is given by [Eqn (3.29)]
kI0 l ejkr
E = a j sin
8 r
Comparing with Eqn (2.105), i.e.,
kIin ejkr
Ea = j leff
4 r
47
Va = Ei leff
For a z directed short dipole, the electric field in the far field region is given by
kI0 l ejkr
E = a j sin
8 r
Comparing with
kIin ejkr
E = j leff
4 r
We get
l l
leff = a sin = sin (ax cos cos + ay cos sin az sin )
2 2
The electric field at the dipole is
Ei = (ax 4 + ay 3 + az 5)
48 CHAPTER 3. WIRE ANTENNAS
Va = Ei leff
l
= sin (4 cos cos + 3 cos sin 5 sin )
2
Solution 3.4 (a) The current distribution on an x directed dipole located at (x00 , y00 , z00 )
is given by h i
2
a x I 0 1 l
(x 0
x 0
0 ) x00 x0 (x00 + 2l )
Ix (x0 ) = h i
a I 1 + 2 (x0 x0 ) (x0 l ) x0 x0
x 0 l 0 0 2 0
Z x00 + 2
l jkR
0 e
A = ax Ix (x ) dx0
4 x0 2
0 l R
where the distance R between the source point (x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) and the field point (x, y, z) is
given by
q
R = (x x0 )2 + (y y 0 )2 + (z z 0 )2
q
= x2 + x02 2xx0 + y 2 + y 02 2yy 0 + z 2 + z 02 2zz 0
x = r sin cos
y = r sin sin
z = r cos
we get s
2
R = r 1 (x0 sin cos + y 0 sin sin + z 0 cos )
r
Considering only the first two terms in the Binomial expansion of R,
For the x directed dipole located at (x00 , y00 , z00 ), we have (x00 l/2) x0 (x00 +l/2), y 0 = y00 ,
and z 0 = z00 . Substituting these in the expression for the magnetic vector potential,
ejkr Z x00 + 2
l
0 jk(x0 sin cos +y00 sin sin +z00 cos )
A = ax Ix (x )e dx0
4 r l
x00 2
49
where we have used the approximation R ' r in the denominator. Substituting the
expression for the current, and rearranging
I0 ejkr jk(y00 sin sin +z00 cos )
A = ax e
(Z 0 4 r )
Z x0 + l
x0 2 0 0 jkx0 sin cos 0 0 2 2 0 0 jkx0 sin cos 0
1 + (x x0 ) e dx + 0 1 (x x0 ) e dx
x00 2l l x0 l
Substituting x0 = (2x00 x00 ) in the first integral,
Z x0
0 2 0
1 + (x0 x00 ) ejkx sin cos dx0
x00 2l l
Z x0
0 2 0 00 j2kx00 sin cos jkx00 sin cos
= 1 + (x 0 x ) e e (dx00 )
x00 + 2l l
Z x0 + l
0 2 2 00 0 00
= 1 (x x0 ) ej2kx0 sin cos ejkx sin cos dx00
0
x00 l
Replacing the symbol x00 by x0 ,
Z x0 + l
0 2 2 0 0
= 1 (x0 x00 ) ej2kx0 sin cos ejkx sin cos dx0
x00 l
Substituting in the expression for the magnetic vector potential and integrating,
I0 ejkr jk(y00 sin sin +z00 cos )
A = ax e
(Z 40 l r
x0 + 2 2 0 0 jkx0 sin cos j2kx00 sin cos
1 (x x 0 ) e e dx0
x00 l
Z x0 + l )
0 2 2 0
+ 1 (x0 x00 ) ejkx sin cos dx0
x00 l
I0 ejkr jk(x00 sin cos +y00 sin sin +z00 cos )
= ax e
4 r
Z x0 + l n o
0 2 2 0 0 jk(x0 x00 ) sin cos jk(x0 x00 ) sin cos
1 (x x 0 ) e + e dx0
x00 l
I0 ejkr jk(x00 sin cos +y00 sin sin +z00 cos )
= ax e
4 r
Z x0 + l
0 2 2 0
1 (x x0 ) 2 cos [k(x0 x00 ) sin cos ] dx0
0
x00 l
jkr
I0 e 0 0 0
= ax ejk(x0 sin cos +y0 sin sin +z0 cos )
4 r
x0 + l
2
sin[k(x0 x00 ) sin cos ] 0 2
1 (x0 x00 ) 2
l k sin cos 0
x 0
0 l
x +
4 cos[k(x 0
x00 ) sin cos ] 0 2
l (k sin cos )2 0
x0
50 CHAPTER 3. WIRE ANTENNAS
If kl/4 1,
I0 l ejkr jk(x00 sin cos +y00 sin sin +z00 cos )
A ' ax e
4 2 r
Expressing the vector potential in spherical coordinates, and considering only the
components transverse to r,
A = cos cos Ax
A = sin Ax
E = jAt = j(a A + a A )
I0 l ejkr jk(x00 sin cos +y00 sin sin +z00 cos )
= j e
4 2 r
[a cos cos a sin ] (S3.1)
If the dipole is located at (x0 , y 0 , z 0 ), the electric and magnetic fields are given by
Eqns (S3.1 ) and (S3.2) with x00 , y00 and z00 replaced by x0 , y 0 , and z 0 , respectively.
(b) Following a similar analysis, we can write the vector potential for a y directed
dipole located at (x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) can be written as,
A = cos sin Ay
A = cos Ay
51
E = j(a A + a A )
I0 l ejkr jk(x0 sin cos +y0 sin sin +z0 cos )
= j e
4 2 r
[a cos sin + a cos ]
j
H = ar (a A + a A )
j I0 l ejkr jk(x0 sin cos +y0 sin sin +z0 cos )
= e
4 2 r
[a cos + a cos sin ]
(c) Following a similar analysis, we can write the vector potential for a z directed
dipole located at (x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) can be written as,
A = sin Az
A = 0
E = j(a A + a A )
I0 l ejkr jk(x0 sin cos +y0 sin sin +z0 cos )
= j e [a sin ]
4 2 r
The field is given by
j
H = ar (a A + a A )
j I0 l ejkr jk(x0 sin cos +y0 sin sin +z0 cos )
= e [a sin ]
4 2 r
Solution 3.5 (a) The current distribution on an x directed dipole located at (x00 , y00 , z00 )
can be written as
h n oi
l
a I
x 0 sin k 2
(x 0
x 0
0 ) x00 x0 (x00 + 2l )
Ix (x0 ) = h n oi
a I sin k l + (x0 x0 )
x 0 2 0 (x00 2l ) x0 x00
52 CHAPTER 3. WIRE ANTENNAS
E = j(a A + a A )
I0 ejkr jk(x0 sin cos +y0 sin sin +z0 cos )
= j e
2 hr i
cos kl2 cos cos kl2
[a sin ]
k sin2
The field is given by
j
H = ar (a A + a A )
j I0 ejkr jk(x0 sin cos +y0 sin sin +z0 cos )
= e
2 r
h i
kl kl
cos 2
cos cos 2
[a sin ]
k sin2
0 " ( !) ( !)# l
ejkz cos l l 2
= 2 2
jk cos sin k z0 (k) cos k z0
(jk cos ) + k 2 2 0
!
j kl cos
1 kl kl e 2
= 2 jk cos sin + k cos + 2 2 (k)
k2sin 2 2 k sin
" #
1 kl kl j kl cos
= j cos sin cos + e 2
k sin2 2 2
Solution 3.7 For a half wave dipole Rrad = 73.08 . Rloss = 1 , and hence the radiation
efficiency is
Rrad 73.08
= = = 0.9865
Rrad + Rloss 74.08
The radiation efficiency is 98.65%.
3108
The wavelength = fc = 14510 6 = 2.07 m. The directivity of the dipole is 1.642. The
gain and the effective aperture are related to each other by.
4Ae
G= = D
2
Thus,
D2 0.9865 1.642 2.072
Ae = = = 0.552 m2
4 4
Solution 3.8 Gain of half wave dipole is 1.642. Using Friis formula
Pt Gt Gr
Pr =
(4 R )2
80
Substituting Pt = 100 103 W, Pr = 10 10 mW = 1 1011 W, Gt = Gr = 1.642, and
3108
= fc = 2.410 9 = 0.125 m, we get
Pt Gt Gr
Pr = p
(4 R )2
56 CHAPTER 3. WIRE ANTENNAS
Solution 3.10 Using the image principle, the problem reduces to a full circular loop of
radius 10 cm radiating into free space. The circumference of the loop is 2 10 cm =
3108
0.628 m. and the wavelength is = fc = 10010 6 = 3 m. This is a small loop radiating
into free space. The fields in the positive y half space correspond to the original problem.
The electric field of a short loop is [Equation(3.96)]
a2 k 2 ejkr
E = I0 sin
4 r
2 2
The maximum occurs along = 90 . Substituting a = 10 102 m, k =
= 3
=
2.094 rad/m, I0 = 4 A, r = 1000 m, we get
Rloss,N = N Rloss,1
where Rloss,1 is the loss resistance of a one turn loop. If the radiation resistance of a one
turn loop is Rrad,1 , an N turn loop has a radiation resistance of
Rrad,N = N 2 Rrad,1
For N > 1 the denominator is less than the numerator, and hence N > 1 .
57
c
Solution 3.12 Circumference of the loop = diameter = 3.14 m. Wavelength = f
=
3108
10106
= 30 m. The circumference is 0.105 and therefore using Eqn (3.106)to compute
the radiation resistance 4
2 2 Lc
Rrad = 20 N
Substituting N = 20, Lc = 3.14 m and = 30 m, we get
4
3.14
Rrad = 20 2 202 = 9.48
30
Loss resistance of 1 turn is 1 and there are 20 turns. Therefore, the total loss
resistance is 20 . The radiation efficiency is
Rrad 9.48
= = = 0.3216
Rrad + Rloss 9.48 + 20
The radiation efficiency is 32.16%.
58 CHAPTER 3. WIRE ANTENNAS
Chapter 4
Aperture Antennas
Solution 4.1 The volume V1 is filled with a perfect magnetic conductor, which makes
E = 0 and H = 0 in V1 . The magnetic conductor forces the tangential H on S to zero.
Introducing a surface current Js = n H just outside the surface S2 , will restore the
tangential H on the surface to the same value that existed before the introduction of the
magnetic conductor. Therefore, by uniqueness theorem, the fields that exist outside the
surface S shown in Fig. 4.2(c) and those shown in Fig. 4.1 are identical.
59
60 CHAPTER 4. APERTURE ANTENNAS
Ey + Ey0 = 0
Therefore, the tangential electric field on the PEC is zero (boundary condition).
Vertical current element above a magnetic wall The magnetic field of a z di-
rected current element J0 = az I0 dl located at (0, 0, d) is given by
0 I0 dl ejkR2 1
H = 2
jk [ax y ay x]
4 R2 R2
q
where R2 = x2 + y 2 + (z + d)2 . At z = 0, the magnetic field due to the z directed
source is
2 2 2 !
I0 dl ejk x +y +d 1
H= jk 2 [ax y ay x]
4 x2 + y 2 + d2 x + y 2 + d2
and the field due to the image is
!
jk x2 +y 2 +d2
I 0 dl e 1
H0 = jk 2 [ax y ay x]
4 x2 + y 2 + d2 x + y 2 + d2
Therefore, the total tangential field due to the source and its image is zero, and it satisfies
the boundary condition on the magnetic wall located at z = 0.
Vertical Magnetic Current Element Using duality principle (see Eqn (4.20)), we
can write the expressions for the electric and magnetic fields of a z directed magnetic
current element M = I0 dl. Using duality principle, E is replaced by H, H is replaced
by E, and is replaced by . The fields of the magnetic current element are, from
Eqn (S4.1)
I0 dl ejkR1 1
E = jk [ax y ay x]
4 R12 R1
and from Eqn (S4.2),
I0 dl 1 ejkR1
H =
4 j R1
( " #
1 2 x(z d) x(z d) 1 x(z d)
ax jk jk +
R1 R12 R13 R1 R14
" #
1 2 y(z d) y(z d) 1 y(z d)
+ay jk jk +
R1 R12 R13 R1 R14
" 2 2 ! #)
1 x + y2 1 2 x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
az jk + + jk +
R1 R12 R1 R1 R13 R14
Vertical magnetic current element above a magnetic wall The magnetic field
of a z directed image current element of strength M0 = az I0 dl located at (0, 0, d) is
given by
I0 dl 1 ejkR2
H0 =
4 j R2
63
( " #
1 2 x(z + d) x(z + d) 1 x(z + d)
ax jk 2
3
jk +
R1 R1 R1 R1 R14
" #
1 2 y(z + d) y(z d) 1 y(z + d)
+ay jk jk +
R1 R12 R13 R1 R14
" ! #)
1 2 x2 + y 2 1 2 x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
az jk + + jk +
R1 R12 R1 R1 R13 R14
q
where R2 = x2 + y 2 + (z + d)2 .
At z = 0, R1 = R2 = x2 + y 2 + d2 , and extracting the x and y components (tangen-
tial components) of the electric field
I0 dl 1 ejkR0
Hx + Hx0 =
4 j R0
" ! !
1 2 dx dx 1 dx
jk jk +
R0 R02 R03 R0 R04
!#
1 2 dx dx 1 dx
+ jk 2
3 jk +
R0 R0 R0 R0 R04
= 0
I0 dl 1 ejkR0
Hy + Hy0 =
4 j R0
" ! !
1 2 dx dy 1 dy
jk jk +
R0 R02 R03 R0 R04
!#
1 2 dy dy 1 dy
+ jk 2
3 jk +
R0 R0 R0 R0 R04
= 0
Therefore, the tangential magnetic field on the H-wall is zero (boundary condition).
Vertical magnetic current element above an electric wall The electric field of
a z directed current element M0 = az I0 dl located at (0, 0, d) is given by
0 I0 dl ejkR2 1
E = 2
jk [ax y ay x]
4 R2 R2
q
where R2 = x2 + y 2 + (z + d)2 . At z = 0, the magnetic field due to the z directed
source is
2 2 2 !
I0 dl ejk x +y +d 1
E= jk 2 [ax y ay x]
4 (x2 + y 2 + d2 ) x + y 2 + d2
and the field due to the image is
!
jk x2 +y 2 +d2
0 I 0 dl e 1
E = jk 2 [ax y ay x]
4 (x2 + y 2 + d2 ) x + y 2 + d2
64 CHAPTER 4. APERTURE ANTENNAS
Therefore, the total tangential field due to the source and its image is zero, and it satisfies
the boundary condition on the electric wall located at z = 0.
Horizontal Electric Current Element
Consider a current element J = ax I0 dl located at (0, 0, d). The magnetic vector
potential due to the current element is
ejkR1
A = ax I0 dl
4 R1
q
where R1 = x2 + y 2 + (z d)2 . The magnetic field is obtained by
1
H = A
a a a
1 x y z
=
x y z
Ax 0 0
" #
1 Ax Ax
= ay az
z y
We can compute the electric field from the Maxwells equation. The electric field is
computed using,
" ! ! !#
1 1 Hz Hy Hx Hz Hy Hx
E= H= ax + ay + az
j j y z z x x y
Since Hx = 0, " ! #
1 Hz Hy Hz Hy
E= ax ay + az
j y z x x
65
Therefore,
! "
Hz Hy I0 dl ejkR1 1 2 y 2 + (z d)2
= jk +
y z 4 R1 R1 R12
! #
1 2 y 2 + (z d)2 y 2 + (z d)2
+ jk +
R1 R1 R13 R14
Horizontal electric current element above an electric wall The electric field
of an x directed image current element of strength J0 = ax I0 dl located at (0, 0, d) is
given by
I0 dl 1 ejkR2
E0 =
4 j R2
( "
1 2 y 2 + (z + d)2
ax jk +
R2 R22
! #
1 2 y 2 + (z + d)2 y 2 + (z + d)2
+ jk +
R2 R2 R23 R24
1 x y 1
+ay jk jk
R2 R2 R2 R2
!#
xy 1 x y
3 jk +
R2 R2 R2 R23
"
1 x z+d 1
+az jk jk
R2 R2 R2 R2
!#)
x(z + d) 1 z+d x
jk +
R23 R2 R2 R23
q
where R2 = x2 + y 2 + (z + d)2 .
At z = 0, R1 = R2 = x2 + y 2 + d2 , and extracting the x and y components (tangen-
tial components) of the electric field
I0 dl 1 ejkR0
Ex + Ex0 =
4 j R0
("
1 2 y 2 + d2
jk +
R0 R02
! #
1 2 y 2 + d2 y 2 + d2
+ jk +
R0 R0 R03 R04
"
1 2 y 2 + d2
jk +
R0 R02
! #)
1 2 y 2 + d2 y 2 + d2
+ jk +
R0 R0 R03 R04
67
= 0
I0 dl 1 ejkR0
Ey + Ey0 =
4 j R0
1 x y 1
jk jk
R0 R0 R0 R
!# 0
xy 1 x y
3 jk +
R0 R0 R0 R03
1 x y 1
jk jk
R0 R0 R0 R
!#)0
xy 1 x y
3 jk +
R0 R0 R0 R03
= 0
Therefore, the tangential electric field on the PEC is zero (boundary condition).
Horizontal electric current element above a magnetic wall The magnetic field
of an x directed current element J0 = ax I0 dl located at (0, 0, d) is given by
I0 dl ejkR2 1
H0 = 2
jk [ay (z + d) az y]
4 R2 R2
q
where R2 = x2 + y 2 + (z + d)2 . At z = 0, the magnetic field due to the z directed
source is
I0 dl ejkR0 1
H= 2
jk [ay d az y]
4 R0 R0
and due to the image is
0 I0 dl ejkR0 1
H = 2
jk [ay d az y]
4 R0 R0
Therefore, the total tangential field due to the source and its image is zero, and it satisfies
the boundary condition on the magnetic wall located at z = 0.
Horizontal Magnetic Current Element Using duality principle (see Eqn (4.20)),
we can write the expressions for the electric and magnetic fields of a z directed magnetic
current element M = I0 dl. Using duality principle, E is replaced by H, H is replaced
by E, and is replaced by . The fields of the magnetic current element are, from
Eqn (S4.3)
I0 dl ejkR1 1
E = jk [ay (z d) az y]
4 R12 R1
and from Eqn (S4.4),
I0 dl 1 ejkR1
H =
4 j R1
( "
1 2 y 2 + (z d)2
ax jk +
R1 R12
68 CHAPTER 4. APERTURE ANTENNAS
! #
1 2 y 2 + (z d)2 y 2 + (z d)2
+ jk +
R1 R1 R13 R14
1 x y 1
+ay jk jk
R1 R1 R1 R1
!#
xy 1 x y
3 jk +
R1 R1 R1 R13
"
1 x zd 1
+az jk jk
R1 R1 R1 R1
!#)
x(z d) 1 zd x
jk +
R13 R1 R1 R13
I0 dl 1 ejkR2
H0 =
4 j R2
( "
1 2 y 2 + (z + d)2
ax jk +
R2 R22
! #
1 2 y 2 + (z + d)2 y 2 + (z + d)2
+ jk +
R2 R2 R23 R24
1 x y 1
+ay jk jk
R2 R2 R2 R2
!#
xy 1 x y
3 jk +
R2 R2 R2 R23
"
1 x z+d 1
+az jk jk
R2 R2 R2 R2
!#)
x(z + d) 1 z+d x
jk +
R23 R2 R2 R23
q
where R2 = x2 + y 2 + (z + d)2 .
At z = 0, R1 = R2 = x2 + y 2 + d2 = R0 , and extracting the x and y components
(tangential components) of the total magnetic field
I0 dl 1 ejkR0
Hx + Hx0 =
4 j R0
("
1 2 y 2 + d2
jk +
R0 R02
! #
1 2 y 2 + d2 y 2 + d2
+ jk +
R0 R0 R03 R04
" 2 2
1 y + d2
jk +
R0 R02
69
! #)
1 2 y 2 + d2 y 2 + d2
+ jk +
R0 R0 R03 R04
= 0
I0 dl 1 ejkR0
Hy + Hy0 =
4 j R0
1 x y 1
jk jk
R0 R0 R0 R
!# 0
xy 1 x y
3 jk +
R0 R0 R0 R03
1 x y 1
jk jk
R0 R0 R0 R
!#)0
xy 1 x y
3 jk +
R0 R0 R0 R03
= 0
Therefore, the tangential magnetic field on the H-wall is zero (boundary condition).
Horizontal magnetic current element above an electric wall The electric field
of a x directed current element M0 = ax I0 dl located at (0, 0, d) is given by
I0 dl ejkR2
0 1
E = 2
jk [ay (z + d) az y]
4 R2 R2
q
where R2 = x2 + y 2 + (z + d)2 . At z = 0, the magnetic field due to the z directed
source is
I0 dl ejkR0 1
E = 2
jk [ay d az y]
4 R0 R0
and the field due to the image is
I0 dl ejkR0
0 1
E = 2
jk [ay d az y]
4 R0 R0
Therefore, the total tangential field due to the source and its image is zero, and it satisfies
the boundary condition on the electric wall located at z = 0.
Solution 4.3 The magnetic and electric vector potentials can be expressed as
ejkr
Ar (r, , ) = Ar0 (, )
r
jkr
e
A (r, , ) = A0 (, )
r
ejkr
A (r, , ) = A0 (, )
r
jkr
e
Fr (r, , ) = Fr0 (, )
r
ejkr
F (r, , ) = F0 (, )
r
jkr
e
F (r, , ) = F0 (, )
r
70 CHAPTER 4. APERTURE ANTENNAS
E = a jF + a jF ja A ja A
E = j(A + F )
E = j(A F )
Js = n H
" !#
1 x0
= az ax cos
a
!
0
1 x
= ay cos
a
Ms = En
!
x0
= ay cos az
a
!
x0
= ax cos
a
Substituting kx = k sin cos and ky = k sin sin and performing the integration by
letting
Z a/2 !
x0 jkx x0 0
Fx (kx ) = cos e dx
a/2 a
a
2
cos kx a
2
= 2 2
kx a
2
2
Z b/2
0
Fy (ky ) = ejky y dy 0
b/2
sin ky b/2
= b
ky b/2
Therefore,
ejkr
Ay = Fx (kx )Fy (ky )
4r
Similarly, the electric vector potential can be written as
!
ejkr Z a/2 Z b/2 x0 jkx x0 +jky y0 0 0
Fx = cos e dx dy
4r a/2 b/2 a
ejkr
= Fx (kx )Fy (ky )
4r
Converting the vector potentials into spherical coordinates
ejkr
A = Ay cos sin = Fx (kx )Fy (ky ) cos sin
4r
74 CHAPTER 4. APERTURE ANTENNAS
ejkr
A = Ay cos = Fx (kx )Fy (ky ) cos
4r
ejkr
F = Fx cos cos = Fx (kx )Fy (ky ) cos
4r
ejkr
F = Fx sin = Fx (kx )Fy (ky ) sin
4r
Making use of Eqns (4.15) and (4.16) the and components of the electric field can
be written as
E = j(A + F )
!
ejkr
= j cos sin sin Fx (kx )Fy (ky )
4r
ejkr
= jk(1 + cos ) sin Fx (kx )Fy (ky )
4r
E = j(A F )
!
ejkr
= j cos cos cos Fx (kx )Fy (ky )
4r
ejkr
= jk(1 + cos ) cos Fx (kx )Fy (ky )
4r
Substituting kx = k sin cos and ky = k sin sin and performing the integration by
letting !
Z a/2
x0 jkx x0 0
Fx (kx ) = sin e dx
a/2 a
Using the formula given by Eqn (B.11)
Z
eax
eax sin bxdx = 2 (a sin bx b cos bx) + C
a + b2
we can perform the integration.
Z a/2 !
x0 jkx x0 0
Fx (kx ) = sin e dx
a/2 a
" ! !#a/2
ejkx x
0
x0 x0
= jkx sin cos
(jkx )2 + (/a)2 a a a
a/2
jkx a/2 jkx a/2
e e
= jkx jkx
kx2
+ (/a) 2 kx2 + (/a)2
!
2 1 kx a
= jkx a 2j sin
(kx a)2 2 2
kx a kx a
2
sin 2
= a 2 2
kx a
2
2
Z b/2
0
Fy (ky ) = ejky y dy 0
b/2
sin ky b/2
= b
ky b/2
Therefore,
ejkr
Ay = Fx (kx )Fy (ky )
4r
Similarly, the electric vector potential can be written as
!
ejkr Z a/2 Z b/2 x0 jkx x0 +jky y0 0 0
Fx = cos e dx dy
4r a/2 b/2 a
ejkr
= Fx (kx )Fy (ky )
4r
Converting the vector potentials into spherical coordinates
ejkr
A = Ay cos sin = Fx (kx )Fy (ky ) cos sin
4r
ejkr
A = Ay cos = Fx (kx )Fy (ky ) cos
4r
ejkr
F = Fx cos cos = Fx (kx )Fy (ky ) cos
4r
ejkr
F = Fx sin = Fx (kx )Fy (ky ) sin
4r
76 CHAPTER 4. APERTURE ANTENNAS
Making use of Eqns (4.15) and (4.16) the and components of the electric field can
be written as
E = j(A + F )
!
ejkr
= j cos sin sin Fx (kx )Fy (ky )
4r
ejkr
= jk(1 + cos ) sin Fx (kx )Fy (ky )
4r
E = j(A F )
!
ejkr
= j cos cos cos Fx (kx )Fy (ky )
4r
ejkr
= jk(1 + cos ) cos Fx (kx )Fy (ky )
4r
Solution 4.8 In the = 0 plane, the 3 dB points are given by the solution of Eqn (4.75).
ka
cos 2
sin 2 2
2 2 =
ka
sin 2
2 2
ka
Substituting 2
sin = X, and rearranging
" 2 #
2 2 2
cos X 2 X =0
2
Solving iteratively, we get the solution of the above equation as X = 1.7263 rad. There-
fore, the 3 dB points are
2 1
= sin 1.8676)
ka !
1 0.5945
= sin
a
In the = /2 plane, the 3 dB points are given by the solution of Eqn (4.76).
kb
sin 2
sin 1
kb =
2
sin 2
Solution 4.9 The optimum flare angle in the H-plane is (from Eqn (4.109))
!1
3 2
h = 2 tan1
4rox
or
2 h 3
tan =
2 4rox
From Fig. 4.12(b),
a
rox =
h
2 tan 2
h 3
tan =
2 2a
Substituting this in Eqn (4.111),
a aw
L=
h
2 tan 2
we get
(a aw )2a
L= (S4.5)
6
Similarly, in the E-plane, the optimum flare angle is given by Eqn (4.110)
!1
2
e = 2 tan1
2roy
e
tan =
2 b
78 CHAPTER 4. APERTURE ANTENNAS
b bw
L=
e
2 tan 2
we get
(b bw )a
L= (S4.6)
2
For optimum condition in both the planes, the two lengths given by Eqns (S4.5) and
(S4.6) should be equal to each other.
(a aw )2a
= (b bw )b
3
Since ab = 100 cm2 = 0.01 m2 , we can substitute, b = 0.01/a in the previous
equation.
0.01 0.01
2a(a aw ) = 3 bw
a a
Expanding and rearranging,
4ab
39.81 = 0.5
(0.03)2
which gives
ab = 5.7 103 m2
Since a/b = 1.3, we get a = 0.0861 m and b = 0.0662 m.
From Eqn (4.103) q
(x0 ) = k( rox
2 + x02 r )
ox
Rearranging, s
2
2 +
a
0.01125 + rox = rox
2
Squaring, 2
a
0.011252 + rox
2 2
+ 2rox 0.01125 = rox +
2
Substituting a = 0.0816, we get rox = 0.0684. From Eqn (4.104),
nq o
(y 0 ) = k 2 + y 02 r
roy oy
For optimum flare angle the maximum phase error in the E-plane is /2.
v
u !2
u
2 t 2 b
= r oy + roy
2 0.03
2
Solution 4.11 The phase variation over the aperture is given by Eqn (4.105).
q q
(x0 , y 0 ) = k 2 + x02 r
rox ox +
2 + y 02 r
roy oy
v v
u 2 u !2
u x0 u y0
t t
= k rox 1+ rox + roy 1+ roy
rox roy
80 CHAPTER 4. APERTURE ANTENNAS
Approximating the square root terms with two dominant terms of the Binomial series,
(see Eqn (C.4))
!2 !2
1 x0 1 y 0
(x0 , y 0 ) ' k rox 1 + rox + roy 1 + roy
2 rox 2 roy
( )
x02 y 02
= k +
2rox 2roy
Solution 4.12 In the H-plane the optimum flare angle is obtained when the maximum
phase error is equal to 3/4. From Eqn (4.103), the phase of the field at (x0 , 0) is given
by q
(x0 ) = k 2 + x02 r
rox ox
In the E-plane the optimum flare angle is obtained when the maximum phase error is
equal to /2. From Eqn (4.104), the phase of the field at (y 0 , 0) is given by
nq o
(y 0 ) = k 2 + y 02 r
roy oy
2 1 b2
(b/2) = =
2 2 4roy
Solving for b, q
b= 2rox
Substituting in
b
roy =
2 tan(e /2)
and rearranging
" #
1 b
e = 2 tan
2roy
q
2roy
= 2 tan1
2roy
!1/2
= 2 tan1
2roy
Solution 4.13 The radiation pattern of a point source kept in front of a 90 corner
reflector is
P (, ) = 2 |cos(kd sin cos ) cos(kd sin sin )|2
Substituting d = 0.7
P is maximum when the term inside the modulus sign is maximum. To find the maximum,
differentiate it with respect to and equate it to zero.
Transfering the second term on the left hand side of the above equation to the right hand
side, and squaring both the sides,
Antenna Arrays
Solution 5.1 The electric field in the far-field region of a z directed dipole located at
(x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) and carrying a sinusoidal current is given by (see solution 3.5(c)),
E = E1 + E2 + + EN
h i
1 ejkr cos 2 cos cos 2 X N
0
= a j In ejkzn cos
2 r sin n=1
The factor h i
1 e jkr cos 2
cos cos
2
a j
2 r sin
is the element pattern of a dipole located at the origin and carrying unity current. There-
fore, the array factor is given by
N
X 0
In ejkzn cos
n=1
Solution 5.2
(a) Yes, this is a four element array of identical elements.
(b) Yes, though one of the elements is missing, it can be treated as an element with
zero excitation.
83
84 CHAPTER 5. ANTENNA ARRAYS
(c) No, one of the elements has been rotated, therefore, all the elements are not oriented
in the same direction.
(d) Yes, this is an array of identical equi-oriented elements.
(e) No, one of the elements is shorter than the others, therefore, all the elements
patterns are not identical.
(f) Yes, this is an array of equi-oriented identical antennas.
Solution 5.3 The array factor of a two-element array with uniform in-phase excitation
is given by !
kd
AF = 2 cos cos
2
Substituting d = 2,
AF = 2 cos(2 cos )
The maxima occur along m , which satisfy the following equation
2 cos m = m m = 0, 1 and 2
m = 0 gives m = 90 .
m = 1 gives m = 60 and 120 .
m = 2 gives m = 0 and 180 .
There are 5 maxima in the array factor. The nulls satisfy
kd
cos z = (2n 1) n = 1, 2 . . .
2 2
and the directions of the nulls are given by
2n 1
z = cos1
4
n = 1 gives
z = 75.52 , 104.48
n = 2 gives
z = 41.41 , 138.59
There are 4 nulls in the array factor.
kI0dl ejkr
j sin
4 r
This has a maximum along = 90 . The array factor is given by
!
kd kd
AF = 2 cos cos +
2 2
kd 2 0.25
(a) For d = 0.25, 2
= 2
= 4
and the array factor reduces to
AF = 2 cos (cos + 1)
4
The maximum is along m which satisfies
(cos m + 1) = m m = 0, 1, 2, . . .
4
The array factor has a maximum along m = 180 corresponding to m = 0.
The array pattern is proportional to
sin cos (cos + 1)
4
The direction of the maximum is obtained by differentiating it with respect to and
equating it to zero.
cos cos (cos + 1) + sin sin (cos + 1) sin = 0
4 4 4
This equation is satisfied for = 111.5 . Therefore the direction of the maximum of the
array pattern is along 111.5 .
(b) For d = 0.5, kd
2
= 2 0.5
2
= 2 , and the array factor
AF = 2 cos (cos + 1)
2
86 CHAPTER 5. ANTENNA ARRAYS
sin 14
2
AFn =
14 sin 2
Solution 5.7
= kd cos +
As varies from 0 through 90 to 180 , varies from kd + through to kd + .
Substituting d = 2 and = 4 , extent of becomes 4 + 4 = 17 4
through /4 to
4 + 4 = 15
4
.
The main lobe is along = 0, i.e.,
0 = 4 cos +
4
Solving, we get the direction of the main lobe as = 93.58 .
The grating lobes occur along = 2m, m = 1, 2, . . .. The grating lobes within
the visible region are along = 2, 2 and 4. Thus, there are 3 grating lobes in the
visible region. Their directions in coordinates are:
2 = 4 cos 1 + 4 which gives 1 = 124.23
+2 = 4 cos 2 + 4 which gives 2 = 64.06
+4 = 4 cos 3 + 4 which gives 3 = 20.36
Solution 5.8 Since, = kd cos + , the extent of the visible region is +kd + to
kd + . Substituting d = 3 and = 3 , we get
kd + = 6
3
kd + = 6
3
The grating lobes occur at = 2m, m = 1, 2, . . .. Therefore, the grating lobes of the
given array are along = 4, 2, 2, 4, 6. There are 5 grating lobes.
sin 72
AFn =
7 sin 2
0 = kd cos +
0 = kd cos 90 +
satisfied by choosing the ends of the visible region to coincide with the null closest to the
first grating lobe on either side of the main lobe.
The locations of the nulls of the AF are given by
7
= n n = 1, 2, . . .
2
Since it is a 7-element array, the null corresponding to n = 6 is adjacent to the first
grating lobe. Therefore, choosing n = 6, we get
12
=
7
as the extent of the visible region. Thus
12
kd =
7
Solving for d, the element spacing is 67 .
The half power points are obtained by solving
sin 27
= 0.707
7 sin 2
Solution 5.11 Unit circle representation of a 7-element uniform array with d = /2 and
= 0 . The zeros of the array factor are at n 51.4 ; n = 1, 2, . . . 6.
90 CHAPTER 5. ANTENNA ARRAYS
Solution 5.12
Expanding,
1 + cos2 + 2 cos + sin2 = 1.8662
or
2 + 2 cos = 1.8662
which gives
cos = 0.736
92 CHAPTER 5. ANTENNA ARRAYS
Solution 5.14 In a binomial array all the zeros are placed at = 180 . For a broad side
array the visible region can extend from = +180 through 0 to 180 , so that no part
of the grating lobe appears in the visible region.
= kd cos +
Solution 5.15
Solution 5.16 Since all the side lobe peaks are at the same level, we design a Chebyshev
array. The procedure to design the array is given in the following steps.
1. Calculate the value of b from the SLLdB = 30 dB using
b = 1030/20 = 31.6228
2. Choose the order of the Chebyshev polynomial equal to one less than the number
of elements.
m=N 1=6
3. Calculate the value of x0 .
1
x0 = cosh cosh1 31.6228 = 1.2485
6
4. Evaluate the zeros of the Chebyshev polynomial using Eqn (5.80)
(2i 1)
xi = cos ; i = 1, 2, . . . 6
26
94 CHAPTER 5. ANTENNA ARRAYS
5. Compute the location of the zeros in the domain using Eqn (5.81).
1 xi
i = 2 cos ; i = 1, 2, . . . 6
x0
The location of the zeros in the domain are 1 = 1.3724, 2 = 1.9374, 3 = 2.724,
4 = 3.5592 = 3.5592 2 = 2.724, 5 = 4.3458 = 1.9374, and 6 = 4.9108 =
1.3724 (all are in radians).
Solution 5.17 The array factor polynomial is same as in Solution 5.16. The progressive
phase shift is also given by = kd/ 2 and the the extent of the visible region is:
0.293kd to 1.707kd. Since a part of the grating lobe is allowed to enter the visible
region, but with its level limited to 30 dB below the main beam peak, we need calculate
the value of which corresponds to the -30 dB level in the grating lobe. In the array
factor expression, substituting z = ej ,
The maximum of the array factor occurs along = 0 and is equal to 278.93. Therefore,
the normalized array factor is
1
|AFn | = {[cos( 1.3724) 1]2 + sin2 (j 1.3724)}
278.93
{[cos( 1.9374) 1]2 + sin2 ( 1.9374)}
{[cos( 2.724) 1]2 + sin2 ( 2.724)}
{[cos( + 2.724) 1]2 + sin2 ( + 2.724)}
{[cos( + 1.9374) 1]2 + sin2 ( + 1.9374)}
{[cos( + 1.3724) 1]2 + sin2 ( + 1.3724)}
Since this lies on the first grating lobe, the value of lies between -4.9108 (location of
the zero closest to the grating lobe; see Example 5.16, step 5) and 2 (location of the
peak of the grating lobe). Solving, we get = 5.7092. Setting this as one end of the
visible region,
5.7092 = 1.707kd
and solving for d, we get d = 0.532, and the progressive phase shift = 2.365 rad
= 135.5 .
1.2073 = 1.2485 cos( )
2
or = 0.5152. The directions of the 3 dB points are
0.401 = 2 0.75
Special Antennas
97
98 CHAPTER 6. SPECIAL ANTENNAS
Solution 6.3 We are required to design an axial mode helical antenna at f = 5.2 GHz
( = fc = 0.0577 m) having a directivity D = 10 dB=10. From Eqn (6.27), the directivity
is given by
C 2S
D = 15N 3
S
Choose C = 1 and S = 4 . Since, tan = C , we get = 14 . Substituting in the
equation for directivity,
12 0.25
10 = 15N
which gives N = 2.67. Rounding off to the next higher integer, we get the number of
turns N = 3.
From Eqn (6.25),
52 1.5
Half power beam width = N
C NS
52 0.05771.5
= = 60
0.0577 3 0.25 0.0577
Unwrapped length is given by
L = N q S 2 + C 2
= 3 (0.25 0.0577)2 + 0.05772
= 0.178 m
Solution 6.4 Corresponding to the directivity of 10 dB, we get (from Fig 6.47) = 0.94
and = 0.178. Using Eqn (6.33),
1 1 0.94
tan = = = 0.0843
4 4 0.178
or = 4.82 . The upper and lower frequencies are given to be fU = 30 MHz and
fL = 10 MHz. Using Eqn (6.40),
1
log(fU ) log(fL ) = (N 1) log
1
log(30 106 ) log(10 106 ) = (N 1) log
0.94
we get N = 18.76, and rounding it off to the next higher integer, we have N = 19.
Using Eqn (6.37)
1 3 108
l19 = = 15 m
2 10 106
Using Eqn (6.29)
ln
= = 0.94
ln+1
we get
99
and
ln
Rn =
2 tan
From Fig. 6.45,
l1
tan =
2R1
or
l1
R1 = = 29.197 m
2 tan
and using Eqn (6.29) we get,
Therefore, the electric field rotates clockwise as time increases, and it represents a right
circularly polarized wave propagating along the positive r direction.
8
Solution 6.6 The wavelength is = fc = 15510
310
6 = 1.935 m. A turnstile antenna consists
of two 2 dipoles that are orthogonally placed and fed in phase quadrature. Length of
each of the dipole is 0.9675 m.
8
Solution 6.7 The wavelength is = fc = 15510
310
6 = 1.935 m. The dimensions of the wire
grid based batwing antenna shown in Fig. 6.33 are: 0.325 = 0.629 m, 0.217 = 0.42 m,
0.108 = 0.209 m, 0.04 = 0.077 m, 0.27 = 0.522 m, and 0.125 = 0.242 m.
In the far field region, the electric field is related to the magnetic vector potential by
Eqn (3.30).
E = jAt
where
At = a A + a A = a (Az ) sin
Therefore, the electric field is given by
E = ja Az sin
ejkr 1 h jkL cos i
= ja I0 e j cos sin kL cos kL
4 r k sin
ejkr 1 h jkL cos i
= a jI0 e j cos sin kL cos kL
4r sin
In the last step we have used /k = .
For a wire antenna with L = N , where N is an integer, the electric field can be
written as
ejkr 1 2 2 2
E = ja I0 ej N cos j cos sin( N ) cos( N )
4r sin
ejkr 1
= ja I0 [cos(2N cos ) + j sin(2N cos ) 1]
4r sin
The magnitude of the electric field is given by
I0 1 h i1/2
|E | = 1 + cos2 (2N cos ) 2 cos(2N cos ) + sin2 (2N cos )
4r sin
I0 1
= [2 2 cos(2N cos )]1/2
4r sin
I0 1 h i1/2
= 4 sin2 (N cos )
4r sin
I0 1
= sin(N cos )
2r sin
Solution 6.9 For an N long wire the direction of the maximum m , satisfies
1 cos2 m
(N ) = tan(N cos m )
cos m
For N=4
cos2 m 1 tan(4 cos m )
=0
cos m 4
Substituting cos m = t,
t2 1 tan(4t)
=0
t 4
Solving iteratively t = 0.905 which gives m = 25.18 .
102 CHAPTER 6. SPECIAL ANTENNAS
sin(N cos z )
=0
sin z
or
N cos z = n n = 0, 1, 2, . . . N
With N = 6, the zeros are along
n=0 6 cos z = 0 z = 90
n=1 6 cos z = z = 80.41 , 99.59
n=2 6 cos z = 2 z = 70.53 , 109.47
n=3 6 cos z = 3 z = 60 , 120
n=4 6 cos z = 4 z = 48.19 , 131.8
n=5 6 cos z = 5 z = 33.56 , 146.44
n=6 6 cos z = 6 z = 0, 185
Solution 6.11 The direction of the maximum is obtained by differentiating the expression
of E and equating it to zero.
" #
dE I0 d sin(N cos )
=
d 2r d sin
" #
I0 cos(N cos ) sin(N cos )
= N sin cos
2r sin sin2
For maximum,
dE
=0
d =m
which can be written as
When t = 0,
1 cos( 2 sin )
E (, t) = I0
2r cos
Maximum occurs for = 0
1
E |max = I0
2r
When t = 4 ,
" #
1 1 cos( 2 cos ) 1 cos( 2 sin )
E (, t) = I0 +
2r 2 sin 2 cos
"
#
1 1 cos( 2 cos ) cos( 2 sin )
= I0 +
2r 2 sin cos
1 1 1
E (45 ) = I0 [0.628 + 0.628] = I0 0.888
2r 2 2r
104 CHAPTER 6. SPECIAL ANTENNAS
Therefore,
Emax
(t = 4 )
= 0.888
Emax
(t = 0)
Expressing in decibels, we get 20 log(0.888) = 1.03 dB.
For t = 2 , " #
1 cos( 2 cos )
E = I0
2r sin
1
The maximum is along = 2
and Emax
= I0 2r .
Chapter 7
Antenna Measurements
8
Solution 7.2 Substituting Pt = 1 W, Pr = 8 dBm= 10 10 mW= 1.585 104 W,
3108
Gt = Gr = G, R = 25 m and = fc = 2.4109 = 0.125 m in the Friis transmission formula
Pt Gt Gr
Pr =
(4 R )2
we get
1 G2
1.585 104 = 2
425
0.125
8
Solution 7.3 The wavelength is = fc = 310
5109
= 0.06m. Substituting G1 = G, G2 = 2G,
3
Pr = 0.021 W, Pt = 10 W, = 0.06 m, and R = 12m in the Friis transmission formula
Pt Gt Gr
Pr =
(4 R )2
we get
10 2G2
0.021 103 = 2
12
4 0.06
105
106 CHAPTER 7. ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS
Solution 7.4 The power received by the test antenna, Pr1 = 10 mW and its gain is G1 .
Similarly, power received by the standard antenna is Prs = 50 mW and Gs is its gain.
These quantities are related to each other by
Pr1 G1
=
Prs Gs
10
Substituting Pr1 = 10 mW, Prs = 50 mW, and Gs = 10 10 = 10,
10 G1
=
50 10
Therefore G1 = 2 or in decibels G1 = 3 dB.
Solution 7.5 The Friis transmission formula taking the polarization efficiency (p ) into
account is
Pt Gt Gr
Pr = p
(4 R )2
8
Substituting = fc = 310
1.89
= 0.1667 m, Pt = 60 W, Pr = 306 W, R = 500 m,
Gt = Gr = G, and p = 12 ,
60 G2 12
30 106 = 4500 2
( 0.1667 )
which gives G = 37.69 (or 15.76 dB).
0.1 100 Gr
1010 = 3
( 41010
0.125
)2
Solution 8.2 Incorporating the path loss given by Eqn (8.2) into the Friis transmission
formula, and expressing the result in decibels,
If Pr,dBm = 80 dBm,
80 = Pt,dBm + 20 + 25 160
and hence Pt,dBm = 35 dBm (or 3.16 W).
107
108 CHAPTER 8. RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION
Solution 8.3 Eqn (8.24) gives the path loss factor incorporated into Eqn (8.27). There-
fore, we plot 20 log(|F |) of Eqn (8.24) and 20 log(|F |) of Eqn (8.11) as a function of d.
We observe that for large d, the approximate value of path loss factor computed using
Eqn (8.24) approaches the exact value of the path loss computed using Eqn (8.11).
Solution 8.4 For = 0, the numerator of Eqn (8.6) must be equal to zero.
q
sin (r j) cos2 = 0
sin2 = r cos2
or
sin2 + cos2 = 1 = r
which implies that r = 1, irrespective of the value of .
From Eqn (8.13), k = 0 gives
q
r sin r cos2 = 0
2r sin2 = r cos2
2r sin2 = r 1 + sin2
sin2 (2r 1) = r 1
109
r 1
sin2 =
(r 1)(r + 1)
1
sin2 =
1 + r
c 8
Solution 8.5 The wavelength is = = 310
f q 900106
= 0.333 m and the distance between
the transmitter and the receiver is R = (30 1)2 + 20002 = 2000.2 m.
(a) LOS without ground
The path loss is
4R
PL = 20 log10
4 2000.2
= 20 log10
0.333
= 97.6 dB
Solution 8.6
Solution 8.7
Solution 8.8
1 1 1
=
re r0 r
where re : equivalent radius of the earth, r0 : mean radius of the earth =6370 km, and r:
radius of curvature of the ray = 106 /( dN
dn
) = 106 /50 = 20, 000 km.
Substituting r0 = 6370 km and r = 20, 000 km we get
1 1 1
=
re 6370 20000
re = 9347 km
Solution 8.9
r0 = 6370 km
4
re = r0 = 8493 km
3
From Fig. (p8.9),
300 = 2 8493
= 0.0177 rad
OA
cos =
OB
8493 103 + 6
cos(0.0177) =
8493 103 + h
which gives h = 1336.6 m.
Solution 8.10
h
Wi = eV
e
where h = 6.6254 1034 Js is the Plancks constant.
For nitrogen,
6.6254 1034
15.8 =
1.602 1019
112 CHAPTER 8. RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION
Solution 8.11
Similarly,
OD
cos =
AO
OD
cos(0.2355) =
6370
OD = 6194.2 km
Solution 8.12
From 4AOD in Fig. P8.12,
AO
cos 2 =
OD
6370
=
(6370 + 150)
d2 = 2r0 2
= 2 6370 0.2149
= 2737.8 km
In 4AOB,
BO AO
=
sin 6 BAO sin 6 ABO
6370 + 150 6370
=
sin(90 + 30) sin 6 ABO
6 ABO = 57.79
Therefore, 1 = 180 (120 + 57.79 ) = 2.21 = 0.03857 rad, and d1 = r0 21 =
6370 2 0.03857 = 491.4 km. The minimum distance is 491.4 km and to maximum
distance is 2737.8 km.
Solution 8.13
A vertically launched wave returns to
the surface. Therefore, dmin = 0 From
4AOB in Fig. P8.13,
OB OA
=
sin 6 OAB sin 6 ABO
6370 + 150 6370
=
sin(90 + 75) sin 6 ABO
6 ABO = 14.65
Therefore,
and hence
d2 = r0 22
= 6370 2 6.11 103
= 77.84 km = dmax
114 CHAPTER 8. RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION
Solution 8.14
2500 = r0 2
= 6370 2
= 0.1962 rad = 11.24
In 4AOB,
6 ABO = ( + + )
2
= (0.1962 + + )
2
= 1.3746
The conductivity is
0 p2 /
=
1 + 2 / 2
8.854 1012 (1783787.4)2 106 /(1 106 )
= 106
(2 1 106 ) 1 + ( 210 6)
2
p2
r = 1 2
+ 2
1783787.42
= 1
(2 106 )2 + (106 )2
= 0.92
Since
6.96 107
= = 0.0125
0 2 106 8.854 1012
is very much smaller than 1, from Example 8.6, the attenuation per unit length is given
by
60
=
r
60 6.96 107
=
0.92
= 1.368 104 Np/m
Frequency: 10 MHz
The conductivity is
0 p2 /
=
1 + 2 / 2
8.854 1012 (1783787.4)2 106 /(1 10 106 )
= 106
(2 10 106 ) 1 + ( 21010 6)
2
p2
r = 1
2 + 2
1783787.42
= 1
(2 10 106 )2 + (106 )2
= 0.9992
116 CHAPTER 8. RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION
Since
7.134 109
= = 1.282 105
0 2 10 106 8.854 1012
is very much smaller than 1, from Example 8.6, the attenuation per unit length is given
by
60
=
r
60 7.134 109
=
0.9992
= 1.3453 106 Np/m