Modul 6

APLIKASI BIOTEKNOLOGI
DIBIDANG PERIKANAN &
KELAUTAN-1
Dr. Ir. Linawati
Dr. Ir. Sri Purwaningsih
Dr. Ir. Iriani Setyaningsih

TIK: Mahasiswa akan dapat menjelaskan

aplikasi bioteknologi dibidang perikanan
& kelautan
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 What is Marine Biotechnology ?

Biotechnology Process & Products Development

Biology Engineering
Chemistry Statistics Natural Products : Pharmaceuticals
Genetics Economics Biomedical probes; Nutraceuticals
Cosmeticeutical; Food/Feed
Industrial Chemicals

Marine Biodiversity
Pollution Control
Bioremediation
Biofiltration
Bioleaching
Bioabsorption
Aquaculture related product
Molecular kit to detect seafood and
environmental contaminants
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 Marine Biotechnology for Natural Product
Development

Industrial polysaccharide : agar,

alginate, carrageenan
Derived product to support Clean
technology
Improved process efficiency by including
GMO
Biopigment and oil from microalgae
Natural antifouling
Various bioactive compounds for food,
cosmetic and drug
Functional food & cosmetics
(nutraceutical & cosmeticeutical)

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 Seaweed processing Industries
Seaweed

Processing Industry Marine polysachharide

Slurry waste/residue (6-15%):

Cellulose
hemicellulose

Cellulase &
Bioethanol Mushroom SCP
hemicellulase:

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 Clean Technology for Seaweed Processing Industry

Refined carragenan

Refined carragenan process

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 Cellulase production from seaweed
processing waste

Seaweed

Trichoderma sp
Aspergillus sp
Processing Industry Polysaccharide
Penicillium sp
(carrageenan, agar, alginate)

pH:4.5-5.5 Slurry waste/residue (6-15%):

Cellulose
hemicellulose

Cellulase : Xylanase :
Cellobiohydrolase protein Hemicellulase
Endoglucanase Endo 1,4,b-xylosidase
-glucosidase A-arabinofuranosidase
esterase

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 Slurry waste/residue (6-15%):
Cellulose Trichoderma reesei
hemicellulose T. hamatum
Aspergillus sp
Rhizopus sp

Acid/hot treatment
Enzimatic treatment
Cellulase & Xylanase

Anaerobic Process
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Aerobic Process
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Anaerobic Process
Candida utilis
Mixed culture

BioEthanol

SCP/Feed
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Biogas 7
 How is bioethanol produced from seaweed
processing waste

cellulose

saccharification filtration neutralization

sugar

fermentation
ethanol

70%
ethanol

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 Mushroom production from seaweed
processing waste
Cellulotic waste is
between 60-70 % of dry
seewed

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 FUTURE BIOPROCESS DEVELOPMENT TO
SUPPORT MARINE DERIVED
POLYSACCHARIDE INDUSTRIES

Developing clean production technology by

applying biotechnology
Improved existing process by introducing
enzimatic or microbial process
Developing enzimatic process to produce
high value derivative compound

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 Chitin Chitosan Industry

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 CHITIN- CHITOSAN INDUSTRY
Shell fish by product

Demineralisation

Deproteination
Enzimatic process
employing GMO
Chitin Oligomer Chitin

Deasetilation Enzimatic process

employing GMO
Chitosan

Oligomer & monomer

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glucosamine
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 Biopigment production from
microalgae

Porphyridium cruentum

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 NATURAL ANTIFOULING FROM MARINE
ORGANISMS

Biofouling (Biological fouling): undesirable accumulation of

microorganisms, plants and animals on artificial surfaces. This occurs
on artificial surfaces submerged in sea water such as ships hulls,
seaside peers, etc.

Larva repellant

Unwelcome guests:
shellfish, algae cling to slow-moving ships and oil platforms
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 Antifouling agents

Chemical
Copper, lead, arsenic, silicone, tributyl-tin (TBT)
All are toxic
TBT is the most powerful antifoulant (effective for 5
years)
TBT causes sex-changing disorders and abnormalities
of marine animals.
TBT is restricted in most developed countries
including Western Europe, Japan, USA, Canada,
Australia and New Zealand
Natural
Environmentally friendly
Biodegradable
Produced from renewable resources 15
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 Organisms involved in biofouling

Microorganism Number of Percentage Microorganisms Number %

isolates (%) of isolates
Acinetobacter lwoffi 7 3.6 Flavobacterium 3 1.6
Aeromonas sp. 1 0.5 odoratum 7 3.6
Agrobacterium 5 2.6 Flavomonas sp. 10 5.2
Alcaligenes faecalis 3 1.6 Klebsiella 6 3.1
Bacillus spp. 9 4.7 pneumoniae 15 7.8
Bacillus cereus 2 1.0 Methylobacterium sp. 21 10.9
Bacillus subtilis 3 1.6 Micrococcus sp. 9 4.7
Citrobacter spp. 13 6.7 Nocardia spp. 2 1.0
Citrobacter freundii 8 4.1 Oerskovia sp. 8 4.1
Comamonas acidovoran 1 0.5 Pseudomonas 15 7.8
Corynebacterium sp. 2 1.0 aeruginosa 11 5.7
Eikenella sp. 1 0.5 Pseudomonas putida 5 2.6
Flavobacterium spp. 19 9.8 Pseudomonas spp. 4 2.1
Shewanella sp. 3 1.6
Staphyloccus aureus
Staphylococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
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 Other marine organisms involved in biofouling
Algae :Ulva rigida, Enteromorpha
Diatom : Nitzschia pusilla
Barnacle : Balanus amphitrite, Megabalanus rosa
Mussel : Mytilus edulis galloprovincialis
Bacteria : Pseudomonas sp., Vibriosp,
Natural Antifoulant from Marine Organisms
Sources Active compound Target fouling
organism
Porifera
Haliclona sp - Green mussel

Mollusca
Lanaxis sulcatus - Green mussel
Eelgrass Zosteric acid Marine bacteria, algae,
Zostera marine barnacles and tube worm
Bryozoans
Zoobotryon pellucidum Tribromogramine Barnacle larvae
Bacteria
Alteromonas sp Protein Barnacles, algae(ulva)
Pseudoalteromonas - alga Ulva lactuca , diatom,
tunicata
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bacteria, fungi
 Natural Antifoulant from Marine Organisms
Sources
Octocoral
Renilla reniformis
Leptogorgia virgulata
Cyanobacteria
Scytonema hofmanni
Calothrix brevissima
Sponge
Dysidea herbacea
Aplysillia longispina
Smenospongia sp
Myrmekioderma dendyi
Topsentia sp
Acanthella cavernosa
Crella incrustans
Red Algae
Plocamium coastatum
Delisea pulchra
Coelenterata
Subergorgia suberosa, Sinularia
numerosa, Sinularia
compressa, Cladiella
pachyclados www.company.com
Active compound Target fouling organism
Diterpenes Barnacle
(renillafoulins&pukalide)
Diatom
- Nitzschia pusilla
Blue mussel
Sesquiterpene Mytillus edulis
- Algae
- larvae of barnacle Balanus
- amphitrite
-
Diterpene foramides larvae of Balanus amphitrite
Lyso-platelet-acitifating factor Ascidian, bryozoan, barnacle,
algae
Halogenated monoterpenes Barnacle larvae
Bromine containing furanones Barnacles and alge (ulva sp)
Green mussel
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 Antimacrofouling

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 Natural antifoulant performance after 4
weeks treatment

Ulangan 1 Ulangan 2

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 Various biologically active
compounds

Moisturising sunscreen Antioxidative Moisturiser

Fungicide from symbiotic
(Carrageenan + Xylocarpus (Carrageenan + Pandanus sp)
bacteria of Indonesian reef
extract

Sunscreen cream containing

extract of Xylocarpus sp Lipstick containing antioxidant
Paten No. P00200500738 of Pandanus sp
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Taiwanese cosmetical product
containing seewed

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Malaysian product containing chitosan

ChitoChem Cosmetic Product ( Malaysian)

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 Ocean Fresh Cosmeticeutical & Nutraceutical
product of THP-FPIK-IPB

Natural Aroma therapy soap (bar + liquid)

Moisturising & antimicrobial soap (bar +liquid)
Moisturising lotion
Moisturising & rejuvenating lotion
Moisturising & revitalising lotion
Low-fat chitosan-seeweed chocolate
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Sakana_THP Functional food containing
chitosan & carrageenan

High fiber content

Less fat
Hypochelosteromic
Fat absorber
Natural preservative inhibiting
spoiling microorganisms and
pathogenic microorganism

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 BIOPROSPECTING ?

Kegiatan memanfaatkan
sumberdaya biologis dan
genetik serta
pengetahuan tradisional
untuk menemukan
sumberdaya genetik atau
bahan kimia alami untuk
tujuan komersial
(pengembangan
ekonomi)
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 Pollution Control
Ocean : Source of food and valuable compound
and also sink for many pollutants

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 Pollutant

Oil : crude oil/petroleum hydrocarbon

Accident
1978 Amoco Cadiz : 230,000 tons (Coast of Brittany in North Western
France)
1989 Exxon Valdex : 35, 000 tons (Southern Alaska)
1996 Sea Empress : 72, 000 tons ( England)

Sewage : Organic compound, Nitrate, phosphorous from Domestic and

Industrial run off

Chemical : Chlorinated hydrocarbon/organochlorides, polychlorinated

bi phenyls (PCB) from pesticides, plastic and paint manufacturing)

Heavy metals : Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu from antifouling agent, plastic

manufacturing, exhaust of running
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vehicles with leaded fuel, paint,
mining, dredging