BT 323 (Building Technology 4) - Specification Writing and Estimating Lectures

Module 1
Specification- according to the dictionary it is defined as a definite and complete statement, as in the
contract; the precise method of construction.

A specification is a combination of words properly describing the quality of a product, its method of
manufacture, its installation into a project, and some cases, a description of the final result or
appearance. Information for specifications is obtained from many sources. Specifications must be clear,
definite, comprehensive, and even complex in some cases, but as understandable to those using them
as though they themselves had written them. Specifications have many forms but all should be correct,
so that no misunderstanding is possible.

Construction drawings and construction specification are intended to complement each other to
present the full requirement of the project. Drawings indicate quantity and specifications indicate
quality.

Sources for information:

Testing
Product Catalogs
Governmental Sources
Other sources

Types of specifications:
In general, most specifications can be classed as either closed specifications or open specifications.

Closed Specifications- is one in which only one material or process appears, or in which a description of
a material is so detailed that only one product can qualify.

Open Specification - on the other hand is one that allows the use of a number of products that the
specification deems equal and acceptable for the work. Theoretically, it allows competition to the
supplier or product but within broad limits of equality.

The or equal clause- using a product with equal quality to the product.
The or approved equal clause- using a product deemed equal

Manufacturers Specification- These specs are most often written by professionals, but occasionally
they are done by advertising agency. These specs general purpose is to sell their particular product by
presenting the best qualifications.

Federal Specifications or Governmental Specifications- These are guides and master copy to which
portions are apply to the projects. There are no manufacturers name because it is strictly open specs.

Commercial Specifications- It is either closed or open specs. Because the project is not government, the
owner has a preference for a particular product.

Performance Specifications- Descriptive in nature. They describe the materials to be used and the
methods of acceptable installations. It allows contractor to select materials but limits the architects
control to accept and reject. Usually used for private projects.

Streamlined Specifications- It is more of a style rather type, these specs are called shorter version of the
actual length of the written specification. It is done by eliminating certain words. It is advisable for
simple projects like small houses were as it helps to reduce materials and work but sometimes may
mislead intent if wrong words are eliminated.

Preliminary Specifications- like streamlined, preliminary specs are also a style. It is exactly what the title
implies, a preliminary listing of materials or methods required by the project. Sometimes it is used only
for guides or owners approval or contractors lists of requirement.

Tubular Specifications- like the previous two, this is also a style and is more closely related to a
preliminary specs except that it is used as a final specification.

The Uniform System or Master Format

The problems of inadequate and unsatisfying communication between architects and builders have
always been present, and with multitude products and methods appearing in the market (and still
appearing) it is quite evident that a more standardized system is required in construction specifications.
In past years, no standardized arrangement for specifications was in use and each office developed its
own system but most often missed or not coordinated with the actual construction.
In 1948, the Construction Specification Institute (CSI) was formed. Its goal is to establish a standardized
system of arrangement for specification writing. But not until 1963 that CSI published The CSI Format
for Building Specifications or simply the Format. This presentation was reduced to sixteen (16) basic
divisions. In addition to the adaptation of the Format as the guiding principle, they also introduce the
three (3) major parts known as The Uniform System for Constructions Specifications, Data Filling, and
Cost Accounting, or simply as the Uniform System.

Three-part format (the Uniform System)

Specification Outline- group related works under divisions and sections.
Filing System- provides a method for filling and retrieval of manufacturers literature.
Cost Accounting Guide- orderly arrangement of the various cost in construction that are directly related
and similar items of specifications.
Sixteen Division (Format)
Division 1 General Requirements
Division 2 Site works
Division 3 Concrete
Division 4 Masonry
Division 5 Metals
Division 6 Woods and Plastics
Division 7 Thermal and Moisture Protection
Division 8 Doors, Windows and Glasses
Division 9 Finishes
Division 10 Specialties
Division 11 Equipment
Division 12 Furnishings
Division 13 Special Construction
Division 14 Conveying Systems
Division 15 Mechanical
Division 16 Electrical
Module 2
Purpose of Estimating
The purpose of estimating is to determine the forecast costs required to complete a projects in
accordance with the contract plans and specifications. The estimator determines with reasonable
accuracy the direct costs for material, labor, and equipment. The bid price also determined by adding to
direct costs the costs for overhead, contingencies, and profit.

Two Distinct Task in Estimating

To determine the probable real cost
To determine the probable real time to build the project.

Types of Estimates
Approximate estimates (also preliminary, conceptual, or budget estimates)
Detailed Estimates (final, definitive estimates)

Approximate Estimate - These are usually done by multiplying the square feet or square meter to the
cost per meter. Considerable experience and judgment are required to obtain a dependable
approximate estimate. These are sufficient for evaluation of design and presentation of preliminary
construction estimates to the owner but not sufficient for bid purposes.

Detailed Estimates - It is prepared by determining the cost of the material, labor, equipment,
subcontract work, overhead, and profit. These are generally prepared by the contractors from a
complete set of contract documents prior to the submission of bid or formal proposal to the owner. It is
important to both the owner and contractor because it represents the bid price.

Organization Estimates - A comprehensive and well defined organization of work items. These are CSI
and WBS (Work Breakdown Structure)

Building Construction Projects - Contractors organize their estimates in a format that closely follows the
CSI division of work. The organization of work is defined by major divisions that are recognized as the
industry standard for building construction.

Heavy Engineering Construction Projects

These are generally organize following the WBS format

Material Takeoff These are estimates of the materials without the unit price yet.

Lump-Sum Estimates Estimated using per area method.

Unit-Price Estimates Estimate using the computation method.

Negotiated Work Pakyaw

SITE WORKS

Earthfill / Backfill

Volume of Backfill Required = Volume of Space 1.25

Ex.

A =bh
= (20 4.5)
= 90m

V =AW
= 1,080m
E = (1,080m) (1.25)
= 1,350 cu.m.

Gravel Fill
- A concrete slab on fill is usually poured on a layer of gravel or any approved coarse aggregate to
provide firmer foundation.

Volume = Area of Concrete Slab Thickness of Fill

Estimate the total volume of 150mm thick gravel fill on which the concrete slab of the foundation plan
would be poured.

A = 7.5 7.5
= 56.25m
B = 2.50 3.75
= 9.38m
Total = 65.63 0.15
= 9.84m say 10m

Batter Board
Length + 1ft. (.3)
7.5 + 0.6 = 8.2
8.2 3.28 = 281
Lumber = 22
CONCRETE WORKS

Materials in Concrete:
Cement Paste Consists of cement and water which binds the fine and coarse aggregates.
Fine Aggregates Consist of natural sand of inert materials with similar characteristic having clean, hard
and durable grains free from organic matters or loam.
Coarse Aggregates Consist of crushed rocks of durable and strong qualities or clean and hard gravel
with size of 20mm-30mm (3/4-1 1/2)
Admixtures May be added during the preparation of concrete. Quality of concrete may be specified by
the following:
By its water cement ratio
Weight of a given volume
Compressive strength after 28 days
Fixed proportions of cement, fine and coarse aggregates.

Class of Concrete

Class Cement : Sand : Gravel Strength after 28 days

AA 1:1:3 4,000 3,500psi Roads and bridges
A 1:2:4 3,000 2,500psi Slab, beams and
columns
B 1:2:5 2,000 1,500psi Footing, walls of 4
thick
C 1:3:6 1,000 500psi Slab on fill
D 1:3:7 Less than 500psi

Allowance for Wastage

A. 5% Wastage
Columns and Piers
Beams and Girders
Reinforced Concrete Slab and Walls
Other members inside the forms
B. 10% Wastage
Concrete slab on fill
Footings
Wall footings
Other concrete members without forms

Method No. 1 (Volume using Formulas)

Compute volume of concrete into m
Add allowance for wastage
Ascertain the class or mix
Substitute: The estimated concrete volume of C/V under appropriate class and multiply by factors
indicated.
Table A

Class Cement Sand Gravel

bags m m
AA 10.46 0.42 0.84
A 7.85 0.42 0.84
B 6.49 0.44 0.87
C 5.49 0.44 0.89
D 4.82 0.45 0.91

Estimate the quantity of cement, sand and gravel (excluding wall)

- Slab is 150mm thick, class C
- Exterior wall 0.15m thick

Solution:
1. Actual Dimension of Slab
L = 4.00 0.15 (2)
= 3.70m
W = 3.00 0.15 (2)
= 2.70

2. Volume of Concrete
= 3.7 2.7 0.15
= 1.498m
Plus 10% Wastage
= 1.498m (1.10)
= 1.648m

3. Using Class C substitute to C/V

Class C
648 5.49 = 9.049 cement
648 0.44 = 0.725 sand
648 0.89 = 1.467 gravel

Method No. 2 (Area Formula)

- Can be used for flat concrete members.
Compute the area in sq.in. and add allowances for wastage.
Ascertain the thickness of concrete member to be computed.
Determine the concrete mixture to be used.
Multiply on the factors on.

Table B
Using Method 2
L W = Area
1. A = 3.7 2.7
= 9.99 sq.m + 10%
= 10.89
 2. Using Class C 150mm think

Thickness A B C D
100mm (4) .785 .649 .549 .482 C
.042 .044 .044 .045 S
.084 .089 .091 G
150mm (6) 1.178 .974 .824 .723 C
.063 .066 .066 .068 S
.126 .131 .134 .137 G
200mm (8) 1.570 1.298 1.098 .964 C
.084 .088 .088 .090 S
.168 .174 .178 .182 G
250mm (10) 1.963 1.623 1.373 1.205 C
.105 .110 .110 .113 S
.210 .218 .223 .228 G
300mm (12 2.355 1.947 1.647 1.446 C
.126 .132 .132 .135 S
.256 .261 .267 .273 G
350mm (14) 2.748 2.272 1.922 1.687 C
.147 .154 .154 .158 S
.294 .305 .312 .319 G

3. Substitute Area
10.89 .824 = 8.97 or 9 bags of cement
10.89 .066 = 719m of sand
10.89 .134 = 1.459m of gravel

Footing

Solution:
1. Actual Dimension of Footing
L = 0.90m
W = 0.90m
H = 0.30m
2. Volume of Concrete
V =LWH
= 0.90 0.90 0.30
= 0.243m
3. Add 10% Wastage
= 0.243 (1.10)
= 0.2673m
4. Multiply to the number of footings
= 0.2673m (4)
= 1.0692m
5. Using Class B substitute to CV
1.692 6.49 = 6.939 or 7 bags of cement
1.692 0.44 = 0.47m of sand
 1.692 0.87 = 0.93m of gravel

Columns and Beams

1. Use actual dimension

H = 3.00m
2. Get the Volume
= 0.30m 0.30m 0.30m
= 0.27m
3. Add Wastage 5%
= 0.27 (1.05)
= 0.2835
4. Multiply to the No. of Columns/Beams
= 0.2835 (4)
= 1.134m
5. Substitute the CV, Class A
1.134 7.85 = 8.90 or 9 bags of cement
1.134 0.42 = 0.476m of sand
1.134 0.84 = 0.953m of gravel

Wall Footing

1. Actual dimension of wall footing

2. Volume of Concrete
V = W thickness L
= 0.4 0.2 12.8
= 1.024m
3. Add 10% Wastage
= 1.023 (1.10)
= 1.1264
4. Using Class B concrete
1.1264 6.49 = 7.31 or 8 bags of cement
1.1264 0.44 = 0.496m of sand
 1.1264 0.87 = 0.978m of gravel

Formworks
- Temporary boarding, sheeting or moulding to produce the desired shape of concrete.
- It should be watertight, strong enough and rigid to sustain weight of the concrete.
Greasing Use crude oil mixed with No. 40 motor oil with ratio of 1:3.
Used to present water absorption in forms
Staging Framework that supports the column/beam or any concrete members.

Using plywood as form

Assume size: 0.30m 0.40m 3.5m

Using 1.20 2.40m plywood

Area: 2.88sqm
Determine the area of form
Face 1 = 0.30 3.5 (2)
= 2.1m
Face 2 = 0.4 3.5 (2)
= 2.8m

Use 2pcs. = 1.2 2.4m plywood

Form Ribs and Frames @
(0.40 0.50m distance)
Face 1 = 0.30 14pcs. = 4.20m
= 3.50 4pcs. = 14m
Face 2 = 0.4 14pcs. = 5.60m
= 3.50 4pcs. = 14m
37.8m
Conversion:
3.28 = 1m
2 2 124 = 41.33 bd. Ft.
12
124 16 = 7.75
Order: 8pcs. 2 2 16
Brace and Holder
1. Use direct counting scaffolding.

Lumber Column Beam Flooring

Size Bd.ft/Vert. m/Hor. m/hor. Bd.ft/Vert. m.h/hor.
22 4.67 21.00 11.67 4.0 4.67 6.10
23 7.00 31.67 17.50 6.0 7.0 9.10
24 9.33 42.22 23.33 8.0 9.33 12.10

A. Scaffolding for Column

1. Find the total length of the columns
3.50 4 = 14.0
2. Referring to table vertical support
14.0m 7.00 = 98 bd.ft.
- If height is 3.5m, order 3.5 3.28
= 11.48 say 12
98 bd.ft. 2 3 12
3. For horizontal support
2 2
14m 21 = 294bd.ft.
294 2 3 12
4. For diagonal braces
14 11.67 = 163.38bd.ft.
163 2 2 12

B. Scaffolding for Beam

1. Find the total length of the beams
(3.5) 4 = 14m
2. Referring to table
a. Vertical support 2 3 > 84bd.ft.
14 6 = 84bd.ft. 2 3 12
b. Horizontal support 2 2 > 66.38bd.ft.
14 4.67 = 65.38bd.ft. 2 2 12

C. Scaffolding for Concrete Slab

1. Find floor area
3.5 3.5 = 12m
2. Refer to table using 2 3
12 9.10 = 109.2bd.ft.
3. Order:
110 bd.ft. 2 3 12

MASONRY WORKS

Concrete Hollow Block

CHB Stretcher hollow are most widely used among partition walls.
Sizes:
4 or 100mm
5 or 125mm
6 or 150mm
8 or 200mm
Modular Dimensions
200mm 400mm (8 16)
- in 1sqm there are 12.5 pcs.
- to allow wastage, use 13pcs per sqm.
Formula:
(area net of CHB) 13 = No. of CHB required
Ex.
Area of wall 3.5 4.00 (excluding beam and column)
Area of window = 0.8 1.20
Net Area = Area of Wall Area of Window
= 14 0.96
= 13.04 sq.m
13.04 13 = 169.52 pcs.
= 170 number of CHB

Thickness of CHB Class A (1:2 mix) Class B (1:3 mix) Estimated Materials
8 (200mm) # of CHB 0.1505 # of CHB 0.1124 Bags of cement
# of CHB 0.0031 # of CHB 0.0091 m of sand
6 (150mm) # of CHB 0.0982 # of CHB 0.0734 Bags of cement
# of CHB 0.0053 # of CHB 0.0059 m of sand
4 (100mm) # of CHB 0.0411 # of CHB 0.0307 Bags of cement
# of CHB 0.0022 # of CHB 0.0025 m of sand

Using class C mix

170pcs 0.0734 = 12.48 bags of cement
170pcs 0.0059 = 1.003m of sand

Mortar and Plastering

- Ingredients to produce cement plaster are cement, sand and lime.
- Lime is optional. It increases workability of their mixture.

Class A (1 : 1 : 2)
Class C (1 : 1 : 3)
Ascertain the class of concrete to be used and thickness.
Compute area in sq.m.
Make a computation separate from interior surfaces.
Calculations should be used on actual area and not on number of CHB.
Opening and other kinds of finishes should be excluded.

Thickness Formula Materials

Class A (1 : 1 : 2) Class C (1 : 1 : 3 )
10mm or 3/8 .082 .033 Bags of cement
.082 .033 Bags of lime
.009 .010 m of sand
12mm or 1/2 .098 .039 Bags of cement
.098 .039 Bags of lime
.010 .012 m of sand
20mm or 3/4 .164 .066 Bags of cement
.164 .066 Bags of lime
.017 .019 m of sand
25mm or 1 .205 .082 Bags of cement
.205 .082 Bags of lime
.022 .024 m of sand

Area of 3 2.7 = 8.1

Window = 0.80 1.2
= 0.96
Net Area = 8.1 0.96
= 7.14

Using 12mm or , Class C

7.14 .039 = 0.278 or 1 bag of cement
7.14 0.39 = 0.278 or 1 bag of lime
7.14 .012 = 0.612m of sand

CHB:
Exterior 6 A
Interior 4 C

Plaster:
Exterior 12mm A
Interior 40mm C

Reinforcement Bars
- Used to prevent crackling when force is applied.
- Deformed bars have lugs on their surfaces to increase bond between concrete and steel to prevent
slippage.
Steel Bar Designation
Bar Designation English Metric
Number Size Size
2 1/4 8mm
3 3/8 10mm
4 1/2 12mm
5 5/8 16mm
6 3/4 20mm
8 1 25mm
10 1 32mm
12 1 40mm
16 2 50mm

Guide for calculating straight length of hooked steel bar

Diameter of Hooked Bar Straight Length (m)

10mm (3/8) SL = 0.30 + HL
12mm (1/2) SL = 0.35 + HL
16mm (5/8) SL = 0.45 + HL
20mm (3/4) SL = 0.55 + HL
25mm (1) SL = 0.65 + HL
32mm (1 ) SL = 0.95 + HL

Sample Problem: (Self Drawing)

Size of steel bar 20mm
Hooked length of A = 4.90
B = 1.30 + .60
= 190
C = 2.60

From Table
Formula of SL of 20mm
SL = 0.55 + HL
A = 4.90 + 0.55 = 5.45m
B = 1.90 + 0.55 = 2.45m
C = 2.60 + 0.55 = 3.15m
Estimating the full length bars required for longitudinal steel reinforcement bars in beams and girders.
- Classify the different beams/girders between the number of pieces each group. By size and overall
length, numbers and size of longitudinal bar used.
(No. of beams) (bar SL) 4.4
Length selected full length bar = No. of full length bars required
4.4 Value multiplied to add 10% for splicing and when more than 4 longitudinal bars are used.
This factor should be adjusted as follow for 6pcs. Use 6.6: for 8pcs. And so on.

Data for Estimate One Continuous

Number of beams 16pcs. 8pcs.
Overall length of beam 5.35 14.75
Number of size of beams 4pcs. 20mm 4pcs. 16mm
Length of bars to order 6.0m

For one span beam:

SL = Overall beam length + 0.45
= 5.35 + 0.45
= 5.80 say 6.00m
For continuous beam:
SL = Overall beam length + 0.35
= 14.75 + 0.35
= 15.10
Use Formula
8 15.10 4.4 = 88.58 say
89 pcs. of 16 mm 6.0

Stirrups
- Kinds

Estimating Procedures:
1. Determine the actual number of stirrups on the beam (see drawing details)
2. Compute the total number of stirrups per kind of beam.
Say for 0.30 0.20 = 40pcs.
for 0.40 0.20 = 20pcs.
3. Based from cross section size refer to table D4 or D5.
 Size of Concrete Member Length/Stirrups Number of Stirrups available
from full length bar
6.00 7.00 9.10 10.00
12.20
0.20 0.30 0.85m 7 8 10 12 14
0.20 0.40 5 6 8 10 11

4. Calculate the number of SL bar by substituting the value.

For 0.20 0.30 For 0.20 0.40
40pcs. = 5.7 20pcs. = 6.0
7 5
Say 6 Say 4
Therefore, order 10pcs. of 10mm 6.00

Wall Footing

1. Determine the number of hooked bars per 1m of the footing.

Say 10 0.45 = 22.2 23pcs.
2. From table, find the dimension.
Say 0.50m width using 10mm 6.00mm
Dimension of one side 0 of bar Length/footing bar FL steel bars
10mm 0.64m 9pcs.
12mm 0.68m 8pcs.
16mm 0.74m 6pcs.
Say 9pcs / 6.00m
23 9 = 2.55
3pcs. 10mm x 6.00m

Footing

1. Between the size of the bar and the size of the footing.
2. Use direct counting method for the hooked bars.

3. Look on the estimating data for concrete, footings + number of bars can be made on 6.00m for 5pcs.
only. (See table)
10pcs. 5 = 2
Order 2pcs. 12mm 6.00m

Columns

1. Use direct counting method for the number of pieces of steel bars used in column.
2. Using by section, use the total length by adding the bends on the footing and column height.

Standard Length
5.0m 10.50m
6.0m 12.00m
7.5m 13.50m
9.0m

Lateral Ties

1. See by section of drawing.

2. Determine the number of lateral ties in your column by dividing its L to spacing of ties.
Say
C1 = 3.9m 0.25 0.25 (size)
C2 = 4.0m 0.30 0.40
C3 = 2.8m 0.25 0.20
Formula:
No. of pcs. = Length of column spacing of ties
C1 3.9 0.2 = 19.5 20pcs.
C2 4.0 0.2 = 20pcs.
C3 2.8 0.2 = 14pcs.
3. Using the table, see how many pcs. of ties can be used in specific full length bar.

Column Size FL Steel Bars

6.00 7.00 9.10 10.60
12.10
4 5 6 8 9

C1 0.25 0.25 6.00m

6 ties can be used
20 6 = 3.33 use 4pcs.
C2 0.30 0.46 6.00m
4 ties can be used
20 4 = 5 use 5pcs.
C3 0.25 0.20 6.00m
7 ties can be used
14 7 = 2pcs.
C1 + C2 + C3 = Total
4 + 5 + 2 = 11; Therefore, use 11pcs. 10mm 6.00m solving for the wire.
Look at the plan, how many wires can be used?
Footing
1. For one footing
5 5 = 25 intersection per footing
2. For entire footing
= 25 4 (number of footings)
= 100
3. Using 30cm long wire
= 100 0.30m
= 30m 6 wires
4. Convert into kg. (1kg of #16 wire is 53m long)
30 = 0.56kg
53

Steel Bars for CHB

For Horizontal Bars

1. Divide net height of the wall by the indicated spec horizontal bar spacing, disregard decimal nos.
320 0.80 = 400pcs.
2. Multiply the number of horizontal bars by the overall length of the wall. Get the L of all the bars.
Ex. Splices
4 8.30m = 33.20
3. Multiply the total length of all the bars by 1.10 to add 10% for splicing, hooks/bends, then divide it by
the length of FL bars to be ordered.
(33.20 1.10) 6.0 = 6.08; 7.00

For Vertical Bars

1. Divide the net length of the wall by the vertical bars spacing to get the number of vertical bars of the
wall, disregard decimal.
8.30 0.80 = 10.37; 10
2. Multiply the number of vertical bars by the overall length of the wall. Excluding bend and splicing.
10 3.20 = 32m
3. Multiply the total length of the bars by 1.20 to add 20% as allowance for splicing, hooks and bends
then divide it by the length of FL to be ordered.
(32.00 1.20) 6.0 = 6.4; 7pcs.
CARPENTRY WORKS
Available Size
Thickness
8 2.4m 3/4 19mm 8 200mm
10 3.0m 1 25mm 10 200mm
12 3.6m 1 38mm 12 300mm
14 4.2m 2 50mm
16 4.8m 3 75mm
18 5.4m 4 100mm
20 6.0m 6 150mm
Computing the lumber into board feet
1bd.ft = 12 12 1
Formula:
(width thickness length) 12
Ex. 2 6 12 = 144
144 12 = 12bd.ft

Definition of Terms:
Wood fibrous substance compose of trunk and branches that lies between pith and bark.
Lumber applied to wood after it has been sawed or sliced into boards, planks, etc.
Rough Lumber is the term applied to unplanned or undressed lumber
Dressed planned lumber
S2S two smooth sides
S4S four smooth sides
Timber lumber 5 or larger
Plank Lumber 4 to 5
Board lumber less than 4m thick and 10cm wide
Slab rough lumber cut tangent to annual rings, running a full length of bar
Flitch a thick piece of lumber
Fine Grained annual rings are small
Coarse Grained annual rings are large
Straight Grained direction of fibres are nearly parallel with the side and edges of the board
Crooked/Crossed Grained lumber taken from crooked tree
Wood Classification:
Exogenous grows larger by the addition of layer on outer surface; most preferred for lumbering
Indigenous trees that grows from inside pitch
Density:
Soft
Hard
Leaves:
Needle shaped
Broad shaped
Shade/Color:
White
Yellow
Brown
Black
Grain:
Straight
Cross
Fine
Coarse

Nature of Surface when Sawed:

Plain
Grained
Marked
Defects in Wood
Heart Shades radical cracks in wood originating from the heart of the logs, commonly found in old
trees.
Wind Shake / Cup Shake crack or breaks occurs in the annual rings of the wood due to extensive
Star Shake several heart shake which radiate from the centre of the log
Seasoning of Lumber
Natural Sunlight/Air Seasoning
Kiln Drying (Artificial Seasoning)
Ceiling Joist/Studs
- holds the ceiling bound
- known as nailing strip
Common Sizes:
1 2
2 2
2 3
Formula:
Direct Counting
Square Meter Method
Table 4 3
Size 30 30 30 60 40 40 40 60 60 60
12 4.230 3.256 3.208 2.771 2.333
2 2 8.460 6.513 6.417 5.445 4.667
23 12.688 9.769 9.625 8.312 7.000
24 16.920 13.026 12.833 11.083 9.333
25 21.146 16.282 16.042 13.854 11.667
26 25.375 19.539 19.250 16.625 14.000
 Sample
A wall partition 6m long and 2.5m high, specify the use of 2 4 spaced at 60cm on center both ways.

Solution by Area Method:

1. Solve the area of the wall partition
A = 6.0 2.5
= 15 sq.m
2. Refer to table 4-3 using 2 4 @
0.60cm multiply
15 9.333 = 140bd.ft

Ceiling board
Table 4 4 Ceiling bd./sq.m

Size (cm) Effective covering per bd.in.m No. of pcs. sq.m.

30 30 0.90 11.111
40 40 0.16 6.250
40 60 0.24 4.167
60 60 0.36 2.778
60 120 0.72 1.389
90 180 1.62 0.617
120 240 2.88 0.347

Sample
A bedroom with a general dimension of 4.0 5.0m; specify the use of 4 8 plywood on 2 2
ceiling joist spaced @ 0.40 0.60m. Determine the number of plywood and ceiling joist required. If
there are 5 rooms of the same size.

Solution:
A. Ceiling Joist
1. Find area of the ceiling; 4 5 = 20
2. Refer to the table 4-3 along 2 2 @ 0.40 0.60m spacing multiply
20 5.445 = 108.9; 109bd.ft
B. Ceiling Board
1. Find Area of Ceiling = 20m
2. Refer to table 4-4 using 120 240 plywood, divide 4 8
20m 2.88 = 6.9; 7pcs. per room

3. For 5 rooms order

7 5 = 35pcs.
35pcs of 4 8 plywood

TINSMITHRY
Roofing Materials

Consider the ff.:

1. Verify the space for lopping either 1 2 corrugation.
Corrugation Effective Width/Sheet
1 cor 0.70m
2 cor 0.60m
2. Standard and Lopping
24 30cm
3. Always specify longer length of roofing sht. For economical reason.

Roofing Table
Length (ft m) Effective Width Spacing Purlin Number of Rivets Sheet
Covering Side Lapping
6 1.80 0.75 14
7 2.10 0.60 18
8 2.40 0.70m 0.60 0.70 18
9 2.70 0.60 22
10 3.0 0.67 22
12 3.6 0.60 26

Roofing Accessories
GI Roof Nails 120pcs/kg
GI Rivets 180pcs/kg
GI Washer 126pcs/kg
Lead Washer 75pcs/kg
Umbrella Nails 120pcs/kg

Size and Quantity of Straps in 1 Plain GI

Size of Purlin Size of GI Strap Number of Strap in 1 sheet
22 1 9 384
24 1 10 342
25 1 11 312
26 1 12 288

Procedure:
1. Determine the length of the purlin along the gutter line. The distance is perpendicular to the
roof direction.
2. Divide this length by the effective covering of GI sheet which is 0.70 for side lap or 0.60m
for 2 side lap corr.
3. Determine the length of the rafter or top chord. Choose the right combination of roofing
sheet that will satisfy the length considering 30cm and lapping.
4. Multiply the result found in step 2 by each length of GI sheet combination in step 3.
5. Between the no. of GI nails, rivets and washers.
6. Note that his no. of plain GI anchor strap and lead washer is the same as quantity of the rivets
GI washer double the quantity of rivets.
 Sample Problems
Find the corrugation GI roofing sheets of accessories required if side lapping is 1 with 30cm end
lapping on purlins.

Solution
Corrugation GI Sheet
1. Divide the length of roofing (gutterside) by effective covering of one sheet . Refer to table under
1 corr with value of 0.20m, divide 14.00m and 0.70 = 20 sheets in one row.
2. Length of the rafters is 6.0m thus combination of 3.60 and 2.70 one used. Order 20pcs. 32
12.1 (3.60m), 20pcs. 32 9 (2:20m)