T hese are found predominantly as members of pla

trusses (2D & 3D), as members in transmission towers and as wi

bracing (single or double) for single story or high rise steel structu
Among the common shapes used as tension members:

Round bar Flat bar Angle Double angle

Channel Double Latticed W-section

channel channels (wide-flange)

Cross-section of typical tension members.

members of plane or space

wers and as wind

se steel structures.

Double angle Starred angle

S-section Built-up box

(American sections
Standard)
ion members. T-1
The strength of a tension member is controlled by the l
of the following limiting states:

Net Gross

Area (A n ) Area (A g )

A) Yielding of the Gross Area (A g ):

F n =F y A g

B) Failure (Ultimate strength) on the Net Area (A

F n =F u A e

Where A e = effective net Area = UA

U = Reduction Coefficient.
C) Block Shear Failure through the end bolt:
led by the lowest

n ):

T-2
A hole is drilled (or punched) by 1/16 inch greater then
the normal diameter of the fastener (rivet or bolt). Hole
punching causes some damage to the edges of the
hole to the amount of 1/32 inch from each side.

Thus the equivalent hole diameter

bolt diameter 1 1

### ###
bolt dia. ###
inch.

###
inch greater then

vet or bolt). Hole

e edges of the
ach side.

32

T-3
Example (T1):
What is the netn area A for the tension member

as shown in the
? figure
Plate 1 4 (inches)
4

Solution: A
= 4(0.25) = 1.0 sq in.
g
Width to be deducted for hole

A
= [W
7 0.25


4
or the tension member

Standard Hole for a 3 -in. diam bolt.

4

34


0.78sq.in.
T-4
For a group of staggered holes along the tension direc
must determine the line that produces smallest Net Ar
EFFECT OF STAGGERED HOLES ON NET AREA :-

Paths of failure T T
on net section

In the above diagram: B (a)

p = Pitch or spacing along bolt line

s = Stagger Between two adjacent bolt lines
(usually s = P/2)
g = gage distance transverse to the loading.

In case (a) above : A n = (Gross width hole dia.) . t

In case (b) above : A n = (Gross width hole dia.+ s

e tension direction, one
mallest Net Area.

A
p p

T g T

p C Bs (b)

hole dia.) . t

hole dia.+ s 2 /4g) . t T-5


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