Albert Bandura

Albert Bandura is an influential social cognitive psychologist who is perhaps best-known for his
social learning theory, the concept of self-efficacy and his famous Bobo doll experiments. He is
a Professor Emeritus at Stanford University and is widely regarded as one of the greatest living
psychologists.

Albert Bandura's theory is called Social Cognitive or Social Learning Theory. 'Social' because
he emphasized the role of our interactions with others in our development, and 'Cognitive'
because he believes a lot of what and how we learn occurs as highly cognitive functions and are
not simply reactions to the outside world.

Edward Tolman
Edward C. Tolman is best-known for cognitive behaviorism, his research on cognitive maps, the
theory of latent learning and the concept of an intervening variable. Tolman was born on April
14, 1886, and died on November 19, 1959.

Tolman is perhaps best-known for his work with rats and mazes. Tolman's work challenged the
behaviorist notion that all behavior and learning is a result of the basic stimulus-response
pattern.

In a classic experiment, rats practiced a maze for several days.

Then, the familiar path they normally took was blocked. According to the behaviorist view, the
rats had simply formed associations about which behaviors were reinforced and which were not.
Instead, Tolman discovered that the rats had formed a mental map of the maze, allowing them
to choose a novel path to lead them to the reward.

His theory of latent learning suggests that learning occurs even if no reinforcementis
offered. Latent learning is not necessarily apparent at the time, but that appears later in
situations where it is needed.

Tolman's concepts of latent learning and cognitive maps helped pave the way for the rise
of cognitive psychology.

Wolfgang Kohler

Wolfgang Khler (21 January 1887 11 June 1967) was

a German psychologist and phenomenologist who, like Max Wertheimer, and Kurt Koffka,
contributed to the creation of Gestalt psychology.

Also a key founding figure in the history of the Gestalt movement, Kohler also famously
summarized Gestalt theory by saying, "The whole is different than the sum of its parts." He was
also known for his research on problem-solving, his criticisms of the introspection used by the
structuralists to study the human mind, and his opposition to behaviorism.

According to Gestalt psychology, this apparent movement happens because our minds fill in
missing information. This belief that the whole is greater than the sum of the individual parts led
to the discovery of several different phenomena that occur during perception.

In order to better understand how human perception works, Gestalt psychologists proposed a
number of laws of perceptual organization, including the laws of similarity, Pragnanz, proximity,
continuity, and closure.

Martin Seligman

Martin Seligman was born on August 12, 1942 in Albany, New York. After graduating high
school, he attended Princeton University where he earned an A.B. degree in 1964. In 1967, he
earned a Ph.D. in psychology from the University of Pennsylvania

Influenced by earlier humanist thinkers like Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, positive
psychology has continued to grow over the past two decades. Seligman is often referred to as
the father of modern positive psychology.

References:
https://www.quora.com/What-are-Albert-Banduras-most-important-contributions-to-psychology

https://www.verywell.com/albert-bandura-biography-1925-2795537

https://www.verywell.com/edward-c-tolman-biography-2795522

https://www.verywell.com/what-is-gestalt-psychology-2795808

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_K%C3%B6hler

https://www.verywell.com/martin-seligman-biography-2795527