Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy: structure of body parts

Physiology: Function of body parts; what they do and how.

How are they related?

Characteristics of Life

1. Movement - self initiated change in position, motion of internal parts

2. Responsiveness - ability to sense changes and react
3. Growth - increase in body size
4. Reproduction - DNA passed from parents to offspring
5. Respiration - obtaining oxygen (O2)
6. Digestion - chemically changing (breaking down) food
7. Absorption -passage of digested products (food) through membranes and into body fluids
8. Circulation - movement of substances throughout the body
9. Assimilation -changing absorbed substances into chemically different substances
10. Excretion - removal of wastes

METABOLISM:: All physical and chemical changes occuring in an organism

All of these processes require: ENERGY - Where does the energy for our bodily processes come
from?

Needs: Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure

HOMEOSTASIS: Tendency of the body to maintain a stable, balanced internal environment.

Feedback Loops - how the body makes adjustments when the environment changes

Negative Feedback Loop

Positive Feedback Loop

Levels of Organization (from simplest to most complex)

Atoms Molecules Macromolecules Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organ

Systems Organism

General Organization of the Body:

Axial Portion - head, neck, trunk | Appendicular Portion - arms & legs

1. Several body cavities and layers of membranes within cavities

2. Variety of organs and organ systems within cavities (VISCERA = internal organs. also:
"visceral organs")

What does "eviscerate" mean?

Body Cavities (see p.9)

Dorsal Cavity | Ventral Cavity

1. Thoracic Cavity - right and left separated by mediastinum.

2. Abdominopelvic Cavity (abdominal + pelvic cavity)

DIAPHRAGM - separates thoracic and abdominal cavity

SEROUS MEMBRANE - two layers, covers organs

outer layer = PARIETAL layer and forms a "lining"

inner layer = VISCERAL layer, covers the surface of organs

1. Pleura (or pleural membrane) - surrounds the lungs

2. Pericardium (or pericardial membrane) - surrounds the heart
3. Peritoneum (or peritoneal membrane) - surrounds organs within the abdominopelvic cavity

*Between the layers of each membrane is a lubricating fluid which is called SEROUS FLUID

How does this system maintain

ORGAN SYSTEMS
homeostasis?
Body covering. Skin, hair, nails,
sweat glands.
1. Integumentary
- protect underlying tissues, regulate
body temperature
Bones, ligaments, cartilage
2. Skeletal
- Support, movement, protection;
 production of blood cells
Muscles of the body
3. Muscular - Movement, posture, production of
body heat
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
4. Nervous
- Communication, mental activities
Glands = pituitary, thyroid, pancreas,
ovaries, testes
5. Endocrine
- Secretion of hormones, chemical
communication
Mouth, esophagus, stomach,
intestines,
6. Digestive
- Breakdown of food (digestion),
absorbtion
Heart, blood vessels, blood.
7. Circulatory - Transports materials throughout the
body.
8. Lymphatic ( Immune System) - fights infections
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder,
urethra
8. Urinary
- filters wastes from the blood,
maintains water balance
Reproductive organs, primarily the
9. Reproductive
ovaries (females) and testes (males)

Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Position = standing erect, face forward, arms at side, palms facing forward

1. Superior 5. Medial 9. Superficial

2. Inferior 6. Lateral 10. Deep
3. Anterior 7. Proximal
4. Posterior 8. Distal