IAETSD JOURNAL FOR ADVANCED RESEARCH IN APPLIED SCIENCES, VOLUME 4, ISSUE 4, SEPT /2017

ISSN (ONLINE): 2394-8442

Triple Bottom Circle of Energy Management

Ranjitsinh A Deshmukh1, Dr.Rahul Hiremath2
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Walchand Institute of Technology, Solapur, India.
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, SCMHRD,Pune

ranjitsinhdeshmukh222@gmail.com

ABSTRACT.

Energy management for industry is many times an unspoken objective in organizations because it is
desirable to reduce operating costs but often not important enough to justify a financial investment in managing.
Unfortunately without a comprehensively planned and adequately funded management program, energy
management efforts degrade into unsustainable or ineffective programs that are discarded and forgotten shortly
after initiation until the next energy crisis occurs. To overcome see-saw management efforts, implementation of
systematic management standard is recommended. Energy management standard contains the elements necessary
to institute and sustain a system of continuous improvement in energy management.

This paper details the implementation process at two industrial facilities. Activities involved in energy
economic, energy environment, energy social, planning, instituting and maintaining an energy management system
are presented. Additionally, barriers to successful implementation such as management commitment, funding
support, project identification and prioritization, selection of energy team participants and tracking management
system progress are described and resolutions discussed.

Keywords- Energy Management, Environment, Economic, Social

I. INTRODUCTION

Energy management is the art and science of optimum use of energy to maximize profits (minimize costs) and thereby improve the
economic competiveness. The energy should be used efficiently, economically and optimally. Energy management can also be defined
as the science involving planning, directing, controlling the supply and consumption of energy to maximize productivity and comforts
and minimize the energy costs and pollution with conscious, judicious and effective use of energy. The energy management involves
strategy, policy, organizational changes, energy audit, energy conservation measures, administrative actions, training and awareness
programmers, monitoring of energy conservation efforts etc.

Energy management is an important management function of every organization (like production, finance, marketing, planning, and
design). Energy organization must have a written energy management policy document and the top management must be committed
to implement the energy policy. The energy objectives must be known to energy executive and supervisor. The energy must be
monitored vis-a-vis the production.

To Cite This Article: Ranjitsinh A Deshmukh and Dr.Rahul Hiremath,. Triple Bottom Circle of Energy
Management. Journal for Advanced Research in Applied Sciences. Volume 4, Issue 4, Sept-2017; Pages:
74-81
75. Ranjitsinh A Deshmukh and Dr.Rahul Hiremath,. Triple Bottom Circle of Energy Management. Journal for Advanced
Research in Applied Sciences. Volume 4, Issue 4, Sept-2017; Pages: 74-81

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

As per Market Research Report, it would be difficult for companies today to be unaware of energy use in their facilities, i.e.
consumption of water, air, gas, electric, and steam. Energy consumes an increasingly larger share of operating costs, and extracting,
producing, or making anything from beverages and chemicals to machinery and raw materials demands energy for myriad
processes: prototyping, refining, processing, mixing, heat-treating, blending, stamping, painting, assembling, etc.

Energy is essential for the creation of wealth and improvement of social welfare; this means that adequate and reliable supply of energy
is required to ensure sustainable development. However, the use and conversion of primary energy most of the time results in waste
and emission; they are harnessed from limited resources which are considered environmentally unsustainable. The increasing rate of
environmental problems related to energy use has led to a growing interest in issues of sustainable development thereby leading to a
challenge of decoupling of economic growth and energy use (environmental threats related to energy use). To achieve this requires the
judicious use of resources, technology, appropriate incentives and strategic policy planning (IAEA, 2005)4.

Energy management represents a significant opportunity for organizations to reduce their energy use while maintaining or boosting
productivity. The industrial and commercial sectors jointly account for approximately 60% of global energy use.5 Organizations in
these sectors can reduce their energy use 10% to 40% by effectively implementing an energy management system (EnMS). Systematic
energy management is one of the most effective approaches to improve energy efficiency in industries, because it equips companies
with practices and procedures to continuously make improvements and capture new opportunities. An energy management system
(EnMS) is a collection of procedures and practices to ensure the systematic tracking, analysis and planning of energy use in industry. In
this paper, EnMSs mean not only standards such as ISO 50001 or EN16001 but also other frameworks for systematic energy
management defined according to particular specifications. A number of other terms are useful in understanding this publication. This
publication focuses principally on government programmers that promote and support the adoption of EnMSs. The report, however,
also covers government programmers that promote only certain aspects of energy management practices. The report was published by
U.S. Energy Information Administration (2013).

As described by Raphael Wertheim Appealing (2012), the judicious use of energy by industries is a key lever for ensuring a sustainable
industrial development. The cost effective application of energy management and energy efficiency measures offers industries with an
effective means of gaining both economic and social dividend, also reducing the negative environmental effects of energy use.
Unfortunately, industries in developing countries are lagging behind in the adoption of energy efficiency and management measures; as
such missing the benefits of implementation.

The judicious use of energy resources and technology to reduce the negative impacts of energy use are firmly embodied in two
concepts namely energy efficiency and energy management. Energy management refers to the strategy of adjusting and
optimizing energy, using systems and procedures so as to reduce energy requirements per unit of output while holding constant or
reducing total costs of producing the output from these systems. (Chakarvarti, 2011).

Er.Harpreet Kaur & M/s Kamaldeep Kaur (2012) describes that Energy conservation ultimately leads to economic benefits as the cost
of production is reduced. In some energy- intensive industries like steel, aluminum, cement, fertilizer, pulp and paper. The cost of
energy forms a significant part of the total cost of product. Energy cost as a percent of total cost of product in the entire industrial
sector in India varies from as low as 0.36% to as high as 65%. Using energy efficient technologies will reduce the manufacturing cost
and lead to production of cheaper and better quality products.

Duke Ghosh and Joyashree Roy (2011), describes that it is an established practice in India for firms to engage consultants to study
the usage of energy and suggest ways and means to improve energy efficiency. The study finds that only 14 percent of the respondent
firms have employed an energy consultant and conducted a detailed process study with a focus on energy usage. Further investigations
suggest that the majority of these firms have either implemented the process to reduce the costs associated with energy consumption
or to ensure uninterrupted power supply. Becoming energy efficient was definitely not the motivation for these firms to hire
consultants to study their energy usage. It is also important to note that 33 percent of the firms which appointed a consultant to
monitor energy usage did not implement the recommendation(s) by the consultants. These firms deemed that the recommendations.
By the consultants were not firm-specific and too expensive to implement.
76. Ranjitsinh A Deshmukh and Dr.Rahul Hiremath,. Triple Bottom Circle of Energy Management. Journal for Advanced
Research in Applied Sciences. Volume 4, Issue 4, Sept-2017; Pages: 74-81

Most of the firms had not ever hired an energy consultant. Energy management is defined as: The judicious use of energy to
maximize profits (minimize cost) and enhance competitive positions. (Cape hart, Turner and Kennedy, 1997) Therefore, any
management activity that affects the use of energy falls under this definition. The primary objective of energy management is to
maximize profit and minimize costs.

As per IEEE (1995), Energy management embodies engineering, design, applications, utilization, and to some extent the operation and
maintenance of electric power systems to provide the optimal use of electrical energy. P. OCallaghan (1992) writes that the most
important step in the energy management process is the identification and analysis of energy conservation opportunities, thus making it
a technical and management function, the focus being to monitor, record, analyse, critically examine, alter and control energy flows
through systems so that energy is utilized with maximum efficiency.

Every industrial facility in a particular location is unique in itself; hence a systematic approach is extremely necessary for reducing the
power consumption, without adversely affecting the productivity, quality of work and working conditions. Thus, for any process,
energy conservation methodologies can be categorized into (i) housekeeping measures (ii) equipment and process modifications (iii)
better equipment utilization and (iv) reduction of losses in building shell (Lee W. and R. Kenarangui, 2002) 14.

Thus energy management involves consumption and optimization of energy usage at various stages in the plant process in the most
efficient way. With the increased use of diminishing type energy resources, they are depleting very fast than the estimated time. On the
other hand, we could hardly generate 5% of total power generation with renewable energy resources like Solar Power, Wind Power and
Geothermal Power with the available technologies. Therefore, it is strongly required to restrict use or increase the life of diminishing
type of resources. Thus the need to conserve energy, particularly in industry is strongly felt as the energy cost takes up substantial share
in the overall cost structure of the industrial operation especially in Generation, Distribution and Uses of utility services like Electrical
power, Compressed Air, Chilled Water, Steam, Water system Etc.

III. ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT

The process of energy generation, transport and utilization leads to significant environmental pollution. In the past decade, concern for
the environmental pollution has increased considerably. The greenhouse effect due to increase in the level of CO2, methane and other
gases are leading to global warming. CO2 level in the atmosphere has increased from 280 ppm, in 1850 to about 360 ppm at present.
The average temperature of the earth is likely to increase by 1.5 to 4C in the next 50 years, if emission of greenhouse gases is not
curbed. Global warming may lead to rise in sea levels, significant change in rain fall patterns, increase in frequency of heat waves, storm
and other unforeseen consequences. The production of CFCs that affect the ozone layer has been phased out in developed countries.
Both developed and developing countries have agreed to reduce carbon emission.

The extraction, treatment and end-use of most energy resource emits enormous amount of gases and aerosols, which includes
greenhouse gases, nitrogen and sculpture oxides, metals (mercury, arsenic, nickel and cadmium) soot, dioxins, etc.; these emission have
detrimental effects on the environment. The increasing concentration of greenhouse gases has in recent time received the most
attention due to its prevalent environmental effect. The Industrial sector contributes directly and indirectly about 37% of the global
greenhouse gas emissions, of which over 80% is from energy use (Worrell, 2011).

Consequently, industrial energy use has for a long time been identified as a key area of mitigating global warming. For this to be
achieved, industries must change their energy culture by investing extensively in energy efficiency measures and practices. Fossil fuel
combustion in industrial equipment (boilers, furnaces, kilns) and in power generation produces large-volume air pollutants, such as
sculpture dioxide, nitrous oxides and particulate matter, all with harmful consequences to human health and the environment
(UNIDO, 2011). By applying the appropriate technology, industrial fossil fuel consumption and the related negative effects can be
reduced. Global industrial production involves massive extraction and processing of natural resources, which includes fossil fuels, ores,
water and other raw materials. The exploitation of such resource is resulting in a rapid depletion of the earths natural resources;
resource depletion is a particular concern for primary energy from non-renewable resources, both fossil and nuclear fuels (Ayres, 2010
cited in UNIDO 2011). Exploiting energy resources has accompanying negative effects like displacement of massive material, waste
creation and pollution. The use of energy for industrial purposes also depletes other natural resources such as water, which is used for
cooling power stations and energy intensive industrial processes (UNIDO, 2011). Thus, improving industrial energy efficiency is an
effective means of reducing and improving both material and water use in industries; consequently, slowing down natural resources
depletion. Energy conservation avoids wasteful use of energy without much investment.
77. Ranjitsinh A Deshmukh and Dr.Rahul Hiremath,. Triple Bottom Circle of Energy Management. Journal for Advanced
Research in Applied Sciences. Volume 4, Issue 4, Sept-2017; Pages: 74-81

It can be termed as a new source of energy, which when available, can be readily used without any further loss or gestation period. It is
the cheapest source of energy. In fact, it is the easiest solution to bridge the gap between demand and supply. Energy saving achieved
through energy efficiency and conservation also avoids capital investment in fuel, mining, transport, water and land required for power
plant, thereby mitigating environmental pollution. Improvements in energy efficiency (i.e., reductions in energy per unit of output) are
often suggested as a means of reducing carbon emissions.

IV. ENERGY AND ECONOMICS

The profit of a business is expressed as difference between sales revenues and input costs; the greater the difference the greater the
profit margin. In competitive markets, firms tend to be price takers (UNIDO, 2011); as such firms have little control of the price of
their goods on the market, which also implies that they have little control over their sales revenue (assuming production capacity is
constant). In contrast, firms have a greater control of their input cost. The input cost of firm mainly includes utility costs (energy and
water), labor cost and raw material cost. Consequently, input costs can be reduced in the short-term by optimizing production
methods, using cheaper inputs and improving materials and energy use efficiency and in the long-term by introducing new equipment
(UNIDO, 2011). Companies can realize significant profit margins by implementing energy efficiency by reducing both energy and
material resources, when energy forms a large proportion of their input cost. With the variability of global energy prices coupled with
the rise of energy prices, companies that adopt energy-efficient technologies stand a greater chance of enhancing their long-term
competitiveness and productivity; this is achieved by reducing the company=s energy dependency and increasing security of energy
supply. Investment in efficient technologies generally results in significant energy savings and an improvement in the quality of
products. By implementing energy efficiency, firms can either reduce or avoid emissions and pollution taxes and levies.

V. ENERGY AND ITS SOCIAL BENEFITS

Firms and industries that implement energy efficiency cost effectively improve productivity; increase in productivity is the main factor
responsible for both industrial and economic growth. As such, an improvement in productivity translates into higher profit margins
that can be redistributed as increased wages and also invested to expand output, benefiting both supplier and consumer (UNIDO,
2011).Improving productivity (as a consequence of increased industrial energy efficiency) can lead to the development of new
innovations which can create new jobs and also expand employment. The implementation of energy efficiency can also improve the
working environment of firms and the quality of life of the society.

Energy
Energy
Environm
Economic
ent

Energy & Its

Social

Fig.1.0 3E (Triple Bottom circle) of Energy Management

VI. ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Energy efficiency is the most effective means with which to address concerns over climate change, rising energy prices, and security of
supply while at the same time supporting economic growth (Price and McKane, 2009)17. The industrial sector presents the biggest
opportunity for savings as it is the primary contributor to global final energy consumption and energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions, at 33 percent and 38 percent respectively in 2005 (IEA, 2008)18. Energy efficiency on the other hand is defined as a ratio
between an output of performance, service, goods or energy, and an input of energy (EU, 2006)19.
78. Ranjitsinh A Deshmukh and Dr.Rahul Hiremath,. Triple Bottom Circle of Energy Management. Journal for Advanced
Research in Applied Sciences. Volume 4, Issue 4, Sept-2017; Pages: 74-81

Thus, energy efficiency improvement basically refers to the reduction of energy input for a given service, goods or output. Notably,
these two concepts advocate for the use of energy resources in a manner that will save energy (natural resources) and ensure minimal
wastage, consequently promoting environmental sustainability.

The case for industrial energy efficiency is even stronger for developing countries. Firstly, the industrialization process causes these
shares in energy consumption and energy-related CO2 emissions to be considerably higher than in industrialized countries. Indeed, in
2005, industry in non-OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries accounted for 38 percent of
energy consumption compared to 27 percent in OECD countries, and exceeded 50 percent in some cases (IEA, 2008). Secondly, and
with exceptions, developing countries tend to be more carbon intensive than their industrialized counterparts due to a higher share of
pollute sources, such as coal, making up their final energy mix (IEA 2008). To illustrate, carbon intensity decreased in OECD countries
over the period 1990 to 2005, helping to limit growth in CO2 emissions to 15 percent. In non-OECD countries, however, carbon
intensity continued to increase, contributing to growth in CO2emissions of 39 percent over the same period (IEA 2008). Furthermore,
this trend is expected to continue, with most growth in industrial sector energy use and CO2 emissions forecast to come from
developing and transition economies (McKane et al, 2007)

The research paper by Garish Sethi,21 highlights the importance of the small-scale sector in the Indian economy and the need to
improve the energy and environment performance of units operating in the sector. It draws upon the results of a major program that
TERI (Tata Energy Research Institute) initiated in 1995 in the small-scale sector with the support of SDC (Swiss Agency for
Development and Cooperation). The program aims at finding solutions to the energy problems of the SSI through technology up
gradation and human and institutional development in some small scale energy intensive sectors. Three small-scale sectors are presently
being covered -foundry, glass and brick manufacture. In each of the three small scale sectors, demonstration plants have been/are
being built to widely disseminate/popularize energy efficient technological options to the cluster. In addition to highlighting the work
done in individual cluster/industry, the paper gives details of the benefits that can accrue to the individual units in terms of improving
their energy efficiency and improving productivity, if the demonstrated technologies are implemented.

VII. ENERGY EFFICIENCY GAP

Efficiency is a cost effective means of ensuring energy security by minimizing the unit resource input per unit output. Efficiency can be
subdivided into parts namely economic and energy efficiency. In the economic sense, efficiency is the measure of improvement
performance or increased deployment of more energy efficiency equipment and conservation (Sovacool & Brown, 2010)22.Whiles,
energy efficiency refers to the improving the performance of energy equipment and altering consumer attitudes (Sovacool & Brown,
2009).Currently, countries worldwide are faced with challenges which are redefining global energy consumption. Higher energy prices,
increased environmental consciousness and strict policy instruments and regulations affirm the importance of improving energy
efficiency. Despite the great need to increase energy efficiency across boards, studies indicate that cost-efficient energy saving measures
is not always implemented and this implies the existence of an efficiency gap. (Rohdin, Thollander & Solding, 2007). The efficiency
gap is a phrase widely used in the energy-efficiency literature; it refers to the difference between levels of investment in energy
efficiency that appear to be cost effective (based on engineering-economic analysis) and the lower levels actually occurring (Golove &
Eto, 1997)25. Technologists and engineers are optimist that technological improvement is the pathway to improving energy efficiency.
Consequently, this raises the question of why the existence of cost effective technologies have not bridged the efficiency gap, from an
economist perspective the reason is attributed to market barriers that impede the diffusion of optimal technologies. The definition of
the efficiency gap seems quite easy at first glance, however, the definition becomes more complex when one attempts to identify or
define the optimal level of investments, processes or technologies to be taken up by an industry or consumer (The Allen Consulting
Group, 2004). Thus determining the size of the energy efficiency gap requires a clear definition of the optimality level of the
investment.
In a research on energy efficiency gap by Jaffe and Stavins (1994)26 five separate levels of optimality were identified: the economists
economic potential, the technologists' economic potential, hypothetical potential, the narrow social optimum and the true social
optimum. The energy efficiency gap asserts the existence of barriers to cost effective energy efficiency investments. Thus,
understanding the nature and magnitude of the efficiency gap creates a baseline for understanding the nature of some prevailing
barriers to energy efficiency.
79. Ranjitsinh A Deshmukh and Dr.Rahul Hiremath,. Triple Bottom Circle of Energy Management. Journal for Advanced
Research in Applied Sciences. Volume 4, Issue 4, Sept-2017; Pages: 74-81

Tracking
Management
System

Energy Team

Project Identification & Priotization

Funding Support

Management Commitment

Fig.2.0 Barriers to Successful Implementation of Energy Management

VIII. CORRECTING PROBLEMS: CORRECTIVE/PREVENTIVE ACTION

Instead of repeatedly correcting symptoms, a properly administered management system identifies and corrects problems. The avenue
through which problems can be identified and corrected is the corrective/preventive action (C/PA) mechanism. When management
system or technical problems are identified, C/PA is the process by which a fix can be developed and incorporated into the
organizations procedures. Corrective/ preventive action processes increase the robustness of the management system by adding an
element of flexibility. The paper mill plant had an existing work order system to rectify problem issues. The problems were sorted
according to a quick assessment (i.e. instantaneous solution identified and implemented or capital solution ordered or additional
problem study needed). The work order system was revised and used to correct energy management system problems. The work order
system now includes a problem solving focus to identify problem root cause before a solution is selected. Additionally, a verification
step was included to assure that the solution identified is correct. The carpet mill used example forms and procedures to develop their
corrective/preventive action system. Example documents and forms for MSE 2000 are provided in supporting guidance documents
(Georgia Tech Research Corp. 2002).

Steps for Energy Management:

Energy management involves the following basic steps:
1. Energy management as Policy and Commitment.
2. Selection of energy manager and defining his responsibilities;
i. Energy planning,
ii. Monitoring energy consumption,
iii. Planning energy conservation,
iv. Implementing energy conservation measures,
v. Achieve energy conservation objectives.
3. Formulation energy strategy and energy conservation plan.
4. Bring awareness and involvement at various levels by means of training programmes, workshops, communication, in-house journals.
5. Introduce suggestion scheme and award scheme.
6. Appoint energy audit team/consultants.
7. Obtain report on energy conservation measures.
8. Establish practice of monitoring energy consumption and effectiveness of energy conservation measures.
9. Adopt new technology measures.
10. Adopt recycling of scrap, avoid wastage etc.
11. Carry out modifications, retrofitting or replacement of existing plant/machinery so as to save energy.
80. Ranjitsinh A Deshmukh and Dr.Rahul Hiremath,. Triple Bottom Circle of Energy Management. Journal for Advanced
Research in Applied Sciences. Volume 4, Issue 4, Sept-2017; Pages: 74-81

Narrow Focus

Broadening the focus of energy management efforts is accomplished through the selection of the energy management team and
through writing formal communication procedures. By requiring that the energy team have members from each functional area
concerned with energy, the focus of energy management is widened. Effective communication requires the energy team to share
information on the impact of energy within the facility and the results of energy management efforts. Sharing the results of the energy
management program improves the perception of energy in the organization. The facilities examined in this study used energy reports
to communicate program results to team members and executive management and charts and graphs to communicate results to the
general work staff. In both organizations, the MSE 2000 system has increased the awareness and importance of energy management to
everyone in the facility.

IX. CONCLUSION

Instituting a formal energy management system an industrial or commercial facility can yield huge improvements in organizational
efficiency and sustain improvements for the long term. Implementation of the management system at two representative
manufacturing plants has demonstrated the advantages of adopting such a plan. The completed implementations demonstrate that the
most feasible candidates for an energy management system are those with high total energy costs, with energy cost greater than 20% of
the manufacturing cost, or those with an organizational commitment of improved environmental stewardship. When an organization
has the characteristics that make a firm commitment to energy management practical, institution of a formal energy management
system should be considered. The standard will yield improved efficiency, increased cost savings, continual improvement and
sustainable energy management in implementing organizations.

REFERENCES

[1] Bureau of Energy efficiency, Government of India, (2005), Energy Efficiency in Thermal Utilities Guide book for National Certification Examination
for Energy Managers and Energy Auditors

[2] Bureau of Energy efficiency, Government of India, (2005), Energy Efficiency in Electrical Utilities Guide book for
National Certification Examination for Energy Managers and Energy Auditors

[3] Bureau of Energy efficiency, Government of India, (2005), Energy Performance Assessment for Equipment and Utility Systems Guide book for
National Certification Examination for Energy Managers and Energy Auditors

[4] Chakarvarti, K. K. (2011). ISO 50001: Energy Management Systems Standards. New Delhi: Bureau of Energy Efficiency (Cape hart, Turner and
Kennedy, 1997) Guide to Energy Management Fairmont press inc. 1997) Bureau of Energy Efficiency.

[5] Er.Harpreet Kaur*, M/s Kamaldeep Kaur (2012) ENERGY CONSERVATION: An effective way of energy Utilization, IJMIE Volume 2,
Issue 5 ISSN: 2249-0558.

[6] Fleiter, T., Worrell, E. & Eichhammer, W. (2011). Barriers to energy efficiency in industrial bottom-up energy demand
Models. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review 15, 3009-3111

[7] Ghosh Duke and Joyashree Roy, 2011 Approach to energy efficiency among micro, small and medium enterprises in India:Results of a field survey;
United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna

[8] Golove, W., H. & Eto, J., H. (1996).Market Barriers to Energy Efficiency: A Critical Reappraisal of the Rationale for Public Policies to Promote
Energy Efficiency. Retrieved March 2, 2012 from http://eetd.lbl.gov/EA/EMP/reports/38059.pdf

[9] Jaffe, A.B., & Stavins, R.N. (1994). The energy efficiency gap: what does it mean? Energy Policy 22 (10), 60-71.
81. Ranjitsinh A Deshmukh and Dr.Rahul Hiremath,. Triple Bottom Circle of Energy Management. Journal for Advanced
Research in Applied Sciences. Volume 4, Issue 4, Sept-2017; Pages: 74-81

[10] Lee, W and Kenarangui, R. Energy management for motors, systems, and electrical equipment. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 38(2),
2002, pp. 602-607.

[11] P. OCallaghan, Energy management: A comprehensive guide to reducing costs by efficient energy use, McGraw Hill, London, UK, 1992.

[12] Price, L. and McKane, A., (2009). Industrial Energy Efficiency and Climate Change Mitigation: Policies and Measures to Realize the Potential in the
Industrial Sector, Prepared in support of the UN.

[13] Rohdin, P., Thollander P. & Solding, P. (2007).Barriers to and drivers for energy efficiency in the Swedish foundry Industry. Energy Policy 35, p
672677.

[14] Raphael Wentemi Apeaning and Patrik Thollander, Barriers to and driving forces for industrial energy efficiency Improvements in African industries: a
case study of Ghana's largest industrial area, 2013, Journal of Cleaner Production, (53), 204-213.

[15] Sovacool, B.K. & Brown, M.A. (2010). Competing Dimensions of Energy Security: An International Perspective. Annual Review of Environment
and Resources (35), 77108

[16] Sovacool, B.K. & Brown, M.A. (2009).Competing Dimensions of Energy Security: An International Perspective. Georgia Tech Ivan Allen College
School of Public Policy. Work paper 45. Retrieved December 12, 2011from http://www.spp.gatech.edu/faculty/workingpapers/wp45.pdf.

[17] United Nation Industrialization Development Organization (UNIDO), (2011). Industrial energy efficiency for sustainable wealth creation: Capturing
environmental, economic and social dividends. Industrial Development Report 2011.

[18] United Nation Industrialization Development Organization, (UNIDO). (2008). Standards for Energy Efficiency, Water, Climate Change and their
Management. 42nd Meeting of ISO DEVCO. Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Retrieved December 13, 2011

[19] Energy management handbook, John Wiley and Sons - Wayne C. Turner Cleaner Production Energy Efficiency Manual for GERIAP, UNEP,
Bangkok prepared by National Productivity Council