Conference of the International Journal of Arts & Sciences,

CD-ROM. ISSN: 1943-6114 :: 09(01):289302 (2016)

INVESTIGATING SOME DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF CONCRETES

INCORPORATING LIGHTWEIGHT AND HEAVYWEIGHT
AGGREGATES AS FINE AGGREGATES

Ahmet Hayrullah Sevin and Mustafa Eken

Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Turkey

Muhammed Yasin Durgun

Bartn University, Turkey

In this study, mechanical and physical properties of concretes incorporating acidic and basaltic pumice,
barite and limonite were investigated. Acidic pumice (AP), Basaltic Pumice (BP), Barite (B) and
Limonite (L) were substitute for fine aggregate by mass. Compressive strength, wear resistance,
capillary water absorption and ultrasonic sound velocity tests were performed at 7th and 28th days on
concrete samples. Besides 28 day samples exposed to 600 C and 800 C for one hour and cooled with
2 different (air and water cooling) method. As a result; both 600 C and 800 C heated samples which
are produced with acidic pumice showed lower compressive strength loss than other samples at both air
and water cooling process. These results showed similarity with ultrasonic sound test results. Water
absorption values of the samples produced with lightweight aggregates are higher and wear resistance
values are lower than other samples. Compressive strength losses of the barite samples are lower than
reference sample but higher than other lightweight aggregate samples. However, wear resistance of
barite incorporating samples are the highest and water absorption values are the lowest ones. When the
cooling methods compared in itself, it is determined that air cooled samples have lower compressive
strength loss than water cooled samples.

Keywords: Barite, Pumice, Limonite, Rapid Cooling, High Temperature, Normal Cooling.

Introduction

The two most important properties of hardened concrete are its strength and durability. Concrete must
provide the necessary strength for the structure and besides needs to preserve its function during service
life. Concrete durability is the ability of maintaining all its properties during the service life according to
the construction type [1]. With the advances of technology in the concrete industry, some kind of
concretes with different properties take part in the literature as special concretes such as heavyweight
concretes, load bearing lightweight concretes, high strength concretes and insulating concretes. For giving
concrete different properties, surely its needed to change the conventional mixture of concrete and add
different qualified building materials. The most popular kinds of special concretes which are produced
with modified mixtures are lightweight and heavyweight concretes. Heavyweight concretes generally
used for preventing dangerous effects of radiation emitting structures [2]. Lead is a very effective


289
290 Investigating Some Durability Properties of ...

radiation shielding material; on the other hand it is very expensive and harmful for human health with
toxic constituents. For this reason, researchers have turned to different materials which are not harmful
for health and have shielding properties. Barite (BaSO4) contains high amount of barium minerals which
have radiation absorbing properties [3, 4]. Its unit weight is very high because of the barium element in its
components. Heavyweight concretes with barite aggregates are used for minimizing the radiation effect
and protecting from deadly neutron and gamma rays [4 6]. Lightweight concretes which are light,
insulating, enough strong and non-flammable are very important materials for the future of architecture.
Differences from conventional concrete is being lighter and having great number of voids which provides
insulation. These voids are generated by using porous aggregates (zeolite, pumice, slag and perlite etc.),
forming a porous microstructure or constituting gas bubbles with the fine slurry. In this scope, pumice is
an ideal material for producing lightweight concretes with its millions of small air voids, low density, fire
resistance, good sound and heat insulation properties [7, 8].
Wear resistance is one of the properties which effecting concrete durability. Forces affecting the
surface of concrete as fractioning and striking occurs surface wear such like rasping. Wearing is a
physical and mechanical event which happens slowly. Wear resistance of concrete can be strengthened
with different admixtures and this caused more interest on concrete for the constructions which needed
high wear resistance [9 11]. Advantages of concrete than other building materials are forming easily in
desired shape and size, high compressive strength, good adherence with steel rebar, resistant to high
temperature and fire [12]. Concrete has high fire resistance due to being non-flammable, non-toxic
fuming and resisting against fire for quite a long time. But this resistance is valid temporarily and for
certain temperatures [13, 14]. Effect of high temperature on mechanical properties of concrete has been
investigated since 1940s. In these researches, cement pastes, mortars, concrete samples and reinforced
concrete elements exposed to high temperatures and their behavior has been studied. Fire resistance of
concrete is changing with the used aggregate and cement type [15]. Aggregates have a volume of 60
80% in concrete. Effect of fire on concrete changes with temperature and time of exposure, besides
aggregate type and cement paste phase is also important and this ends up with a significant strength loss.
Effect of aggregates under high temperatures is related to their mineral origins. Generally silica-free
aggregates, for example limestone and volcanic originated aggregates are more resistant to high
temperatures [16 20]. Under the effect of elevated temperatures, it is noticed that the strength increasing
up to 300 C. This increment is higher at concretes which are produced with siliceous aggregates and its
related to higher adherence between siliceous aggregates and cement paste [21]. A durable concrete is the
one which shows the expected performance without deforming under various intrinsic and external
effects. Therefore, concrete durability can be defined as resistance to chemical and physical effects
without deforming except the mechanical loads. In this study concrete samples produced with pumice,
barite and limonite aggregates and their high temperature resistance, compressive strengths, ultrasonic
sound velocities, wear resistances and capillary water absorption properties are investigated.

Materials and Methods

Materials

Barite

Barite is clean, soft, naturally unresponsive and non-expensive mineral. The world's total reserves of
barite in Turkey is 2,1%. These reserves contain beaten, crumble dorraw, good quality barite. Barite
which is used in the study, was obtained from Osmaniye-Bahe region [22].
 Ahmet Hayrullah Sevin et al. 291

Figure 1. Barite

Pumice

Pumice (P) that occurs as a result of volcanic activity is a porous and lightweight material. Turkey has
extensive deposits of pumice. Since pores are generally detached from each other, pumice is a light
material, can float in water for a long time, and has low permeability and high insulation characteristics.
Silica content up to 75% can be found in the chemical composition of pumice. The SiO2 ratio contained in
the rock gives them their abrasive property, and the Al2O3 composition makes it become heat and fire
resistant [23].

Figure 2. Acidic and bazic pumice

Limonite

The chemical formula of limonite iron oxide is commonly found in nature 2Fe2O3.3H2O. Limonite is
found as yellow and brown colors in the earth. (Figure3)[24]. Limonite which is used in the study was
obtained from Kahramanmara-Trkolu region.

Figure 3. Limonite
292 Investigating Some Durability Properties of ...

In the study, acidic pumice (AP), basaltic pumice (BP), barite (B), limonite (L), chemical and
physical analysis are given Table1 and Table 2.

Table 1. Chemical composition of pumice, barite and Limonite

Components (%) Basaltic Pumice Acidic Pumice Barite Limonite

SiO2 47.63 66.12 4 18.83
Al2O3 15.99 15.23 0.84 6.74
Fe2O3 11.24 3.18 0.7 55.97
CaO 9.65 4.98 1.7 0.62
MgO 8.05 2.13 0.3 1.62
Na2O 2.01 2.32 0.4 0.15
K2O 4.70 3.52 0.4 0.10
TiO2 - 0.12
BaSO4 89.56 -
MnO 0.42 3.97
SrSO 0.65
SO3 0.38

Loss on Ignition 0.73 3.22 1.03 14.30

Table 2. Physical composition of pumice, barite and Limonite

Properties Acidic Pumice Basaltic Pumice Barite Limonite

SpecificWeight (kg/cm3) 1.02 2.03 4.27 3.89

Size (mm) 0-4 mm 0-4 mm 0-4 mm 0-4 mm

WaterAbsorption (%) 22.14 9.25 0.84 14.13

Aggregate

Aggregate from Ceyhan River were used in this study. In Table 3, the physical properties of the
aggregates were given and granulometry curve is given in Figure 4.

Table 3. Physical properties of aggregates

Properties Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate

3
SpecificWeight (kg/cm ) 2.67 2.68
Stiff Unit Weight 1.84 1.76
Loose Unit Weight 1.72 1.63
WaterAbsorption (%) 1.96 1.04
 Ahmet Hayrullah Sevin et al. 293

Mixture

Figure 4. The granulometry of the used aggregates

Cement

In the study, CEM I 42.5 cement was used. The chemical and physical properties of cement are given in
Table 4.

Table 4. Physical and chemical properties of cement

Chemical Analysis Resutls

Components %

SiO2 20.02

Al2O3 4.87

Fe2O3 3.44

CaO 62.49

MgO 2.81

Na2O+K2O 0.91

SO3 2.86

FreeCaO 0.48

Loss on Ignition 2.04

Physical Analysis Results

SpecificWeight (kg/cm3) 3.16

294 Investigating Some Durability Properties of ...

SpecificSurface (cm2/g) 3763

Fineness

Remaining on 45P sieve (%) 3.5

Remaining on 90 P sieve (%) 0.1

Methods

Preparation of Mixtures

In this table, mixture proportions and fresh concrete properties can be seen. Pumice, barite and limonite
were used as amount of 10 and 20 % by weight instead of fine aggregates in the reference mixture.

Table 5. Concrete mixture proportions

Concrete Components Fresh concrete Properties

Sample Water Cement Fine Coarse Additive Slump Tempera Unit Weight
s (kg/m3) (kg/m3) aggregate aggregate (kg/m3) (mm) ture of (kg/m3)
(kg/m3) (kg/m3) concrete
(C)
R 165 300 760 1165 0 82 20 2312

AP10 165 300 684 1165 76 75 20 2294

AP20 165 300 608 1165 152 70 19.5 2285

BP10 165 300 684 1165 76 76 20 2301

BP20 165 300 608 1165 152 69 19.5 2290

B10 165 300 684 1165 76 83 20 2329

B20 165 300 608 1165 152 82 20 2355

L10 165 300 684 1165 76 84 20 2324

L20 165 300 608 1165 152 87 20 2344

The Compressive Strength of the Concrete Samples

7 and 28 days 10 cm size cube compressive strength tested according to TS EN 123903 standards [25].

The Abrasion Resistance of the Concrete Samples

For determining the surface wear 100x100x100 mm sized cubic samples produced and cure 28 days. Than
these samples are cut into 71x71x71 mm sizes tested according to DIN 52108 standards [26].
 Ahmet Hayrullah Sevin et al. 295

Capillary Water Absorption

Water can move upwards through the capillary voids in the concrete from the surface which contacts to
water. This event which is affecting the durability properties of concrete is called capillary water
absorption. Capillary water absorption test were performed on 28 days old concrete samples and capillary
water absorbing value is calculated with the equation (1).

(1)
Where;
Q: Change in sample weight (gr)
A: Water contacting area of sample (cm)
td: Passed time up to last read (min)
k: Capillarity Coefficient

The Ultrasonic Sound Penetration

Passing time of the ultrasound wave sent from one surface to other of the concrete sample was measured
and velocity of ultrasound calculated with the equation (2). Compressive strengths of concrete samples
were determined by ultrasound velocity according to ASTM C597 [27].
V = (S / t) x 106 (2)
Where;
V = P wave velocity (meter/second),
S= Distance between two surfaces, ultrasound wave sent and taken (meter)
t = Time for ultrasound wave passed through the sample (microseconds)

The Fire Resistance of the Concrete Samples

Concrete is a non-flammable materials and it is resistant to fire more than other building materials. But
high temperatures cause some changes in concrete. Concrete contains water in the capillary voids and this
water leaves the structure at 100 C [28]. Previous studies showed that a temperature under 250 C does
not affect the strength [29]. When the temperature exceeds 400 C decompositions of Ca(OH)2 structure
begins. Yuzer et al. expresses that this decomposition completely happens at 530 C and the loss amount
is %33 [30]. Over 600 CC-S-H gels loses their binding ability and structure starts to dehydrate. After 800
C concrete loses all its properties [31, 32]. Concrete samples at 28 days, kept in oven at 100 C for 24
hours. After 24 hours, samples cooled at room temperature. Ultrasonic sound test were performed and put
into high temperature oven. Samples exposed to 600 C and 800 C respectively for one hour. After
exposing samples to high temperatures, samples cooled with two different processes. One is air cooling
and the other water cooling (Fig 5.) After cooling ultrasonic sound velocity and compressive strength tests
were performed.
296 Investigating Some Durability Properties of ...

Figure 5. Steps of fire resistant tests

Results and Discussion

Compressive Strength

The compressive strength results of concrete mixes cured in water for 7, and 28 days are graphically
plotted in Fig. 6.
The results indicated that, the compressive strength of concrete mix B10 is significantly higher than
the other concretes at the age of 7 and 28 days. This is the barite and normal aggregate can be explained
with almost same. The results indicated that, the compressive strength of concrete mix AP 20 is lower
than the other concretes at the age of 7 and 28 days.
This reduction in compressive strength is probably due to, the high water content consumed by
limonite fine aggregate this is 14.13 %. The high water content may causes internal bleeding under the
aggregate surface leading to the formation of voids in the vicinity of aggregate and thus porous interfacial
transition zone (ITZ) will be formed, which generates a weak bond between coarse aggregate and mortar
matrix [33].
 Ahmet Hayrullah Sevin et al. 297

Figure 6. The compressive strength of concrete samples

The Abrasion Resistance

The abrasion resistance results of concrete mixes cured in water for 28 days are graphically plotted in Fig. 7.
The results indicated that, the abrasion value of concrete mix AP20 is lower than the other concretes.
This result is due to high porous structure of acidic pumice. This porous structure forms a weaker
skeleton in concrete. And this is also due to the porous structure of acidic pumice aggregate.

7.6
Abrasion Resistance (cm3/50 cm2)

7.4

7.2

6.8
28Days
6.6

6.4

6.2
R BP10 BP20 AP10 AP20 B10 B20 L10 L20
Samples

Figure 7. The abrasion resistance of concrete samples

298 Investigating Some Durability Properties of ...

The Capillary Water Absorption

Figure 8. The capilarity water absorption of concrete samples

As the amount of lightweight aggregates and limonite, capillary water absorption values increased.
This is due to high water absorption of these aggregates.
Barite aggregate which has lower water absorption, make capillary water absorption values lower
than others.

The Ultrasonic Sound Penetration

The ultrasonic sound results of concrete mixes cured in water for 7, and 28 days are graphically plotted in
Fig. 9.

Figure 9. The ultrasonic sound penetration of concrete samples

 Ahmet Hayrullah Sevin et al. 299

This method is a non-destructive testing method for obtaining the strength of materials. This results
expresses the compactness ratio of materials. So ultrasonic sound velocity results show similarity with the
compressive strength results.

The Fire Resistance

For determining fire resistance of concrete samples, concretes exposed to 600 and 800 degrees high
temperature. For understanding the fire resistance clearly, ultrasonic sound tests performed before and
after fire resistance test. Two different cooling processes used for obtaining realistic results are likely a
real fire happened, which are air cooling and water cooling. The names of the samples, materials used and
mix proportions are given in Table 5.
After exposure to high temperatures of the various cooling regimes concrete subjected to
compressive strength and ultrasonic sound values are given Table 6 and Table 7.

Table 6. 600 C fire resistance values

600 C Ultrasound
Compressive Strength Ultrasound Velocity Compressive Strength
Temperature Velocity

After Water After

Air Strength Before Strength Before
Cooling
Cooling(Mpa) Loss (%) (m/s) (m/s) Loss (%) (m/s) (m/s)
Samples (Mpa)

R 19.2 36.25 5314 3047 14.29 52.56 5314 2417

BP10 19.6 31.49 5069 2996 16.15 43.55 5445 2789

BP20 18.04 22.95 4888 3142 13.77 41.18 4932 2857

AP10 16.01 30.22 4867 2743 13.84 39.68 4526 1894

AP20 13.66 21.71 4313 2271 10.93 37.36 4417 1763

B10 22.71 30.66 5445 2064 15.8 51.76 5188 2384

B20 22.93 28.66 5469 2513 18.14 43.56 5000 2864

L10 18.19 29.03 4782 3197 12.95 49.47 4741 2428

L20 14.33 25.90 3900 2967 11.04 42.92 3780 1981

x All aggregate substituted samples have given better results than reference sample.
x Minimum compressive strength loss happened at air cooling and water cooling occurred at AP20
sample.
x Water cooling caused more strength loss than air cooling at all samples
x At air cooling, strength loss happened between 22 and 36 % and at water cooling strength loss
happened between 37 and 52 %.
x Sudden cooling with water on highly hot materials occur multiple capillary cracks and voids.
This can be also presented with the ultrasonic sound test results.
300 Investigating Some Durability Properties of ...

Table 7. 800 C fire resistance values

800 C Ultrasound
Compressive Strength Ultrasound Velocity Compressive Strength
Temperature Velocity

After Water After

Air Strength Before Strength Before
Cooling
Cooling(Mpa) Loss (%) (m/s) (m/s) Loss (%) (m/s) (m/s)
Samples (Mpa)

R 14.35 52.36 5314 2806 10.89 63.84 5314 1848

BP10 1.471 48.58 5188 2895 11.1 61.20 5445 1885
BP20 12.92 44.81 4954 2035 9.82 58.06 4932 1651
AP10 11.95 47.92 4910 2486 10.14 55.81 4700 2101
AP20 9.97 42.86 4014 2693 8.52 51.17 3900 1077
B10 15.76 51.88 5445 3095 12.28 62.50 5612 1986
B20 16.42 48.91 4932 2430 13.14 59.12 5092 2013
L10 12.63 50.72 4471 2173 9.77 61.88 4489 1828
L20 10.26 46.95 4150 1774 8.49 56.10 3900 1779

Lightweight aggregates, such as pumice and perlite are formed by volcano eruption or incineration.
As a result, they have low heat conductivity and exhibit a high resistance to heat. Therefore, the concrete
manufactured by using such aggregates should deliver improved mechanical properties at high
temperature in comparison to normal aggregates concrete [34] Results are parallel to the studies in the
literature.[35-39].
800 C fire resistance test, similar results obtained to 600 C fire resistance test. At air cooling,
strength loss happened between 43 and 52 % and at water cooling strength loss happened between 51 and
64 %.

Results

The results obtained from experimental studies are described below.

Samples which are incorporating barite aggregates have better values at compressive strength,
abrasion resistance and capillary water absorption tests. At the same time for fire resistance test they have
similar results or better results than reference samples.
Lightweight aggregate incorporating samples are weaker at compressive strength, abrasion resistance
and capillary water absorption test. But the void including structure of lightweight aggregates which are
causing this weakness are highly resistant to fire and high temperatures.
As a result of this research, it is seen that lightweight aggregate usage is better than heavyweight
aggregate in the buildings which have higher probability of fire. The most effective lightweight aggregate
in this study is the acidic pumice aggregate. Because it has the highest porous structure.

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