Procedure

1. The apparatus was levelled. Bernoullis Equation Apparatus was set on hydraulic
bench so that its base is horizontal; that necessary for accurate height measurement
from the manometers.
2. The water inlet and outlet was connected. The rig outflow was ensured positioned
above the volumetric tank, in order to facilitate timed volume collections. The rig inlet
was connected to the bench flow supply; close the bench valve and start the pump.
The bench valve was gradually opened to fill the test rig with water.
3. The manometers were bleed. The bench was closed in order to bleed air from
pressure tapping points and manometer. The rig flow control valve and opened the
air bleed screw and the cap was removed from the adjacent air valve.
4. A length of small bore tubing from the air valve was connected to the volumetric tank.
The bench valve was opened and allowed flow through the manometers to purge all
air from them, then the air bleed screw was tightened and the bench valve was partly
open and test rig flow control value.
5. The air bleed screw was opened slightly to allow air to enter the top of the
manometers (may need to adjust the both valves in order to achieve this), the screw
retightened when the manometers level reached a convenient.
6. All producers were repeated for different discharges.

Discussion

The objective of this experiment is to determine the total head for each point in the
horizontal pipe using Bernoullis principle when applied to the steady flow of water. In this
experiment, we had demonstrated the Bernoullis Theorem and the from result we calculated
that when diameter of the cross sections small, there were increasing in velocities along the
distribution tube. The smallest cross-section which is tube no 5 give huge pressure different,
give out the most speed of flow, thus we can say after the observes that when the pressure
different increase, the velocities also increase.

To achieved the objective of the experiment, Bernoullis theorem demonstration apparatus

along with hydraulic bench we used. This instrument was combined with a ventuari meter
and the pad manometer tubes which indicate the pressure of h1 until h0 being measured.
The velocity are calculated for each trial. The flow rate of the water was controlled by using
valve. To determine the pressure head, first we should control the valve until you found the
flow rate you wanted, then the rise of the water in each tube are the pressure head, while the
velocity head, you can find it by using velocity head formula which is v2/2g. From the
calculation for pressure head and velocity head, you can obtained total head by adding the
pressure head and velocity head. From the table, for 2 different flow rates which are
3.83x10-4 and 3.67x10-4, we can analyse that for the two of them, the narrowest diameter
produced lower pressure head but in terms of velocity head, its the highest. So from what
we have conducted we can observed that the diameter of the tube will affect the different in
velocity as a bigger tube will cause the different in velocities became bigger.

There must some error while conducting the experiment. First, when taking the reading, the
eyes not perpendicular to the water level of the manometer reading. Next, when do a
calculation, the decimal point not calculate accurately.

Conclusion

From the end of the experiment, we have accomplished the objective to determine the total
head for each tube. As Bernoullis state, high velocity of fluid flow result in low pressure
based on continuity equation, smaller area result in high velocity.