Portland Community College, Sylvania Campus

BI 231 Lab

Supplemental Package
 PCC-Sylvania BI 231 Laboratory Supplement
1. Upon entering the laboratory, please locate the exits, fire extinguisher, eyewash station, and
clean up materials for chemical spills. Your instructor will demonstrate the location of fire
blanket, safety kit, and showers.
2. Read the general laboratory directions and any objectives before coming to lab.
3. Food and drink, including water, are prohibited in laboratory. This is per Federal laboratory
guidelines and per College Safety Policy. Do not chew gum, use tobacco products of any kind,
store food or apply cosmetics in the laboratory. No drink containers of any kind may be on the
benches.
4. Please keep all personal materials off the working area. Store backpacks and purses at the rear
of the laboratory, not beside or under benches. Some laboratory spaces have shelving in rear for
this purpose.
5. For your safety, please restrain long hair, loose fitting clothing and dangling jewelry. Hair ties
are available, ask your instructor. Hats and bare midriffs are not acceptable in the laboratory.
Shoes, not sandals, must be worn at all times in laboratory. You may wear a laboratory apron or
lab coat if you desire, but it is not required.
6. We do not wish to invade your privacy, but for your safety if you are pregnant, taking
immunosuppressive drugs or who have any other medical conditions (e.g. diabetes,
immunological defect) that might necessitate special precautions in the laboratory must inform
the instructor immediately. If you know you have an allergy to latex or chemicals, please inform
instructor.
7. Decontaminate work surfaces at the beginning of every lab period using Amphyl solution.
Decontaminate bench following any practical quiz, when given, and after labs involving the
dissection of preserved material.
8. Use safety goggles in all experiments in which solutions or chemicals are heated or when
instructed to do so. Never leave heat sources unattended: hot plates or Bunsen burners.
9. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or
surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts
or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after
removing gloves.
10. Keep all liquids away from the edge of the lab bench to avoid spills. Immediately notify your
instructor of any spills. Keep test tubes in racks provided, except when necessary to transfer to
water baths or hot plate. You will be advised of the proper clean-up procedures for any spill.
11. Report all chemical or liquid spills and all accidents, such as cuts or burns, no matter how
minor, to the instructor immediately.
12. Use mechanical pipetting devices only. Mouth pipetting is prohibited.

Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines

will be excluded from the Laboratory
 Safe Disposal of Contaminated Materials

Place disposable materials such as gloves, mouth pieces, swabs, toothpicks and paper towels that have
come into contact with blood or other body fluids into a disposable Autoclave bag for
decontamination by autoclaving. This bucket is not for general trash.
Place glassware contaminated with blood and other body fluids directly into a labeled bucket of 10%
bleach solution. ONLY glass or plastic-ware is to be placed in this bucket, not trash.
Sharps container is for used lancets only. It is bright red. When using disposable lancets do not
replace their covers.

1. Properly label glassware and slides, using china markers provided.

2. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces
soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a
sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves.
3. Wear disposable gloves when handling or dissecting specimens fixed with formaldehyde or stored in
Carosafe/Wardsafe.
4. Wear disposable gloves when handling chemicals denoted as hazardous or carcinogenic by your
instructor. Read labels on dropper bottles provided for an experiment, they will indicate the need for
gloves or goggles, etc. Upon request, detailed written information is available on every chemical used
(MSDS). Ask your instructor.
5. No pen or pencil is to be used at any time on any model or bone. The bones are fragile, hard to replace
and used by hundreds of students every year. To protect them and keep them in the best condition, please
use pipe cleaners and probes provided instead of a writing instrument.
a. Probes may be used on models as well. The bones are very difficult and costly to replace, as are the
models and may take a long time to replace.
6. At the end of an experiment:
a. Clean glassware and place where designated. Remove china marker labels at this time.
b. Return solutions & chemicals to designated area. Do not put solutions or chemicals in cupboards!
7. You cannot work alone or unsupervised in the laboratory.
8. Microscopes should be cleaned before returning to numbered cabinet. Be sure objectives are clean, use
lens paper. Place objectives into storage position, and return to the storage cabinet. Be sure cord has been
coiled and restrained. Your instructor may require microscope be checked before you put it away. Be sure
it is in assigned cupboard.
9. Please replace your prepared slides into the box from which they came (slides and boxes are
numbered), so students using them after you will be able to find the same slide. Before placing slides in
box, clean it with Kimwipes if it is dirty or covered with oil. If you break a slide, please, inform you
instructor so the slide can be replaced. Please be aware that there is hundreds of dollars worth of slides in
each box and handle the boxes with care when carrying to and from your workbench.
10. Be sure all paper towels used in cleaning lab benches and washing hands are disposed of in trash
container provided.
Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines
and directions will be excluded from the Laboratory
 Please Read

You are beginning a very intense laboratory course. Before you come to class you will
want to review what the study focus is for that days lab. This is important because you will be
liable (tested) for the information listed in your study guide and manual. There are lists of
terms that you are required to know, as well as tables and diagrams. These are testable as well.
If there are slides listed in the study guide then you are also liable to identify these structures
under the microscope on quizzes or on practicals. There will also be various models that are
available in the classroom which will be used in the tests. It is up to the student to identify the
structures on these models. Remember, majority of your practicals will be on these models.
Please do not think that you will be able to look at the pictures in the book and do well on
quizzes and practicals. YOU NEED TO SPEND TIME WITH THE MODELS!

Some labs will have exercises that are required. Please make sure that you understand
what was learned in these exercises because these are also fair game to be used for questions
in the tests.

Each lab will start with a 10 point quiz. You are required to be in attendance at the
beginning of each lab. You will receive a zero on the quiz if you miss it. There will not be
quizzes on the weeks we have a practical or the week after a practical. If you stay in lab only
long enough to take the quiz and then leave soon after the lab will be counted as a missed lab.

Spelling can account for up to 10% off of your grade so please be careful. Also be aware
of singular and plural usage because these mistakes will count as spelling errors.

Absences: You cannot miss more than two labs and still pass the course. Also you can
only attend another instructors class once during the quarter. This must be approved by both
instructors. If you attend another instructors lab without permission your quiz will be
automatically thrown out.

There are review sheets at the end of each exercise that we recommend that you do.
You will not receive credit for these pages but they will help you study the material and prepare
for the tests.

Any material found in the lab manual can be used for the extra credit questions.

If you have any questions please contact Marilyn Thomas, Lab Coordinator
(Marilyn.thomas@pcc.edu) Thank you!
 BI 231

Anatomy and Physiology I

Lab 1: Organs, Systems and Organization of the Body:

Todays Lab Objectives:

1. Be able to identify the organ systems and organs listed on any of the models found in lab
2. Know the functions of the organ systems
3. Know the basic organs found in the organ systems
4. Be able to use directional terms to identify body structures
5. Be able to determine from illustration or written description planes of the body
6. Be able to identify major regions of the body
7. Identify abdominal quadrants and 9 abdominal regions and major organs found in each
8. Be able to identify the superficial muscles on the muscle men

The Organ Systems

Reproductive

Gonads (testes and ovaries)

Urinary

Kidneys, urinary bladder

Nervous

Brain and spinal cord

Muscular (muscles)

Skeletal (bones)

Respiratory

Nose, larynx, trachea and lungs

Lymphatic

Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and tonsils

Integumentary

Skin
 Digestive

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver

Endocrine

Thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas

Cardiovascular

Heart, blood and blood vessels

What is Anatomical Position?

Directional Terms:

Superior

Inferior

Medial

Lateral

Superficial

Deep

Ventral (anterior)

Dorsal (posterior)

Proximal

Distal

Contralateral

ispsilateral
Planes:

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Coronal (frontal) plane

Sagittal plane

Midsagittal

Parasagittal

Body Cavities:

Dorsal

Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal

Ventral

Thoracic

Mediastinum
Pleural
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
Pericardial
Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Abdominal pelvic
Abdominal
Pelvic
Regions of the body:
Cranial
Cephalic
Facial
Frontal
Orbital
Buccal
Mental
Nasal
Oral
Nuchal (back of neck)
Cervical
Acromial
Axillary
Thoracic
Pectoral
Sternal
Brachial
Abdominal
Umbilical
Cubital (elbow)

Antebrachial
Scapular
Vertebral
Lumbar
Sacral
Gluteal
Coxal
Inguinal
Pubic
Patellar
Digital
Pedal
Tarsal
crural
Femoral
Manual
Calcaneal
Popliteal
Carpal
Abdominal Regions

Nine Regions Four Quadrants

Right hypochondriac right upper quadrant

Left hypochondriac left upper quadrant
Epigastric right lower quadrant
Right lumbar left lower quadrant
Left lumbar
Umbilical
Hypogastric
Right iliac (inguinal)
Left iliac (inguinal

Muscles to know:

Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
External abdominal oblique
Rectus abdominis
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi
Sartorius
Rectus femoris
Tibialis anterior
Gluteus maximus
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris
Gastrocnemius
Lab 2: Tissues
Quiz #1: Anatomical Terminology

Todays Lab Objectives:

1. Be able to identify the various tissues under the microscope

2. Be able to associate tissues with organs in which they are found
3. Know the functions of the various tissues
4. Identify the muscle types

Epithelial Tissue

Know Characteristics of epithelial tissues:

How are epithelial tissues named?

*Simple squamous epithelium:

Locations where found:
Functions:

*Simple cuboidal epithelium

Locations where found:
Functions:

*Simple columnar epithelium

Locations where found:
Functions
*Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (ciliated and non ciliated)
Locations where found:
Functions:
*goblet cells

*Stratified squamous epithelium (Keratinized and Non keratinized)

Locations where found:
Functions:

*Transitional epithelium
Locations where found:
Functions
 Membranes
Serous
Visceral
Parietal

Muscle Tissues
*Skeletal Muscle
Characteristics:
Functions:
*Cardiac Muscle
Characteristics:
Functions:
*Smooth Muscle
Characteristics:
Functions

Connective Tissues

Know the distinguishing characteristics of connective tissues

Matrix
Ground substance (Know which tissues have solid, liquid or gel)
Fibers

*Know the fibers

Collagen
Elastic
Reticular
Cells
Fibroblasts
Fibrocytes
*Adipocytes
*Chondrocytes
*Osteocytes

Mesenchyme

Fibrous Connective Tissues

*Dense regular connective tissue
Characteristics:
Locations where it can be found in the body:
 *Dense irregular connective tissue
Characteristics:
Locations where it can be found in the body:
*Elastic connective tissue
Characteristics:
Locations where it can be found in the body

Loose connective tissue

*Reticular connective tissue
Characteristics:
Locations where it can be found in the body
*reticular fibers
*Areolar connective tissue
Characteristics:
Locations where it can be found in the body
*collagen fibers
*elastic fibers
*Adipose tissue
Description:
Location in the body:

Cartilage
*Hyaline cartilage
Description:
Location in the body:
*Fibrocartilage
Description:
Location in the body:
*Elastic cartilage
Description:
Location in the body:
*chondrocytes
Lacuna
Perichondrium
*Bone
*Central canal
*Osteocytes
osteons
Description:
Functions:
*Blood
Plasma
 Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Platelets
Description:
Functions:

Be able to identify on histology slides

Lab 3: Integumentary System
Quiz #2: Histology

Objectives:

1. List the two layers of the integument

2. List and identify all the layers of the epidermis
3. Describe the structure and function of sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands and be
able to identify them on both models and slides
4. Identify the hair follicle in longitudinal and cross section
5. Be able to identify meissners and Pacinian corpuscles on both models and slides
6. Describe the hypodermis

Epidermis- Stratified squamous epithelium hardened with keratin

*Stratum basale
Basement membrane
Melanocytes
*Stratum spinosum
Desmosomes
*Stratum granulosum
Keratohyalin granules (precursors of keratin found in the outer most layer of epidermis)
*Stratum lucidum
Only found in the palms of the hand and soles of the feet
*Stratum corneum

Dermis majority of the fibers are irregularly arranged collagenous with lesser numbers of elastic and
reticular fibers

*Papillary layer (areolar connective tissue)

*Meissners (tactile) Corpuscles
Merkel (tactile) discs (also found in lower epidermis)
*Reticular layer (Dense irregular connective tissue)
*Pacinian (lamellated) Corpuscle
Warm and cool receptors
Pain receptors
Hypodermis (adipose and areolar connective tissues)

Integumentary Glands

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands

*Eccrine (merocrine) glands
 *Apocrine glands
Lactiferous (milk) glands
*Sebaceous (oil) glands
Sebum
Ceruminous (earwax) glands

Hair
*Hair follicles
*Hair
*Shaft
*Root
*Hair bulb
Types of hair
Determinate hair
Indeterminate hair
*Dermal papilla
Root sheath
*Piloerector (arrector pili) muscle
Cross section of hair
Medulla
Cortex
Melanin
Cuticle

Nails

Nail body
Free edge
Eponychium
Nail root
Nail bed
Lunule
Hyponychium
Nail groove
Nail folds

* Be able to identify on histology slides and models where available

Lab 4: Introduction to skeletal and nervous systems (pages 55-79)
Quiz #3: Integumentary system

Objectives:

Describe the composition if bone tissue

Describe the microscopic structure of compact bone
Be able to identify structures listed on models and under microscope
Describe the 3 parts of the neuron
List the main divisions of the nervous system
Describe the functions of the various neuroglias

Skeletal system

Axial skeleton: skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

Appendicular skeleton:
Pectoral girdle: clavicle, scapula
Upper extremity: humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Pelvic girdle: hip bone
Lower extremity: femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Composition of Bone Tissue

Organic material
Collagenous fibers
Inorganic material
Hydroxyapatite
Bone Shapes
Long bone
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones

Bone Morphology

Epiphyses
Diaphysis
Articular cartilage
Epiphyseal plate
Epiphyseal line
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Trabeculae
Marrow cavity
Red marrow
 Yellow marrow
Diploe
Periosteum
Perforating (Sharpeys) fibers
Nutrient foramina
Perforating (Volksmanns) canals
Endosteum

Microscopic Structure of Bone

Osteons
Central (haversian) canal
Perforating canals
Lacunae
Osteocytes
Canaliculi
Lamellae
Concentric
Circumferential
Interstitial

Bone Cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Osteogenic cells

Nervous System
Neuron
Axon
Axon hillock
Dendrite
Neurosoma
Neuroplasm
Nissl bodies
Nucleus

Neuron Shapes

*Multipolar neuron
Bipolar neurons
Unipolar neurons
 Synapses
Synaptic knob
Neurotransmitters
Electrical synapse

Neuroglia

PNS
Schwann cell
Nodes of Ranvier
Myelin
Myelin sheath
Saltatory conduction

CNS
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

Specialized Neurons

*Pyramidal cells
*Purkinje cells

*Be able to identify on histology slides

Please use the extra time in lab to review for the practical next week!

Lab 5 Practical #1

The practical will cover all the material discussed in the last 4 weeks of lab

Terms to know, labeled figures, tables, any additional info outlined in the package
Models
Images
Microscopes (images will also be provided for histology questions)
75 questions
Timed stations
Lab 6 Axial Skeleton
No Quiz

Lab Objectives:

By the end of todays lab you should be able to identify the bones and markings listed below on bones of
the skull.

You should be able to identify parts of vertebrae, ribs sternum and hyoid bones

The skull (exercise 11)

Frontal bone
Supraorbital ridge

Parietal bone (2)

Temporal bone (2)

Zygomatic process of temporal bone
Mastoid process
Styloid process
External auditory meatus
Internal auditory meatus
Jugular foramen
Carotid canal
Mandibular fossa

Occipital bone
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyles
Superior nuchal line
Inferior nuchal line
External occipital protuberance

Sutures
Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Squamous suture
Lambdoidal suture
Sphenoid
Greater wings
Superior orbital fissure
Sella turcica
Hypophyseal fossa
Dorsum sellae
 Lesser wings
Optic canal
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen lacerum
Foramen spinosum
Pterygoid processes
Medial pterygoid plate
Lateral pterygoid plate
Ethmoid bone
Crista galli
Cribriform plate
Perpendicular plate
Middle nasal conchae
Olfactory foramina
Mandible
Body of mandible
Ramus of mandible
Angle of mandible
Mandibular condyle
Mental foramen
Mental symphysis
Coronoid process
Mandibular notch
Mandibular foramen
Mylohyoid line
Alveolar processes
Maxilla (2)
Alveolar margin
Infraorbital foramen
Paranasal sinuses
Maxillary sinus
Sphenoid sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Frontal sinus
Zygomatic bones (2)
Zygomatic arch
Lacrimal (2)
Vomer
Nasal (2)
Palatine (2)
Inferior nasal concha (2)
Wormian (sutural) bones

Hard palate = maxilla + palatine bone

Nasal septum = vomer + perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
 Fontanels
Anterior (frontal) fontanel
Posterior (occipital) fontanel
Sphenoid (anterolateral) fontanels (2)
Mastoid (posterolateral) fontanels (2)

Vertebrae, Ribs, Sternum, Hyoid (Exercise 10)

Spinal Curvatures
Cervical curvature
Thoracic curvature
Lumbar curvature
Sacral (pelvic) curvature
Abnormal curvatures
Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Typical Vertebra structures
Intervertebral discs
Vertebral foramen
Body of vertebra
Vertebral arch
Lamina
Transverse processes
Spinous process
Superior articular processes
Superior articular facet
Inferior articular process
Inferior articular facet
Intervertebral foramina
Cervical Vertebrae (7)
Atlas (C1) no body
Axis (C2) Dens (odontoid process)
Transverse foramen
Bifid spinous process
Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
Superior costal facet
Inferior costal facet
Transverse costal facets
Lumbar Vertebrae (5)
Sacrum (5 fused)
Anterior sacral foramina
Posterior sacral foramina
Sacral promontory
Coccyx
Ribs
Head
Neck
Tubercle
Costal groove
True ribs
False ribs (with floating ribs)
Sternum
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
Hyoid
Lab 7: Appendicular Skeleton
Quiz #4: Axial Skeleton

Lab Objectives:

By the end of todays lab you should be able to identify the bones and markings from the list below.

Pectoral Girdle

Scapula

Acromion process
Coracoid process
Spine of scapula
Supraspinous fossa
Infraspinous fossa
Subscapular fossa
Glenoid cavity
Lateral (axillary border)
Medial (vertebral) border
Superior border
Inferior angle
Superior angle
Clavicle
Sternal end
Acromial end
Conoid tubercle
Upper Extremity
Humerus
Head of humerus
Anatomical neck
Surgical neck
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Intertubercular groove (sulcus)
Deltoid tuberosity
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Coronoid fossa
Radial fossa
Olecranon fossa
Capitulum
Trochlea
Lateral suprocondylar ridge
Medial supracondylar ridge
 Ulna
Olecranon process
Coronoid process
Trochlear notch
Radial notch of ulna
Head of ulna
Styloid process of ulna
Radius
Head of radius
Radial tuberosity
Ulnar notch of radius
Styloid process of radius
Carpal bones (from lateral to medial)
Proximal row: scaphoid- lunate-triquetrum-pisiform
Distal row: trapezium-trapezoid-capitate-hamate
Metacarpal bones (I-V)
Phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)

Pelvic Girdle
Os coxae
Ilium
Iliac crest
Anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Posterior superior iliac spine
Posterior inferior iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Iliac fossa

Ischium
Ischial spine
Ischial tuberosity
Lesser sciatic notch
Ischial ramus
Pubis
Superior ramus
Inferior ramus
Body of pubis
Pubic symphysis
Pubic crest
Obturator foramen
Acetabulum
Pelvic brim
Lower Extremity
Femur
Head of femur
Neck of femur
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Gluteal tuberosity
Intertrochanteric line
Intertrochanteric crest
Linea aspera
Medial supracondylar line
Lateral supracondylar line
Intertrochanteric crest
Intertrochanteric line
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Medial condyle
Lateral condyle
Intercondylar fossa
Patellar surface
Fovea capitis
Adductor tubercle
Patella
Articular facets
Tibia
Medial condyle
Lateral condyle
Intercondylar eminence
Tibial tuberosity
Medial malleolus
Fibula
Head of fibula
Lateral malleolus
Tarsal bones:
Talus
Calcaneus
Cuboid
Navicular
Medial (first), intermediate (second) and lateral (third) cuneiform
Metatarsals
Phalanges

The knee joint

Medial meniscus Fibular collateral ligament
Lateral meniscus Tibial collateral ligament
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) Patellar ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) Tendon of quadriceps
 Lab 8: Axial Muscles
Quiz #5: Appendicular Skeleton

____________________________________________________________________________________

Objectives:

1. Locate the muscles listed and be able to identify these muscles on models
2. Also be able to identify the main origin, insertion and action of each muscle
3. You will need to know the following terms of movement to be able to properly identify
actions of the muscle

Anatomical terms of movement

(Need to know these for actions of muscles)

Flexion- For your information:
Extension
Abduction Sterno = sternum
Adduction
Hyo = hyoid
Supination-
Pronation- Glossus = tongue
Opposition-
Reposition- Thyro = thyroid
Eversion-
Inversion Omo = scapula
Protraction
Mylo = molar (teeth)
Retraction
Elevation Myo = muscle
Depression
Dorsiflexion Name of muscle gives O & I
Plantar flexion
Medial rotation Thyrohyoid = O thyroid, I hyoid bone
Lateral rotation
Sternohyoid = O sternum, I hyoid
Circumduction
Lateral flexion Omohyoid = O sternum, I hyoid
Be able to identify the muscle, action, origin and insertion for each muscle

Muscles

MUSCLES OF THE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE

HEAD

Frontalis Epicranial aponeurosis Skin over forehead Elevates eyebrows and wrinkles skin of Facial VII
forehead

Occipitalis Nuchal line on occipital bone Epicranial aponeurosis Fixes epicranial aponeurosis and pulls Facial VII
scalp posteriorly

Nasalis Maxillary bone; cartilage of nose Bridge of nose Compresses nostrils; dilates nostrils Facial VII

Temporalis Temporal bone Coronoid process of mandible Elevates and retracts mandible Trigeminal V

Masseter Zygomatic process and arch Ramus of mandible Elevates mandible Trigeminal V

Orbicularis oculi Medial orbital margin Skin surrounding eye Closes eyelids and acts during Facial VII
squinting and blinking

Orbicularis oris Maxillary bone; mandible lips Closes and purses lips Facial VII

Zygomaticus major Zygomatic bone Corner of mouth Elevates corner of mouth Facial VII

Zygomaticus minor Zygomatic bone Upper lip Raises upper lip

Mentalis Alveolar ridge of incisors of mandible Skin over chin Elevates and protrudes lower lip Facial VII

Risorius Fascia of masseter Corner of mouth Draws corner of mouth laterally Facial VII
SUPERFICIAL ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE
MUSCULATURE OF
THE NECK

Omohyoid

Superior belly Clavicle and first rib Hyoid bone Depresses hyoid bone Ansa cervicalis

Inferior belly Superior margin of scapula Clavicle and 1st rib

Thyrohyoid Thyroid cartilage of the larynx Hyoid bone Depresses hyoid bone, elevates Ansa cervicalis
thyroid cartilage

Sternohyoid Posterior surface of manubrium, and Hyoid bone Depresses hyoid bone Ansa cervicalis
medial clavicle

Stylohyoid Styloid process Hyoid bone Moves hyoid bone up and back Facial VII

Mylohyoid Inferior margin of mandible Hyoid bone Elevates hyoid bone and floor of Trigeminal V
mouth, depresses mandible

Digastric Anterior: Lower border of mandible Hyoid bone Elevates hyoid bone and base of Ant: Trigeminal V
near midline tongue, depresses mandible
- Anterior belly Post: Facial VII
Posterior: Mastoid process of temporal
-Posterior belly bone
MUSCLES OF THE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE
NECK & BACK

Sternocleidomastoid Manubrium and medial third of clavicle Mastoid process Flexion and lateral flexion of neck; C2 and C2, spinal
rotates head so face is turned accessory, XI
superiorly and to the opposite side

Trapezius Posterior surface of occipital bone; Lateral third of clavicle; acromion Superior fibers: elevates scapula Spinal accessory
ligamentum nuchae; and spinous process; spine of scapula XI, C3, and C4
process of thoracic vertebrae Middle fibers: retracts scapula

Inferior fibers: depress scapula

Latissimus dorsi Spinous processes of lower 6 thoracic Intertubercular groove of humerus Extension, adduction and medial Thoracodorsal
vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, crest rotation of arm
of ilium

Levator scapula Transverse processes of C1-4 Medial border above spine of Elevates scapula; acts with pectoralis Doral scapular
scapula minor to inferiorly rotate scapula

Rhomboid major Spinous process of T2-5 and Medial border below spine of Adducts scapula and rotates it Dorsal scapular
supraspinous ligament scapula downward; stabilizes scapula

Rhomboid minor Spinous process of C7-T1 Medial border of scapula at base of Adducts scapula and rotates it Dorsal scapular
spine downward; stabilizes scapula

Serratus anterior External surface of upper 8 ribs Medial border of scapula Abducts scapula and rotates it Long thoracic
upward. Important in horizontal arm
movements (boxers muscle)

Erector Spinae Thoracolumbar fascia; posterior surface Transverse processes of thoracic Extension of vertebral column Spinal nerves
of sacrum; iliac crest; spinous process of and cervical vertebrae, tubercles of dorsal rami
T11-T12 and L1-L5 inferior nine ribs, and mastoid
process of skull
 Inferior Serratus Spinous processes of the lower two Lower borders of the bottom four Pulls ribs down, resisting pull of T9-T12
Posterior thoracic and the upper two or three ribs diaphragm
lumbar vertebrae

Splenius Spinous processes of inferior cervical Mastoid process, occipital bone, Extension of the head and neck; lateral Cervical spinal
and superior thoracic vertebrae and transverse processes of flexion and rotation of the head and nerves
superior cervical vertebrae neck

Scalenes Ant. and middle: elevates 1st rib, Cervical spinal

flexes neck forward and laterally, C3-C8.
- Anterior Transverse processes of C3-C6 1st rib rotates neck
- Middle
Posterior Transverse processes of C2-C7 1st rib Post: elevates 2nd rib, flexes neck
laterally, slightly rotates neck
Transverse processes of C4-C6 2nd rib
MUSCLES OF ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE
THORACIC WALL

Diaphragm Internal surfaces of xiphoid process and Centra tendon of the diaphragm Increases volume of thoracic cavity by Phrenic nerves
inferior 6 ribs; anterior surfaces of pulling central tendon inferiorly (C3-C5)
vertebrae L1, L2 and L3

External intercostals Inferior border of rib above Superior border of rib below Elevates rib cage during normal Intercostal
inspiration

Internal intercostals Superior border of rib below Inferior border of rib above Depresses rib cage during forced Intercostal
expiration

Pectoralis major Medial half of clavicle, sternum, costal Lateral lip of intertubercular groove Flexion, medial rotation and adduction Lateral and
cartilages, aponeurosis of external of humerus of the arm medial pectoral
abdominal oblique

Pectoralis minor Anterior surface of ribs 3 to 5 Coracoid process of scapula Depression and inferior rotation of Medial pectoral
scapula

MUSCLES OF THE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE

ANTERIOR
ABDOMINAL WALL
Rectus abdominis Pubis symphysis and crest of pubis Xiphoid process and cartilages of Flexion of vertebral column; stabilizes Intercostal 7 to
ribs 5 to 7 pelvis during walking; compresses 12
abdomen to aid in defecation,
urination, forced exhalation.

External abdominal External surface of lower 8 ribs Linea alba; pubic crest; pubic Rotation and lateral flexion of trunk; Intercostals 8 to
oblique tubercle; iliac crest increases intraabdominal pressure 12,
during forced expiration iliohypogastric,
ilioinguinal

Internal abdominal Lateral half of inguinal ligament, Lower four ribs, linea alba and by Compresses abdomen, and flex Intercostals 8 to
oblique anterior iliac crest and thoracolumbar conjoined tendon to pubis vertebral column; acting singly, 12,
fascia laterally flex vertebral column iliohypogastric,
ilioinguinal

Transverse abdominis Lateral third of inguinal ligament, Linea alba, pubis crest Compresses abdomen and Increases Intercostals 7 to
anterior iliac crest, and thoracolumbar intraabdominal pressure during forced 12,
fascia expiration iliohypogastric,
ilioinguinal

MUSCLES OF THE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE

SHOULDER AND
ARM

Deltoid lateral third of clavicle, acromion Deltoid tuberosity of humerus Anterior fibers: medial rotation and Axillary
process and spine of scapula flexion of arm

Middle fibers: abduction of arm

Posterior fibers: lateral rotation and

extension of arm
Supraspinatus Supraspinous fossa Superior portion of greater tubercle Abducts humerus Suprascapular
of humerus

Infraspinatus Infraspinous fossa Middle portion of greater tubercle Rotates humerus laterally Suprascapular
of humerus

Teres minor Lateral border of scapula Greater tubercle of humerus Rotates humerus laterally Scapular circumflex

Subscapularis Subscapular fossa Lesser tubercle of humerus Rotates humerus medially Upper and lower
subscapularis

Teres major Scapula, near inferior angle Medial lip of intertubercular groove Extends arm at shoulder joint and Lower subscapular
of humerus assists in adduction and medial
rotation of arm at shoulder joint.

Biceps brachii Long head, supraglenoid tubercle; Tuberosity of radius Flexes and supination of forearm; Musculocutaneous
flexion of arm
Short head, coracoid process scapula

Brachialis Anterior distal two-thirds of humerus Coronoid process of ulna Flexes forearm Musculocutaneous
and radial

Coracobrachialis Coracoid process of scapula Middle third of humerus Flexes and adducts arm at shoulder Musculocutaneous
joint nerve

Triceps brachii Long head, infraglenoid tubercle; Olecranon process of ulna Extension of forearm; long head Radial
extends and adducts arm
Lateral head, proximal portion of
posterior humerus;

Medial head, distal half of posterior

humerus
Lab 9: Appendicular muscles
Quiz #6: Muscles Group 1

Objectives:

1. Locate the muscles listed and be able to identify these muscles on models
2. Also be able to identify the origin, insertion and action of each muscle

____________________________________________________________________________________

Anconeus Lateral epicondyle of humerus Olecranon process, posterior Weak extensor of ulna, stabilizes Radial
surface of ulna elbow joint in extension

MUSCLES OF ANT. ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE

FOREARM

Flexor carpi radialis Medial epicondyle of humerus Base of second metacarpal Flexion and abduction of the wrist Median

Flexor carpi ulnaris Medial epicondyle of humerus, Pisiform, hamate, and fifth Flexes and adducts wrist Ulnar
olecranon process, & posterior ulna metacarpal

Pronator teres Medial epicondyle of humerus and Lateral surface of radius Pronates and flexes forearm Median
coronoid process of ulna

Flexor digitorum Medial epicondyle of humerus and Middle phalanges of fingers Flexes fingers and wrist Median
superficialis coronoid process of ulna

Flexor digitorum Anterior and medial surfaces of ulna Distal phalanges of fingers Flexes fingers and wrist Median and
profundus and interosseous membrane Ulnar
Flexor pollicis longus Middle half of radius, interosseous Distal phalanx of thumb Flexes thumb and wrist Median
membrane, coronoid process of ulna

Palmaris longus Medial epicondyle of the humerus Palmar aponeurosis Weak flexion of wrist Median

MUSCLES OF ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE

POSTEROLATERAL
FOREARM

Brachioradialis Lateral supracondylar ridge Styloid process of radius Flexes forearm Radial

Extensor carpi radialis Lateral supracondylar ridge of Second metacarpal Extends and abducts wrist Radial
longus humerus

Extensor carpi radialis Lateral epicondyle of humerus Third metacarpal Extends and abducts wrist Radial
brevis

Extensor digitorum Lateral epicondyle of humerus Distal and middle phalanges of each Extends fingers and hand Radial
finger

Extensor digiti minimi Lateral epicondyle of humerus Tendon of extensor digitorum on Extends 5th digit and hand Radial
fifth phalanx

Extensor carpi ulnaris Lateral epicondyle of humerus and Fifth metacarpal Extends and adducts hand at wrist Radial
posterior border of ulna joint

Abductor pollicis longus Posterior surface of ulna and radius, First metacarpal Abducts and extends thumb Radial
and interosseous membrane

Extensor pollicis brevis Posterior surface of middle of radius Base of proximal phalanx of thumb Extends thumb Radial
and interosseous membrane
Extensor pollicis longus Posterior surface of middle third of Base of distal phalanx of thumb Extends thumb Radial
ulna and interosseous membrane

Supinator Lateral epicondyle of humerus, Lateral surface and posterior Supinates forearm Radial
proximal ulna border of radius

MUSCLES OF THE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE

PALM

Abductor pollicis Scaphoid and trapezium Proximal phalanx of thumb Abduction of thumb; opposition of Median
brevis thumb

Flexor pollicis brevis Trapezium Proximal phalanx of thumb Flexes thumb; opposition of thumb Median

Flexor digiti minimi Hook of hamate Proximal phalanx of fifth digit Flexes fifth digit Ulnar

Abductor digiti Pisiform and tendon of flexor carpi Proximal phalanx of fifth digit Abducts fifth digit Ulnar
minimi ulnaris

MUSCLES OF DEEP ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE

BACK AND GLUTEAL
REGION

Gluteus maximus Upper portion of ilium, the sacrum and Gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial Principal extensor and lateral rotator Inferior gluteal
coccyx tract of thigh;
Gluteus medius Lateral surface of ilium Greater trochanter of femur, lateral Abduction and medial rotation of Superior gluteal
surface thigh; steadies the pelvis during
walking

Piriformis Anterior surface of sacrum Greater trochanter of femur Abducts thigh Twigs from sacral
one and two

Quadratus femoris Ischial tuberosity Elevation superior to mid-portion of Laterally rotates and stabilizes hip joint Nerve to
intertrochanteric crest on posterior quadratus
femur lumborum

Psoas Transverse processes of bodies of Lesser trochanter of femur with Flex thigh at hip joint, rotate thigh Femoral
lumbar vertebrae iliacus laterally, and flex trunk at hip as in
Major sitting up from supine position

Iliacus Iliac fossa and lateral margin of sacrum Lesser trochanter of femur with Flex thigh at hip joint, rotate thigh Femoral
psoas major laterally, and flex trunk at hip as in
sitting up from supine position

MUSCLES OF THE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE

POSTERIOR THIGH

Biceps femoris Long head, ischial tuberosity; Head of fibula and lateral condyle Extension of thigh; flexion of leg Sciatic
of tibia
Short head, lateral supracondylar ridge
of femur

Semimembranosus Ischial tuberosity Medial condyle of tibia Extension of thigh; flexion of leg Sciatic
Semitendinosus Ischial tuberosity, Medial condyle of tibia Extension of thigh; flexion of leg Sciatic

MUSCLES OF ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE

ANTERIOR AND
MEDIAL THIGH

Sartorius Anterior superior iliac spine Medial surface of tibia near the Flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation Femoral
knee joint of thigh; flexion of leg

Tensor fasciae latae Anterior superior iliac spine of ilium Iliotibial tract Flexes thigh, abducts, and medially Superior gluteal
rotates thigh; steadies trunk on thigh
while standing

Quadriceps femoris Anterior inferior iliac spine and Tibial tuberosity Extension of leg; flexion of thigh Femoral
upper margin of acetabulum
Rectus femoris

Vastus lateralis Intertrochanteric line and linea Tibial tuberosity Extends leg Femoral
aspera of femur

Vastus medialis Intertrochanteric line and linea Tibial tuberosity Extends leg Femoral
aspera of femur

Vastus intermedius Upper shaft of femur Tibial tuberosity Extends leg Femoral

Adductor longus Body of pubic bone Middle third of linea aspera Adduction and flexion of thigh Obturator

Adductor magnus Inferior ramus of pubic bone; ramus Linea aspera and adductor tubercle Adduction and flexion of thigh; Obturator &
of ischium extension of thigh sciatic

Ischial tuberosity of ischium

Gracilis Body and inferior ramus of pubic Medial surface of tibia near the Adducts thigh at hip joint, medially Obturator
bone knee joint rotates thigh, and flexes leg at knee
joint.

Pectineus Superior ramus of pubis Just inferior to the lesser trochanter Adducts and flexes thigh, assists with Femoral
medial rotation of thigh

MUSCLES OF THE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE

POSTERIOR LEG

Tibialis posterior Posterior surfaces of tibia and fibula; Navicular, with slips to cuneiform; Plantar flexion and inversion of foot Tibial
interosseous membrane cuboid; metatarsals 2-4

Flexor digitorum Posterior surface of tibia Distal phalanges of digits 2-5 Plantar flexion of foot; flexion of toes Tibial
longus

Flexor hallucis longus Posterior surface of fibula; Distal phalanx of great toe Plantar flexion of foot; flexion of great Tibial
interosseous membrane toe

Soleus Head of fibula; posterior surface of With gastrocnemius into calcaneus Plantar flexion of foot Tibial
fibula; medial aspect of tibia via calcaneal tendon

Gastrocnemius Medial and lateral condyles of femur With soleus into calcaneus via Plantar flexion of foot; flexion of the Tibial
calcaneal tendon leg

Popliteus Lateral surface of lateral condyle Posterior surface of tibia just below Flexion of leg; medial rotation of leg to Tibial
condyles unlock knee prior to leg flexion

Plantaris Lateral supracondylar line of femur Posterior calcaneus via calcaneal Assists in plantar flexion of foot and Tibial
tendon flexion of leg
 MUSCLES OF THE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE
ANTEROLATERAL LEG
AND DORSUM OF
THE FOOT

Tibialis anterior Lateral condyle and lateral surface of Base of first cuneiform and first Dorsiflexes and inverts foot Deep fibular
tibia and interosseous membrane metatarsal

Extensor hallucis Anterior surface of fibula and Distal phalanx of great toe Dorsiflexes foot and extends great toe Deep fibular
longus interosseous membrane

Extensor digitorum Lateral condyle of tibia; medial surface Middle and distal phalanges of Dorsiflexes foot and extends toes Deep fibular
longus of fibula & interosseous membrane digits 2-5

Fibularis longus Head and lateral surface of fibula First metatarsal and first cuneiform Eversion of foot Superficial fibular
and

Fibularis brevis Lateral surface of fibula Fifth metatarsal Eversion of foot Superficial fibular

Extensor digitorum Dorsal surface of calcaneus By four tendons into extensor Extends toes Deep fibular
brevis expansion

Extensor hallucis Medial surface of calcaneus Proximal phalanx of great toe Extends toes Deep fibular
brevis

MUSCLES OF THE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE

SOLE OF THE FOOT

Abductor hallucis Tuberosity of calcaneus Medial aspect of proximal phalanx Abducts and flexes great toe; supports Medial plantar
of great toe medial longitudinal arch
Flexor digitorum Tuberosity of calcaneus By four tendons into middle Flexes lateral four toes Medial plantar
brevis phalanx of lateral four toes

Abductor digiti Tuberosisty of calcaneus Lateral side of proximal 5th phalanx Abducts 5th Toe Lateral plantar
minimi

Flexor hallucis brevis Cuboid and lateral cuneiform bones Base of proximal phalanx of 1st toe Flexes great toe Medial plantar

Flexor digiti minimi Base of 5th Metatarsal Base of proximal 5th phalanx Flexes 5th toe Lateral plantar
brevis

For some of the muscles (specifically ones on the sole of the foot) you may need to use your textbook or class PowerPoint

The final practical will cover all the material discussed in the last 4 weeks of lab (bones and muscles)

Terms to know, labeled figures, tables, any additional info outlined in the package
Models
Images
75 questions
Timed stations