Module 2

Steam turbine
What is steam turbine?
Turbine is a prime mover in which thermal energy of the steam is converted into mechanical
energy in the form of rotary motion.
Applications:
In thermal power plants to generate electricity.
To drive pumps, blowers, compressor etc
Driving force in the steam turbine:
In steam turbine, high pressure high temperature steam is used as the working fluid.
The high pressure steam from the boiler is passed into the nozzle in which expansion of steam
takes place which results in drop of boiler pressure (higher pressure) to condenser pressure
(lower pressure) and the drop in the pressure reduces the enthalpy of steam. Since there is no
external work done in the nozzle, the amount of enthalpy reduced will increases the velocity of
steam.
This high velocity, low pressure jet of steam from the nozzle directs towards turbine blade and
impact of steam to blade takes place and where it undergoes change in the velocity of the steam
which gives raise to change in the momentum which itself is force whichj rotates the turbine.
Classification:
Based upon the place at which expansion of steam takes place,
1) Impulse turbine. Example: DeLaval Turbine
2) Reaction turbine. Example: Parsons Turbine
Based upon the number of stages,
1) Single stage
2) Multi stage
Based upon the direction of steam flow,
1) Axial flow turbine
2) Radial flow turbine
Based upon the pressure,
1) High pressure turbine
2) Low pressure turbine
3) Medium pressure turbine
Based upon exit pressure,
1) Condensing turbine
2) Non-condensing turbine
Impulse Turbine (De Laval Turbine):
It is single stage turbine.
It primarily consists of a nozzle or a set of nozzles, a rotor
mounted on a shaft, a casing and one set of moving blades
attached to the rotor.
A simple impulse turbine can be diagrammatically
represented as shown in the figure 2. The uppermost portion
of the diagram shows the actual shape of the nozzle and
blades, and the bottom portion shows the variation of
absolute velocity and absolute pressure during the flow of steam through passage of nozzles and
blades.
The symmetrical profile of the moving blades provides uniform area to flow of steam between
successive blades and hence there is no variation of pressure as well as velocity of steam while
flowing at the blade.
Working Principle:
As name indicates, the impulsive force acts on the blade by high velocity jet of steam which causes the
turbine rotation as explained below.
The high pressure steam from the boiler is passed into the nozzle in which expansion of steam takes
place which results in drop of higher pressure to lower pressure and the drop in the pressure reduces
the enthalpy of steam. Since there is no external work done in the nozzle, the amount of enthalpy
reduced will increases the velocity of steam.
This high velocity jet of steam coming out from the nozzle impacts the turbine blade and steam
undergoes change in the velocity of steam which gives raise to change in the momentum which
itself is force called impulsive force which rotates the turbine i.e. conversion of kinetic energy
of steam into mechanical work.
Since expansion takes place in the nozzle, pressure drop is represented by line Pi P and as there
is no variation in the pressure of steam while moving on the blades, pressure remains constant
and is represented by horizontal line P Pe in the pressure curve.
Since the velocity of the steam in the nozzle
increase due to the expansion of the steam, the
increase in the velocity is represented by line Vi V
and as the blades absorbed the kinetic energy of
steam as it flows over the blades, the velocity
decreases which is represented by line V Ve in the
velocity curve.
 Figure:2

Reaction Turbine (Parsons Turbine):

It is multi stage turbine.
This utilizes the principle of impulse and reaction. It is shown diagrammatically in figure 4.
It consists of alternate rows of moving blades and fixed blades on the same shaft. The moving blades
attached to the rotor which is mounted on shaft and an equal number of fixed blades attached to the
casing. The fixed blades are set in a reversed manner compared to the moving blades thereby guides
the flowing steam to hit to next moving blades.
In reaction turbine, there are no nozzles, instead, the moving as well as fixed blades are so designed
that the space between the blades have in the cross section of the shape of nozzle.
The asymmetrical blade profile of both the moving as well as fixed blades provides a non-uniform area
for the steam flow and hence acts as nozzle and steam undergoes expansion in both moving blades
and fixed blades and thereby raise in the velocity of the steam.
Working Principle:
As the name indicates, reactive force exerted by the high velocity jet of steam causes rotation of the
turbine along with impulsive force as explained below.
As the reaction turbine is not fitted with nozzle, the high pressure steam is directly passed into the
alternative sets of fixed blades as well as moving blades. The asymmetric blade profile of both the
blades produces nozzle effect and hence expansion of steam takes place as steam passed on the both
blades.
When high pressure steam enters in first set of fixed blades, high velocity jet of steam comes out from
the fixed blades as a result of expansion of steam in the fixed blades due to asymmetric blade profile.
The high velocity jet of steam from fixed blades impinges on the next set of moving blades and imparts
impulse force and thereby reduces the velocity of steam. As
the low velocity steam leaves the moving blades, again
expansion of steam takes place due to asymmetric blade
profile of the moving blades which results in raise of
velocity of the leaving steam with forward force, mean time
the same amount of a backward reaction force also exerts
on the same moving blade in the opposite direction to the
forward force according to the Newtons 3rd law. This
backward reaction force is used as a driving force along
with forward impulse force in this turbine.
 Figure:4
Due to asymmetric blade profile, pressure drop takes place in both fixed and moving blades throughout
the length of the turbine as represented by the line Pi Pe in the pressure curve and due to the
continuous drop in pressure a continuous increase in the velocity of the steam takes place but in
moving blade this kinetic energy is consumed and converted into mechanical energy so in the moving
blade, the velocity of steam decreases and at fixed blade, there is no work to do by the steam , the
velocity increases as represented by the line Vi V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 Ve in the velocity curve.

Compounding of Impulse Turbine:

If the entire pressure of a high pressure steam drops to lower pressure in a single set of nozzle,
the velocity with which steam comes out will be very high and this very high velocity of steam
will rotates turbine with very high speed. The very high speed of turbine may impose problems
like, generation of high centrifugal forces, vibrations, overheating and unable to couple with
other machines. In order to avoid such above mentioned problems, we need to control speed of
turbine to some safe speed limit. This can be achieved with help of compounding process.

The process of reducing the speed of the rotor .

Compounding is achieved by using more than one set of nozzles, blades, rotors, in series, keyed to
a common shaft; so that either the steam pressure or the jet velocity is absorbed by the turbine in
stages.

Different methods of compounding:

1) Velocity compounding
2) Pressure compounding
3) Pressure-Velocity compounding

Velocity Compounding:

It consists of a nozzle or a set of nozzles and

alternative rows of moving blades attached to
the rotor and rows of fixed blades attached to
the casing as shown in the figure.
Expansion of high pressure steam takes place in
the nozzle and resulting high velocity steam
passed over the moving blades and fixed blades.
Velocity drop is arranged in many small drops
through many moving rows of blades instead of
a single row of moving blades.
Since the kinetic energy is absorbed by the many
 rows of moving blades, the speed of the turbine will be lesser than the turbine without
compounding.
Example: Curtis Turbine.

Pressure Compounding:

It consists of two or three sets of nozzles followed by two or three

rows of moving blades as shown in the figure.

This involves splitting up of the whole pressure drop from the

steam boiler pressure to the condenser pressure into a series of
smaller pressure drops across several stages of impulse turbine.

In the first nozzle, expansion of high pressure steam takes place

to some intermediate pressure with limited increase in the
velocity of steam in turn limited turbine speed and again in the
second nozzle remaining steam expansion carried out to
condenser pressure with again limited increase in the velocity of
the steam with limited turbine rotation and so on continues and
reduces the turbine rotation..

Example: Rateaus Turbine

Pressure-Velocity Compounding:

This is the combination of Pressure and

Velocity compounding.
It consists of two sets of nozzle followed by alternatively arranged moving and fixed blades as
shown in the figure.

Here the total pressure drop is divided in to two stages i.e. from boiler pressure to certain
intermediate pressure and then from intermediate pressure to condenser pressure and the
velocity obtained during each pressure drop is distributed to all the moving blades and there by
reduces the turbine speed.

Example: Curtis and Moore Turbine.

Comparison between Impulse and Reaction Turbine:

Impulse Turbine Reaction Turbine

Complete expansion of steam carried out in the Steam expands successively in both moving
nozzle and in fixed blades

Due to the symmetrical blade profile, no Due to asymmetric blade profile, expansion of
expansion of steam steam takes place

The pressure of the stean at the ends as well as The pressure of the stean at the ends of the
while passing is remains constant both blades as well as while passing through
them is different

Due to larger pressure drop, steam speed as Due to smaller pressure drop, steam speed as
well as turbine speed are very high well as turbine speed are relatively low

Smaller in size and occupies less space Larger in size and occupies more space

Due to higher speed of turbine, compounding is Due to smaller speed of turbine, compounding
required is not required

Suitable for small power generation prime Suitable for large power generation prime
mover mover

Gas Turbine
What is gas turbine?

Gas Turbine is a prime mover in which kinetic energy of the burnt gas from the combustion of
fuel is converted into mechanical energy in the form of rotation.

A gas turbine is a rotary engine and works on the same principle as that of steam turbine. Unlike
steam turbine, the working fluid in the gas turbine is hot gas produced by the combustion of fuel
which rotates the turbine and results in conversion of kinetic energy of hot gas into mechanical
energy.

Different parts of gas turbine:

Gas turbine consists of Air compressor, combustion chamber and turbine.

Air compressor: In which suction of atmospheric air and compression of the same takes place
and thereby increases the pressure of the air. The high pressure air sent to combustion chamber
for the heat addition.

Combustion chamber: In which combustion of fuel takes place in presence of high pressure air
from the air compressor and produces mixture of hot gas which then passed to turbine for
extraction of energy.

Turbine: In which mixture of hot gas from the combustion chamber passed over moving blades
and conversion of kinetic energy of gas is converted into mechanical energy in the form of
turbine rotation.

Applications:

1) Electrical power generation

2) In aircraft propulsions

3) In marine applications

4) Supercharging of heavy duty diesel engines

Classification:

Based upon the flow of working fluid during the cycle of operation, gas turbines are classifieds as,

1) Open cycle gas turbine

2) Closed cycle gas turbine

Open cycle gas turbine:

Figure shows the block diagram of open cycle gas

turbine.
It mainly consists of Air compressor, combustion
chamber and turbine.
Air compressor and turbines are mounted on the same
shaft as shown in the figure.
With the help of starter, air compressor sucks the
atmospheric air and compresses to a higher value and
sent it to combustion chamber.
In the combustion chamber fuel is supplied and
combustion takes place in presence of high pressure air
supplied by the air compressor. The mixture of air and
burnt gases further passed to turbine.
In the turbine, the mixture of air and burnt gases
expanded to lower pressure and there by work done on
the turbine by rotating it. The hot gas after doing work
 in turbine discharged to atmosphere as they cannot use anymore.
The mechanical energy produced by the turbine is used to run the compressor and hence
are mounted on same shaft.
Since the working fluid is discharged to atmosphere, it is called as open cycle gas turbine.
For every cycle of operation the working fluid must be replaced by fresh fluid.
Closed cycle gas turbine:

Figure shows the block diagram of closed

cycle gas turbine.
It mainly consists of Air compressor,
combustion chamber, heat exchanger and
turbine.
Air compressor and turbines are mounted on
the same shaft as shown in the figure.
The working fluid used in this type of turbine
may be Air or carbon di oxide or nitrogen
gas .
With the help of starter, compressor starts
and pressurizes the working fluid and sent it
to combustion chamber by passing through
heat exchanger. In the heat exchanger heat
transfer takes place between the hot working fluid which is discharged from turbine and
pressurized working fluid from the compressor and there by pre heating takes place for
the pressurized working fluid.
In the combustion chamber, fuel is supplied and combustion takes place. The energy
produced by combustion of fuel is transferred to high pressure preheated working fluid
without actual mixing of the working fluid and the burnt gases of fuel. The high pressure
and high temperature working fluid sent to turbine for further action.
In the turbine, the high pressure and high temperature working fluid expanded to lower
pressure and there by work done on the turbine by rotating it. The hot working fluid after
doing work in turbine discharged to heat exchanger as it contains heat used for
preheating of the working fluid in the heat exchanger.
The mechanical energy produced by the turbine is used to run the compressor and hence
are mounted on same shaft.
Since the working fluid is re-circulated, it is called a closed cycle gas turbine. For every
cycle of operation, the same working fluid used for turbine rotation.
Comparison (advantages and disadvantages) between open cycle and closed cycle gas
turbine:

Closed cycle Open cycle

Working fluid is continuously re-circulated Working fluid is continuously replaced by

fresh fluid in every cycle

Any fluid may be used as working fluid Working fluid consists of air and burnt
gases of fuel

No loss of working fluid Loss of working fluid

Efficiency is higher Efficiency is lesser

There is only heat and work transfer takes There is heat, mass and work transfer
place between system and surrounding takes place between system and
surrounding

Any type of fuel can be used as there is no High grade fuels are used because there is
mixing of burnt gas and working fluid mixing of working fluid and burnt gas.
Turbine blades are free from corrosion Corrosion may takes place in turbine
blades

Nor suitable for aircraft engine Suitable for aircraft engine

Smaller heater required Larger heater required

Maintenance cost is high Maintenance cost is low

Small compressor is sufficient Larger compressor required

I.C. Engines

Introduction:

A Heat Engine is a thermal prime mover that converts the chemical energy of a fuel into heat
energy by combustion of fuel and utilizes this energy to perform useful mechanical work.

Heat Engines can be broadly classified into two categories:

External Combustion Engines (E.C. Engines): In E.C. Engines, combustion of the fuel takes place
outside the engine cylinder or at the place where conversion of thermal energy into mechanical
energy not takes place. Example: Steam Engines, Steam Turbines, Closed gas turbines etc.

Internal Combustion Engines (I.C. Engines): In I.C. Engines, combustion of the fuel takes place
inside the engine cylinder or at the place where conversion of thermal energy into mechanical
energy takes place. Example: Petrol Engines, Diesel Engines, Gas engines etc.

Classification of I.C. Engines:

1) According to Nature of thermodynamic Cycle :

a) Otto Cycle Engine b) Diesel Cycle Engine c) Duel combustion Cycle Engine.
2) According to Type of Fuel used :
a) Petrol Engine b) Diesel Engine c) Gas Engine d) Bi-fuel Engine
3) According to Number of Strokes :
a) Four Stroke Engine b) Two Stroke Engine
4) According to Method of Ignition :
a) Spark Ignition Engine (S.I. Engine Petrol Engine)
b) Compression Ignition Engine (C.I. Engine Diesel Engine)
5) According to Number of Cylinders :
a) Single Cylinder Engine b) Multi Cylinder Engine
6) According to Position of the Cylinder :
a) Horizontal Engine b) Vertical Engine c) Vee Engine d) Radial Engine e) Opposed
Cylinder Engine f) Inline Engines
7) According to the Method of Cooling :
a) Air Cooled Engine b) Water cooled Engine
I.C. Engine Parts:

I.C. Engine consists of following principle parts,

1) Cylinder:

It is considered as heart of the engine.

It is cylindrical shaped vessel in which combustion of fuel takes
place and power produces.
 It acts as combustion chamber as well as it guides the piston to reciprocate inside the
cylinder.
It is made up of gray cast iron or aluminum alloys in order to withstand the high pressure
and temperature during combustion.

2) Cylinder head:
It is cylindrical cover at the top of the cylinder
It is provided with inlet and outlet valves along with fuel injector or spark plug.
It is made up of same material as that of cylinder.

3) Piston:
It is hollow cylindrical plunger that fits perfectly inside the cylinder for reciprocation.
The thermal energy produced by the combustion of fuel is converted into mechanical
energy of reciprocating motion by this plunger.
The piston also compresses the charge during compression stroke.
Pistons are made up of cast iron or aluminum alloy for lightness.
4) Piston rings:
These are soft metallic rings which are fit in the grooves provided on the circumference of
the cylinder.
Piston rings form a tight seal between the piston and the cylinder thereby avoids the
leakage of high pressure gas from the cylinder entering into crank case.
Piston rings helps in conducting the heat from the piston to the cylinder.
5) Connecting rod:
It is link between crank and piston and converts reciprocating motion of piston into rotary
motion of crank.
It is connected to piston at smaller end with gudgeon pin and connected to crank at bigger
with crank pin.
It is made up of carbon steel or aluminum alloy for lightness.
6) Crank and Crank shaft:
Crank is lever which is connected to connecting rod with crank pin and to crank shaft
rigidly.
Rotary motion of connecting rod is transferred to crank shaft through crank and thereby
rotates crank shaft.
Crank shaft is steel rod that supports flywheel and supplies the power for external work.
7) Crank case:
It is enclosure which covers crank shaft and serves as sump for the lubricating oil.
8) Inlet and outlet manifold:
Inlet and outlet manifold are the passages through which charge enters into the cylinder
and burnt gases escapes into atmosphere respectively.
Manifolds are provided on cylinder head or on cylinder.
9) Inlet and outlet valves:
These are the controlling devices for the entry of fresh charge into the cylinder and
discharging of burnt gases into atmosphere.
These are situated in manifolds.

10) Cam:
It is machine element designed to control the movement of both inlet and outlet valves.
11) Fly wheel:
It is heavy mass of rotating wheel mounted on the crank shaft.
It is used as an energy storage device. It stores energy in the expansion stroke and supplies
the same during other strokes.

I.C.Engine Terminology:
I. Bore: The inside diameter of the cylinder is called bore.
II. Top dead center (TDC): The extreme position of the piston nearer to the cylinder head is
called Top dead center.
III. Bottom dead center (BDC): The extreme position of the piston nearer to the crank shaft is
called bottom dead center.
IV. Stroke: It is the linear distance travelled by the piston from TDC to BDC.
 V. Clearance Volume (Vc): The volume of the cylinder above the top of the piston when the
piston is at TDC is called clearance volume.
VI. Swpt Volume (Vs): The volume swept by the piston as it moves from TDC to BDC is called
swept volume.
VII. Compression Ratio (Rc): It is the ratio of the total volume of cylinder to the clearance
volume.
Total volume of the cylinder = Swept volume + Clearance volume

Rc =

VIII. Piston Speed: The distance travelled by the piston per second is called piston speed.
Piston Speed = 2 L N
L = Stroke length (m)
N = Revolutions of crank shaft (rpm)
Depending upon the stroke and the type of fuel used or thermodynamic cycle of operation,
engines are classified as

1) Four Stroke Petrol Engine 2) Four Stroke Diesel Engine 3) Two Stroke
Petrol Engine

Four Stroke Petrol Engine:

It is I.C.Engine which performs four strokes to complete one working cycle.

One working cycle consists of four different operations such as Suction, Compression,
Expansion and Exhaust.
Each stroke performs each operation thus four strokes to complete one working cycle.
It works on thermodynamic Otto Cycle also called Petrol Cycle also known as constant
volume cycle because combustion of fuel takes place takes place at constant volume of
charge.
Four stroke engines consist of Cylinder with inside reciprocating piston, two manifolds
(inlet and outlet) with two valves (inlet and outlet) at the cylinder head along with Spark
plug.
The piston is connected to crank shaft with connecting rod and crank which converts
reciprocating motion of piston into rotary motion of the crank shaft.
The following figure shows the constructional and working of four stroke petrol engine.

a) Suction Stroke:

It is starting operation of working cycle where piston is at TDC and moves towards BDC.
At this operation inlet valve will be going to open as piston moves from TDC to BDC and
results in suction pressure (lesser pressure compared to atmospheric pressure) inside the
 cylinder and entering of the charge (air+fuel mixture) into the cylinder takes place. Outlet
valve remained closed.
The energy required to do suction operation is supplied by cranking at the time of engine
start and in the subsequent operations, energy supplied by flywheel is used to perform
suction operation.
As soon as piston reaches BDC suction ends and inlet valve closes.
The suction stroke is represented by line AB in the P-V diagram as shown in the figure.
b) Compression Stroke:
In this stroke piston is at BDC and moves towards TDC.
Both the valves are closed and movement of piston from BDC to TDC, compresses the
charge inside the cylinder until piston reaches TDC and results in high pressure and high
temperature of compressed charge. This is shown by the line BC in the P-V diagram.
The ratio of compression ranges from 1:7 to 1:11.
As soon as piston reaches TDC, the compression stroke ends and spark plug produces
spark and ignites the charge. The combustion of fuel takes place at constant volume and
this is represented by the line CD in the P-V diagram.
c) Expansion Stroke:
In this stroke piston is at TDC and moves towards BDC.
Both the valves are closed. As the combustion of fuel takes place burnt gases expands and
exerted force on piston to move from TDC to BDC and thus power produced by the
combustion of fuel is transferred to piston (reciprocating motion) and then to crank shaft
(rotating motion) with help of connecting rod and crank.
Expansion of the gases and simultaneously work (rotary motion) takes place and this is
shown by the line DE in the P-V diagram.
Expansion of the gases takes place until piston reaches BDC. As soon as piston reaches BDC
outlet valve opens. As the outlet valve opens pressure drops inside the cylinder due to
higher pressure inside the cylinder than atmosphere at constant volume is shown by the
line EB in the P-V diagram.
d) Exhaust Stroke:
In this stroke piston is at BDC and moves towards TDC.
At this strike inlet valve is closed and outlet valve is open. The movement of piston from
BDC to TDC pushes burnt gases to escape through outlet vale.
The energy required to perform this stroke is supplied by fly wheel which stores energy in
the previous stroke.
This process is represented by the line BA in the P-V diagram.
Thus four strokes perform one working cycle and thereby rotates crank shaft by two rotations
that is each stroke rotates crank shaft by half rotation and in the same manner cycle repeats.

Four Stroke Diesel Engines:

It is I.C.Engine which performs four strokes to complete one working cycle.

One working cycle consists of four different operations such as Suction, Compression,
Expansion and Exhaust.
Each stroke performs each operation thus four strokes to complete one working cycle.
It works on thermodynamic Diesel Cycle also known as constant pressure cycle because
combustion of fuel takes place at constant pressure of charge.
Four stroke engines consist of Cylinder with inside reciprocating piston, two manifolds
(inlet and outlet) with two valves (inlet and outlet) at the cylinder head along with Fuel
injector.
The piston is connected to crank shaft with connecting rod and crank which converts
reciprocating motion of piston into rotary motion of the crank shaft.
The following figure shows the constructional and working of four stroke diesel engine.
 Theoretical Diesel Cycle

a) Suction Stroke:

It is starting operation of working cycle where piston is at TDC and moves towards BDC.

At this operation inlet valve will going to open as piston moves from TDC to BDC and
results in suction pressure (lesser pressure compared to atmospheric pressure) inside the
cylinder and entering of the charge (purely air) into the cylinder takes place. Outlet valve
remained closed.

The energy required to do suction operation is supplied by cranking at the time of engine
start and in the subsequent operations, energy supplied by flywheel is used to perform
suction operation.

As soon as piston reaches BDC suction ends and inlet valve closes.

The suction stroke is represented by line AB in the P-V diagram as shown in the figure.

b) Compression Stroke:
In this stroke piston is at BDC and moves towards TDC.
Both the valves are closed and movement of piston from BDC to TDC, compresses the
charge inside the cylinder until piston reaches TDC and results in high pressure and high
temperature of compressed charge. This is shown by the line BC in the P-V diagram.
The ratio of compression ranges from 1:20 to 1:22.
As soon as piston reaches TDC, the compression stroke ends and charge attains
temperature which is sufficient to ignite the fuel. The fuel injector injects a metered
quantity of diesel in to the high temperature charge and combustion of fuel starts. The
combustion of fuel takes place at constant pressure and this is represented by the line CD
in the P-V diagram.
c) Expansion Stroke:
In this stroke piston is at TDC and moves towards BDC.
Both the valves are closed. As the combustion of fuel takes place burnt gases expands and
exerted force on piston to move from TDC to BDC and thus power produced by the
combustion of fuel is transferred to piston (reciprocating motion) and then to crank shaft
(rotating motion) with help of connecting rod and crank.
Expansion of the gases and simultaneously work (rotary motion) takes place and this is
shown by the line DE in the P-V diagram.
Expansion of the gases takes place until piston reaches BDC. As soon as piston reaches BDC
outlet valve opens. As the outlet valve opens pressure drops inside the cylinder due to
higher pressure inside the cylinder than atmosphere at constant volume is shown by the
line EB in the P-V diagram.
d) Exhaust Stroke:
In this stroke piston is at BDC and moves towards TDC.
At this strike inlet valve is closed and outlet valve is open. The movement of piston from
BDC to TDC pushes burnt gases to escape through outlet vale.
The energy required to perform this stroke is supplied by fly wheel which stores energy in
the previous stroke.
This process is represented by the line BA in the P-V diagram.
Thus four strokes perform one working cycle and thereby rotates crank shaft by two rotations
that is each stroke rotates crank shaft by half rotation and in the same manner cycle repeats.
Two Stroke Petrol Engine:

It is I.C.Engine which performs two strokes to complete one working cycle.

 One working cycle consists of four different operations such as Suction, Compression,
Expansion and Exhaust.
Each stroke performs two operations thus two strokes to complete one working cycle that
is during compression stroke, suction stroke also performed and during expansion stroke,
exhaust stroke also takes place.
It is works on thermodynamic Otto Cycle also called Petrol Cycle also known as constant
volume cycle because combustion of fuel takes place at constant volume of charge.
Two stroke engines consist of Cylinder with inside reciprocating piston, two ports (inlet
and outlet) at the circumference of cylinder, one below the other and one port inside the
cylinder diametrically opposite to outlet port called transfer port which connects crank
case and cylinder. Spark plug is fitted at the cylinder head. The cylinder and crank case
are hermetically sealed in this engine.
The piston is connected to crank shaft with connecting rod and crank which converts
reciprocating motion of piston into rotary motion of the crank shaft.
The following figure shows the constructional and working of two stroke petrol engine.

Drawing of
petrol and air
mixture:

When the piston moves from BDC to TDC a partial vacuum (lesser pressure compared to
atmospheric pressure) is crated in the crank case until its lower edge uncovers the inlet
port and results in drawing (entering) of air fuel mixture in to the crank case takes place
as shown in the figure D.

Drawing of fuel air mixture will be continued till the inlet port is covered by the piston
during down ward motion. After covering the inlet port, the piston compresses the charge
which is present in the crank case and forces it to enter into the cylinder by passing
through transfer port as shown in the figure B. This will continues till the piston covers the
transfer port by the piston in the upward motion as shown in the figure C.

First Stroke:

It is the starting of the working cycle and piston is a TDC and moves towards BDC.

The exhaust valve is closed by the piston and piston compressed the charge which is inside
the cylinder. Spark plug produces spark and ignites the charge and the high pressure
burnt gases forces the piston to move downwards and thus expansion stroke performed.
Thus power produced by the combustion of fuel is transferred to piston (reciprocating
motion) and then to crank shaft (rotating motion) with help of connecting rod and crank.
The high pressure burnt gases exerts force on the piston until piston uncovers outlet port
in downward movement. As the outlet port opens, burnt gases escapes through outlet port
and exhaust stroke is perfumed along with expansion stroke as explained previously.

Further downward motion of piston uncovers transfer port and simultaneously

compresses the charge in the crank case. As piston uncovers the transfer port fresh charge
from the crank case enters into the cylinder by passing through transfer port.
 The fresh charge which enters the cylinder drives out the burnt gases through outlet port
and the process is called Scavenging.

Second Stroke:

In this stroke piston is at BDC and moves towards TDC.

In the piston upward movement, piston covers the transfer port and stops the entering of
fresh charge into the cylinder and also uncovers the inlet port to enter the charge into the
crank case. Further upward movement of piston closes outlet port and stops scavenging and
compresses the fresh charge entered into the cylinder. Spark plug produces spark and
combustion of fuel takes place.

Thus two strokes perform one working cycle and thereby rotates crank shaft by one rotation that
is each stroke rotates crank shaft by half rotation and in the same manner cycle repeats.