17. Distinguish between the healing of shallow and deeper breaks in the skin.
1. If a break in skin is shallow, epithelial cells stimulate to divide more rapidly
2. If a cut extends into dermis or subcutaneous layer, blood vessels break & blood
forms a clot (a scab is a blood clot & dried fluids)
3. Fibroblasts form new fibers that bind edges of wound together; cells divide &
replace damaged tissues; then phagocytes remove dead cells
4. A scar results if the wound is extensive
18. Distinguish between first, second, & third-degree burns.
1. 1st degree burns only effect the epidermis
2. 2nd degree burns affect the dermis & epidermis; blisters form
3. 3rd degree burn affects entire thickness of skin & skin becomes dry and leathery;
if extensive, a skin graft may be needed
4. To estimate the extent of area burned, physicians use"rule of nines" (skin's
surface divided into 11 areas of 9% each)
19. Discuss 3 effects of aging on skin.
A. Aging skin affects appearance, temp. regulation, & vitamin D production
B. Synthesis of collagen & elastin slows
C. Skin becomes drier because sebaceous glands produce less oil (B & C contribute
to wrinkles from aging); more opaque
D. Slowed melanin production causes gray or white hair
E. Nail & hair growth is impaired, pain & pressure sensitivity diminishes, &
less able to tolerate heat
20. Using the rule of 9s, estimate the extent of damage for an individual whose
body, wearing only a short nightgown, was burned as she was leaving a burning
room. What special problems might result from the loss of the individuals
functional skin surface? How might this individuals environment be modified to
compensate partially for such a loss?
About 50% of the body has been burned which can cause reduced ability of the skin
to fight off infections, regulate temperature, loss of nerve structures & sensory
receptors, etc
21. Explain why skin may peel after getting a severe sunburn.
Damage skin is expelled in order to rid the body of cells in which DNA has mutated
which can help avoid pre-cancerous and cancerous conditions of the skin.