DCC 3093

Engineering Survey 2
CHAPTER 1: ELECTRONIC DISTANCE
MEASUREMENT (EDM)

PENSYARAH: MOHD HAZRY BIN ISMAIL

 History
- 1st EDM invented geodimeter (Geodetic Distance Meter) in 1948
- Invented by Dr Erik Bergstrand, Swedish Physician
- Geodimeter = Electro Optical EDM using visible light
- 1st Geodimeter = Model AGA 1 in 1953
- Light source wave distance 550 nm
- Distance = 25 miles
- Weight = 100 kg
Geodimeter Model AGA in 1959
- 2nd EDM = Tellurometer ( 10 years later)
- Invented by = Dr . T. L Wadley , South Africa in 1957
- EDM used microwave
Tellurometer
 Principle EDM
- The wave is travelling along the x axis with a velocity of 299, 792.5
0.4 km/s (in vacuum).
- The frequency of the wave is, the time taken for one complete
wavelength.
- Relationship
=c/
where = wavelength in meters
c = velocity in km/s
= frequency in hertz (one cycle per second)
 Principles of EDM measurement
The modulated electromagnetic wave
S Station

leaving the EDMI and being reflected (light waves) Z Target

E Reference plane within the distance

or retransmitted (microwaves) back to the EDMI. meter for phase comparison between transmitted and

received wave

It can be seen that the double distance (2L) R Reference plane for the reflection of the

wave transmitted by the distance meter

is equal to a whole number of wavelengths (n ). A Addition constam

e Distance meter component of

plus the partial wavelength () occurring addition constant

r Reflector component of addition constant

at the EDMI. L = (n + ) / 2 meters Modulation

wave length

Fraction to be measured of a whole wave

length of modulation ( )

The addition constant a applies to

a measuring equipment consisting of

distance meter and reflector. The

components e and r are only auxilliary

quantities.
- Velocity of light affected by
i) Temperature
ii) Atmospheric pressure
iii) Water vapor content
- The corrections for temperature and pressure can be performed
manually by consulting nomographs or the corrections can be
performed automatically on some EDMIs by the on-board
processor/calculator after the values for temperature and pressure
have been entered.
The comparative effects of the atmosphere on both light waves and
microwaves.

ERROR parts per million

Parameter Error Light Wave Microwave

t, temperature +1 -1 - 1.25
p, pressure +1 mm Hg + 0.4 + 0.4
e, partial water 1 mm Hg - 0.05 + 7 at 20C
vapor pressure + 17 at 45C
 EDM CLASS
i) Micro wave
- Low frequency (300Hz 30 Ghz)
- Wave distance 1m 1000m
- Need 2 same units 2 main & 2 remote

Advantages
- Long distance (10km 200km)
- Low accuracy
- Expensive

Type/brand
- Tellurometer MRA 101
- Gediometer
- Makometer
ii) Electro Optical
Wave carrier measurement source
- visible light (1014 1016 mhz) @
- infrared (1012 1014 Mhz)

Wave carrier produced by

- Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) diod
- Mercury vapour lamp
- Xenon flash tube
- Helium-neon (He-Ne) laser

Distance - > 1 km 5 km depends on prism & weather.

Advantages
- High accuracy
- Portable
- Cheap

Type/Brand
- Geodimeter 112
- Kern DI4
- Nikon ND
- Topcon DM-S2
Distance range
EDMI CHARACTERISTICS
800 m to 1 km (single prism with average atmospheric conditions)
Short-range EDMIs can be extended to 1300 m using 3 prisms,
Long-range EDMIs can be extended to 15 km using 11 prisms(Leica Co.)

Accuracy range
(15 mm + 5ppm) for short-range EDMIs
(3mm + 1 ppm) for long-range EDMIs

Measuring time
1.5 seconds for short-range EDMIs
to 3.5 seconds for long-range EDMIs
Both accuracy and time are considerably reduced for tracking mode measurements.

Slope reduction
Manual or automatic on some models
Average of repeated measurements: available on some models
Battery capability is 1400 to 4200 measurements, depending on the size of the battery and the temperature

Temperature range
-20C to +50C.
Nonprism measurements: available on some models with distances from 100 to 350 m (3 to 5 km with prisms)
 EDM PRISM
to reflect the transmitted signals
A single reflector is a cube corner prism that has the characteristics of
reflecting light rays back precisely in the same direction as they are
received.
The quality of the prism is determined by the flatness of the surfaces
and the perpendicularity of the 90 surfaces
 EDMI ACCURACIES
Stated in terms of a constant instrumental error and a measuring
error proportional to the distance being measured
Typically accuracy is claimed as [5 mm + 5 parts per million (ppm)] or
(0.02 ft + 5 ppm). The 5 mm (0.02 ft) is the instrument error that is
independent of the length of the measurement, whereas the 5 ppm
(5 mm/km) denotes the distance-related error.
 ERROR may occur in EDM
The three distinct systematic errors that may occur in EDM instruments
are:
index (or zero) error
scale error
cyclic or short periodic error
i) index (or zero) error
It is caused by three factors:
electrical delays, geometric detours and eccentricities in the EDM
differences between the electronic centre and the mechanical centre
of the EDM
differences between the optical and mechanical centres of the
reflector

This error may vary:

with a change of reflectors
after receiving jolts
with different instrument mountings and after service.
ii) Scale Error
Scale error is proportional to the length of the line measured and is
caused by:
the drift in frequency of the quartz crystal oscillator in the
instrument;errors in the measured temperature, pressure and
humidity which affect the velocity ofthe propagation; and non-
homogeneous emission/reception patterns from the emitting
andreceiving diodes (phase inhomogeneities).
The scale frequency can be checked by:
direct comparison against frequency testing apparatus; and
measurement over a base of known distance
iii) Cyclic Error
Cyclic error is caused by the non-linearity in amplitude modulation of
the carrier wave and phase measurement.
This cyclic error varies across the modulated wavelength indication of
the instrument's
Cyclic error can increase in magnitude as an EDMs components age.
 GEOMETRY OF EDM
when the optical target and the reflecting prism are at the same
height

Elev. STA. B = elev. STA. A + hi V - HR

EXAMPLE
An EDM slope distance AB is determined to be 561.276 m. The EDMI
is 1.820 m above its station (A), and the prism is 1.986 m above its
station (5). The EDMI is mounted on a theodolite whose optical
centre is 1.720 m above the station. The theodolite was used to
measure the vertical angle (+60 2 38") to a target on the prism pole;
the target is 1.810 m above station B. Compute both the horizontal
distance AB and the elevation of station B, given that the elevation of
station A = 186.275 m.
SOLUTION
X = HR - hi
X = (1.986- 1.810)-(1.820- 1.720)
= 0.176 - 0.100
= 0.076 m
Sin = X cos = 0.076 cos 6 2138 = 28
S 561.276
k = + = 62206
H = S cos
= 561.276 cos 62206
= 557.813
Elevation B = elev. A + 1.820 + 561.276 sin 60 22 06" - 1.986
= 186.275 + 1.820 + 62.257 - 1.986
= 248.336 m