Abstract-Electrical power has become a prime necessity for any resources is vital for steering the global energy supplies
country for economic development. And power shortage is a toward a sustainable path.
dominant problem, being faced by the most of the countries
today. On the top of this, the conventional fuel sources for power II. INDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO.
generation i.e. coal & oil deposits are fast getting depleted. The
Obvious way out, is to shift focus to renewable sources of energy.
Statistics reveal that a large amount of wind energy remains India is no stranger to renewable energy, whether its
untapped. solar energy, wind, hydro or biomass. We are using all four to
Although more invention has to be carried out still in some extent to another: hydro power where it is available
the use of non-conventional energy sources for power generation (hydro power is technologically the best understood, and so
to reach to most economic point, but every little effort in this among the most widely used); biomass in rural areas where
direction may provide a solution to power shortage problems. the required waste is available (cost of transportation becomes
Hence the same topic was selected as a part of the curriculum. prohibitive); and solar power more sporadically (usually also
The goal of the project is to construct a small scale wind power locally, for small domestic loads), given its high costs.
plant which is capable of producing electrical power even with
As glowing as this sound, however, India’s wind
the low wind velocity. It can be placed on the places like road
divider or remote places like villages those are not economical for power potential is 45,000 MW, making the amount harnessed
power transmission from a power plant. Earlier and conventional less than 7 % of total potential capacity. Wind energy cost
practices use horizontal axis wind turbine. But to meet the only marginally more per unit than conventional energy (RS
suitability of this task, the vertical axis wind turbine has been 4–4.5 crore/MW , compared with thermal power cost of Rs 3.7
employed. crore/MW), and even this difference becomes insignificant,
The power produced by the generator can be stored in a say proponent of the renewable energy sector, if not non-
battery and can later be used to power the street lights. These existent, when you factor in the great environmental costs of
wind turbines are portable and can therefore be used on any thermal energy. On top of this, wind is an indigenous resource
expressways or busy highways .the turbines can be used
that we can use almost unlimited amounts of, and it can be
commercially for low power applications. The implementation of
such a project would reduce the dependence of a company or generated locally.
industry on electricity board.
III. TYPE OF WIND TURBINE
I. INTRODUCTION
There are of two types:
Energy is the input to drive and improve the life Horizontal axis wind turbine
cycle. Primarily, it is the gift of the nature to the mankind in Vertical axis wind turbine
various forms. The consumption of the energy is directly 1. Vertical-axis wind turbines [VAWT] in which the
proportional to the progress of the mankind. With ever axis of rotation is vertical with respect to the ground
growing population, improvement in the living standard of the (and roughly perpendicular to the wind stream),
humanity, industrialization of the developing countries, the 2. Horizontal-axis wind turbines [HAWT] in which
global demand for energy expected to incurrence rather the axis of rotation is horizontal with respect to the
significantly in the near future. The primary source of energy ground (and roughly parallel to the wind stream.)
is fossil fuel, however finiteness of fossil fuel reserves and .
large scale environment degradation caused by their DIFFERNCE BETWEEN TWO WIND TURBINES
widespread use, particularly global warming, urban air
pollution and acid rain, strongly suggests that harnessing of
non conventional, renewable and environment friendly energy
Fig : Tip speed v/s Cp
From the above graph of coefficient of performance
HORIZONTAL AXIS VERTIACAL AXIS (Cp) v/s Tip Speed Ratio we get Cp corresponding to 0.35 as
WIND TURBINE WIND TURBINE 0.11.
1. In the case of horizontal axis 1. In case of vertical axis turbine
wind turbine air strikes from one air strikes from both directions.
direction only. From power equation P = 0.5 x ρ x A x Cp x V3
2. In horizontal axis wind turbine 2. In the case of vertical axis A = 0.5 x 1m²
generator, gearbox cannot be placed wind turbine the generator,
on the ground. gearbox etc. may be placed on
the ground. In above relation, 0.5 is horizontal length of striking
3. In horizontal axis wind turbine 3. In the case of vertical axis and 1is the height of blade and V is 9m/s
tower is essential hence cost of wind turbine tower is not
erecting is high. essential for the machine hence So, Mechanical power P = 0.5 x 1.225 x (0.5 x1) x
reducing the cost of erecting.
4. In horizontal axis wind turbine 4. In vertical axis wind turbine
0.11 x 9³
we need a yaw system. we don’t need yaw system. P = 25 W
5. On horizontal axis wind turbine 5. There is no requirement of
control system is required. control system which also Assume 40% efficiency to convert mechanical power in to
reduces the overall cost and electrical power.
frequent maintenance.
So, Electrical power = 0.4 × mechanical power =
IV. CALCULATION OF POWER AT VARIOUS 0.4 × 25 = 10 W.
STAGES
The power output of a wind generator is proportional E.M.F (VOLTAGE) PRODUCED
to the area swept by the rotor - i.e. double the swept area and
the power output will also double. E=
The Power of Wind
Kinetic Energy = 0.5 x Mass x Velocity2 Where, E= Induced E.M.F in volt.
Air has a known density (around 1.23 kg/m3 at sea level), Φ = flux in Wb.
Mass/sec (kg/s) = Velocity (m/s) x Area (m2) x Density Z = no. of conductor in turns.
(kg/m3) N = Blade speed in r.p.m
P = no. of pole.
Power = 0.5 x Swept Area x Air Density x Velocity3 a = no. of parallel path.
P = 0.5 x ρ x A x Cp x V³
Where:
P = Power in watts E=
ρ= Air density (about 1.225 kg/m³ at sea level, less = 12 V
higher up)
A = Rotor striking area, exposed to the wind (m²)
Cp = Coefficient of performance Table: Calculation for electrical power output at various
V = Wind speed (m/s) wind velocities
Tip speed ratio (Tsr) = Wind Wind Calculated Electrical
speed speed mechanical power
Km/h m/s power in watt =0.4 ×
Tip Speed of blade at 60 rpm (1rps) = (2π) x (1) x (radius) mech.power
Radius = 0.5m watt
Therefore tip speed of blade = 3.14 m/s 0 0 0 0
Wind speed = 9 m/s. 5 1.385 0.089 0.035
Tsr = 3.14/9 = 0.35 10 2.770 0.715 0.286
15 4.155 2.410 0.966
20 5.540 5.720 2.290
25 6.925 11.180 4.470
30 8.310 19.320 7.730
35 9.695 30.690 12.270
40 11.080 45.810 18.320
45 12.465 65.230 26.090
50 13.850 89.470 35.790
55 15.230 119.09 47.630
Fig: Exploded PMG
Author
(1) Himanshu A. Naik student of M.Tec. Power Syatems (2009-11) at
Bharati Vidyapeeth University, College of Engineering, Pune, India