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Shaun Ul Haq
NFC Institute of Engineering & Technological Training
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All content following this page was uploaded by Shaun Ul Haq on 07 September 2015.
Thesis submitted by
July, 2015
We dedicate this project to all those humble human beings who have aided us in any way
to become what we are today, whose sacrifices seeded us success, especially our parents
who felt our pain beyond us and showered with never ending prayers and support.
ii
NFC INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, MULTAN
under the direction of their supervisor, and approved by all the members of the
thesis committee, has been presented to and accepted by the NFC Institute of
Engineering & Technology, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the four year
degree of B.Sc Electrical Engineering (Specialization in Computer Systems
Engineering).
Date:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all we are thankful to dear ALLAH ALMIGHTY, who guided us in every step
and it is because of His blessings that we gathered sufficient courage to complete our
project. And we would also like to thank Dr. Kamran Liaqat Bhatti, Engr Abid Hussain
Chohan and Shabir Ahmed for showing us the path of learning. He spread his valuable
time to guide us in the selection and implementation of knowledge to practical work. His
guidance is inevitable part of our successful project. Naturally, we would also like to
thank our family for giving us the gift of education. Finally, we would like to take
this opportunity to express our thanks and gratitude to all the persons who have directly
or indirectly availed us in guiding our project.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables viii
List of Figures ix
Abstract x
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General Overview 2
1.2 Literature Review 2
1.2.1 Wrist Watch for Climbers 3
1.2.2 Walkie-Talkies 3
1.2.3 Radio Collars with GPS Tracking 3
1.3 Basic Idea 4
1.4 Plan 5
1.5 Design 5
1.5.1 Input Section 6
1.5.2 Output Section 7
1.5.3 Sensor Section 7
1.5.4 Circuit Section 7
1.6 Report Overview 8
Chapter 2: HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 9
2.1 Microcontroller 9
2.1.1 PIC18F452 Microcontroller 10
2.1.2 Specifications 11
2.1.3 Features 11
2.1.4 High Performance RISC CPU 12
2.1.5 Peripheral Features 13
2.1.6 Special Microcontroller Features 13
2.1.7 Analog Features 14
2.1.8 I/O Ports 14
2.1.9 ADC 16
2.1.10 Interrupts 16
2.1.11 USART 17
2.2 Crystal Oscillator 19
2.2.1 External Oscillator 20
2.2.2 Disadvantages of Quartz 21
2.2.3 Working 21
2.3 Global Positioning System 22
2.3.1 Introduction to GPS 22
2.3.2 Application Areas 23
v
2.3.3 SKM 53 23
2.3.4 Hardware Interface Configuration 26
2.3.5 NMEA 0183 Protocols 27
2.4 Global System for Mobile Communication 28
2.4.1 SIM900D Overview 29
2.4.2 SIM900D Key Features 31
2.4.3 SIM900D Main Functions 32
2.4.4 AT Commands 33
2.5 Easy Pulse (v1.1) 33
2.5.1 Sensor Overview 33
2.5.2 Working Principle and Operation 34
2.5.3 Features of Easy Pulse v1.1 36
2.5.4 Circuit Diagram and Working of Circuit 36
2.5.5 Testing and Examination of Signal at different stages 39
2.5.6 Working 43
2.6 LM35 Sensor 43
2.6.1 Features 44
2.6.2 Working 44
2.7 Key Pad 45
2.7.1 Pull-up Resistors 46
2.8 Resistors 46
2.9 LM7805 Voltage Regulator 47
2.9.1 Features 47
2.10 LCD Module 48
2.10.1 JHD204A Series 48
2.10.2 Features 48
2.11 Power Supply 49
2.11.1 Lithium-ion Battery 49
2.11.2 Working 50
vi
Chapter 4: HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESIGN 58
4.1 Hardware Design 58
4.1.1 In Bag 59
4.1.2 On Arm 60
4.1.3 On Finger 60
4.2 Circuit Diagram 60
4.3 PCB Layout 61
4.4 Logical Structure 61
4.5 Software Design 62
4.5.1 Simulation 63
4.5.2 Source Codes 64
4.6 Project Diagram 64
Chapter 5: RESULTS 65
5.1 Base Station Results 65
5.2 Accuracy 66
5.3 Safety 66
5.4 Usability 66
Chapter 6: CONCLUSION 68
6.1 Design Analysis 68
6.2 Ethical Consideration 69
6.3 Future Enhancements 69
6.4 Final Consideration 69
6.5 Budget and Components List 70
Chapter 7: RECOMMENDATIONS 71
7.1 Hardware Design 71
7.2 Software Design 72
References 73
vii
LIST OF TABLES
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
ix
ABSTRACT
In present era, the threat of enemies plays an important role in security policies of any
state. In this prospective, the military soldiers plays an important and vital role. There are
several considerations concerning the security of those troopers. So for the security
purpose of troopers, a number of equipment or devices are attached with them to take the
look on their health status and their ammunitions. Health relating sensors like pulse rate
sensor, body temperature measuring sensor, transmission and processing capabilities, can
thus help to make low-cost wearable solutions for health monitoring. GPS used for
basically point the latitude and longitude to find exact location of soldier. GSM module
can be used for effective range of high-speed transmission that will be required to relay
data during special operations reconnaissance and other missions. So by using these
equipments we are trying to implement the basic life guarding system for soldier in low
x
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
As we know, enemy warfare has an important impact regarding to security issue of any
state. The national security in the main relies on army (ground), navy (sea), air-force
(air). The vital and important role is done by the military soldier's. There are several
considerations concerning the security of those troopers. The soldiers of future guarantees
to be more advance technologically in every crucial situation like warfare or any secret
mission. In entire world, numerous analysis platforms presently being arranged, like the
United States Future Force warrior (FFW) and also the United Kingdoms Future
infantry Soldier Technology (FIST) and they have a plan of making totally modern fight
methodology. Helmet attached screens, accomplished of presenting maps and video from
not just for the soldier in battle field, however additionally for all the military personnel
at base station and they can interchange data via wireless communication. But the main
concern was that to create a light weight system, which can get desired results. One in all,
the basic challenge in military operations is that the troopers are not in the position to
interconnect with base station. Additionally, the accurate navigation between the soldiers
plays precious role for careful forecasting. The defense department of a country must be
effective for the security of that country, as well as soldiers also must be effective [1]. For
this we are introducing a Real time tracking and health monitoring system of soldier.
This system will be use full for soldiers, who involve in special operations or mission.
1
2
This system enables GPS Tracking of these soldiers and also enables the telemedicine. It
In a Real Time Tracking and Health Monitoring System, smart sensors are attached with
the soldiers and other components like LCD, Batteries, GSM and PCB are enclosed in a
box, which will be in the bag of soldier. These are implanted with a personal server for
complete mobility. This personal server will provide connectivity to the server at the base
station using a wireless connection (GSM). A GPS Tracking system is also enclosed in
the box, which provides the tracking of the position of soldier. Each unit has a GSM
module, which enables the communication between both ends. Thereby, it is possible to
back up a soldier or assist a soldier and makes the mission accomplished. At any instant,
any soldier is in position of entering the enemy area, it's terribly important for the
military base station to understand the situation and the health standing of all troopers as
well. In our project we have planned towards a concept of tracing the soldier and also
monitor the health standing of the soldier throughout the war that allows the military
Walkie-Talkies.
The small amount of idea for the project was reserved from the wrist watch that climbers
use. Using this watch they can only get their location and surrounding temperature.
Disadvantage of these watches is that it gives information only to the mountaineer. They
1.2.2 Walkie-Talkies:
Warriors carry walkie-talkies that are massive in weight. Therefore, we are making the
substitute system by the use of sensors, GPS and key pad which will monitor the soldier.
These walkie-talkies are basically Radio devices and work on a particular frequency.
Drawbacks of walkie-talkies are that these are required oral communication which can be
cannot talk to the control room then there is no way to convey message but in our project
we are removing the needs of oral communication, control room can get automatic health
conditions of soldier and soldier can also send message using code without any voice.
Recently in countries like US and Australia, a number of the foreign students were forced
to own a Radio Collar strapped to their ankles, in order that their activities are caterpillar-
4
tracked by the officers. We have a tendency to use the same technology which can show
the soldiers up-to-date location on a map at the main station. The limitations of these
This project has associate implementation of tracking the soldier and to navigate between
soldiers like obtaining their rapidity, distance, their health status throughout the fighting
that permits the military decision makers to set up the war strategies [1].
Base unit acquires location of soldier with the help of GPS. The responsibility of base
station operators is to help the soldiers in choosing right path, if there is a threat of
missing of soldiers. The base unit will contact this standing of the soldier that is exhibited
on the computer.
5
Hence they can yield instant action by directing assistance for the soldier requested by
soldiers having soldier unit. By the use of number of biomedical sensors, health
constraints of soldiers are monitored, the location and placement of soldier is confined by
1.4 PLAN
Our plan was to introduce the cost effective and consistent project which can assist the
base unit, regarding the health and security of the soldiers, during war, special operations.
Moreover, soldier can send secret messages to base station for some kind of help.
1.5 DESIGN
In order to design our project, we used two units namely soldier and base unit. Soldier
unit contains a microcontroller (PIC18F452), heart beat sensor (Easy Pulse v1.1) is used
to calculate the pulse rate of soldier, temperature calculation sensor (LM35) used to
6
calculate the body hotness of the soldier, GPS receiver (SKM53) is used for tracking
purpose, a Keypad is used for secret code input, GSM Module (SIM900D) is used to send
all the input data to base station and LCD is used to display this data. A Power bank is
used to power the circuit. Base unit includes a Cell Phone working as GSM connected
with PC, which shows data consisting messages as threads on Moborobo android pc suit
and save messages as well in .xls format. By the use of this system, the soldier can send
feedback to his concerning base station. The project is mainly divided into four sections
1. Input section
2. Output section
3. Circuit section
4. Sensor section
The input section takes the input from soldier. It consists of the following components.
1. GPS (SKM53)
2. Key pad
The output section gives the output in form of display and to transmit data. This section
1. LC
D
2. GSM (SIM900D)
The circuit portion is one of the main and important sections of the project. It mainly
consists of all the circuits which are processing the instructions that are received from
sensor and input sections. After processing the instructions, this section sends the
instructions to the output section which then produce the respective output. The circuits
2. Sensor circuit
The sensor section includes the health monitoring sensors. This provides body
temperature and pulse rate status to circuit section. It consists of the following
components.
Further the report includes different portions related to the working of different
components used in our project, their working, functionalities in the circuit, techniques,
problems faced in making the project and the solution of their problems, software used
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
In this chapter overview of components used in the project is explained briefly. And we
briefly discussed general characteristics of these components. Following are the main
Microcontroller (PIC18F452)
Crystal Oscillator
GPS (SKM53)
Key pad
Resistors
LCD
Battery
2.1 MICROCONTROLLER
9
10
with the program coded within its program memory. The key use of those single-chip
Fig. 2.1.1.
microcontrollers created by microchip. The aim of this section is to gather the knowledge
concerning heartbeat of the soldier, temperature of body and placement of the soldier in
every minute. Then it sends this info to the main unit [6].
In our project, we are using PIC18F452 microcontroller. Its pin out diagram is shown in
Fig. 2.1.1.1.
2.1.2 Specifications
PORTS Three 8bit ports, one 7bit port and one 3bit port
Interrupts 18
CCP Modules 2
PIC18F452 has a total of 40 pins (in PDIP package, 44 in QFN package). In these 34 pins
are used for peripheral interfacing and other pins are used for the necessary circuitry
needed for the working of controller. The I/O pins are divided into 5 different ports (Port
A-E). Also 8 channel ADC of 10bit resolution and 18 interrupt sources are the advantage
levels is there.
2.1.3 Features
Its many instructions are single cycle execution sometimes 4 clock cycles, and
with single delay cycles upon branches and skips.
It has properly minor quantity of addressable data space (normally 256 bytes),
stretched through banking.
The program counter is also planned into data space and writable (and this is used to
Port A is a 7 bit wide bidirectional port. This port is also used for analog inputs.
The corresponding Data Direction register is TRISA. The RA4 pin is multiplexed
with the Timer0 module clock input to become the RA4/T0CKI pin. The other
15
PORTA pins are multiplexed with analog inputs and the analog VREF+ and
VREF- inputs. The operation of each pin is selected by clearing/setting the control
bits in the ADCON1 register (A/D Control Register1). On a Power-on Reset, RA5
and RA3:RA0 are configured as analog inputs and read as 0. RA6 and RA4 are
register is RISB. Each of the PORTB pins has a weak internal pull-up. A single
control bit can turn on all the pull-ups. This is performed by clearing bit RBPU
(INTCON2<7>). The weak pull-up is automatically turned off when the port pin
peripherals override the TRIS bit to make a pin an output, while other peripherals
override the TRIS bit to make a pin an input. The TRIS register is not loaded with
pin override value. This permits read-modify-write of the TRIS register, deprived
register is TRISD. PORTD is an 8-bit port with Schmitt Trigger input buffers.
control bit PSPMODE (TRISE<4>). In this mode, the input buffers are TTL. On a
selected as an analog input, these pins will read as '0's. TRISE controls the
direction of the RE pins, even when they are being used as analog inputs.
2.1.9 ADC
The PIC18F452 devices have eight Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converter inputs. The ADC
permits transformation of analog input signal to an equivalent 10-bit digital number. The
A/D module has four registers. These registers are shown in Table 2.1.9.1.
2.1.10 Interrupt
The PIC18F452 devices have 18 interrupt and it includes an interrupt priority feature,
which permits separately interrupt to be allocated a high priority level or a low priority
level. The high priority interrupt vector is located at 000008h and the low priority
interrupt vector is located at 000018h. High priority interrupt proceedings will override
17
any low priority interrupts that might be in process. To control interrupt operation, ten
Each interrupt source, except INT0, has three bits to control its operation. The functions
Enable bit that allows program execution to branch to the interrupt vector address
when the flag bit is set
2.1.11 USART
of the two serial I/O modules. USART is also known as a (Serial Communications
Interface) or SCI. This module has a built-in generator baud rate period is determined by
the value in the register SPBRG. In asynchronous mode, you can select the high-speed
18
mode bit BRGH register TXSTA, which also affect the exchange rate. This bit
There are three interrupt "transfer completed", "transmitter data register empty"
Baud rate generator can operate in one of two modes: high-speed (BRGH = 1) and low-
speed (BRGH = 0). Depending on the mode register value SPBRG calculated by different
formulas. The rate of exchange is calculated depending on the clock frequency of the
microcontroller.
In PIC18F452 only one USART module is present. If need user can define software
USART.
There are several ways to apply the clock frequency to the microcontroller. The
ATmega168 has to do a lot of options (all AVR microcontrollers have very similar
settings, which may be only slightly different for different types of AVR). Here is a brief
the chain RC). This version of the generator is used for very cheap application. The
selection of the nominal value of the resistor and capacitor is chosen speed capacitor
recharge cycles (time constant RC-chain), which determines the frequency of the
oscillator obtained.
generator). This is the standard type of reception clock is used more often. Connect the
quartz resonator (it for the sake of brevity referred to as 'quartz') to the two terminals of
the generator, and the code will run with the frequency of the quartz resonator.
4. External Resonator (external ceramic resonator). Same as option with a crystal, but
here is used a cheaper type of resonator, which has less frequency tolerance.
5. External Clock (an external clock). In this embodiment, the clock frequency is supplied
generated by other microcontroller). This option is useful when you need to run multiple
External Oscillator (external crystal or a quartz) is the most commonly used type of
generator. The Fig. 2.2.1.1 shows a standard quartz crystal in a truncated body HC49/US.
Crystals are available in different buildings, and are at different frequencies. The most
common frequency of 20, 16, 15, 12, 10, 4 MHz. Also, there are frequencies such as
14.7456 MHz, 9,216 MHz and 32.768 kHz - these frequencies are used because they are
tied to the standard data exchange rate, or intended for the precise reference certain time
periods.
21
1. Crystals bit expensive ceramic resonators: $ 0.25 compared to $ 0.10 for the resonator.
2. It is difficult to make truly compact quartz (harder than the resonator) so that for
placement quartz require more area on the circuit board. Miniature quartz quite
expensive.
3. Crystals require external load capacitors, which helps launch the generation. Without
these capacitors quartz may not work (although usually works fine). Load capacitors are
inexpensive, but for them also need additional space on the printed circuit board.
2.2.3 Working
In our project, we are using crystal oscillator of 12 MHz. The pin connection is shown in
Fig. 2.2.3.1.
22
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is radio location using navigation satellites. These
systems provide round the clock information on the three-dimensional position, velocity
and time for users with the appropriate equipment and are at or near the earth's surface
(and sometimes outside it). The first system GPS, widely available to civil users, has
well as the system of driving wireless communication devices, which are designed for
the car, the driver provides a personalized and promotional information, receive
messages, and use the specific local conditions of travel information and services
environmental, navigational applications for tracing and monitoring. The GPS consists of
The GPS is applicable and can be used in the tracking of people in a suitable embedded
system. It seems possible because GPS has no effect of weather, works around the globe
without operation dues and payment 24 hours a day. The most important is that the GPS
2.3.3 SKM 53
The SkyNav SKM53 Series with embedded antenna GPS maintenances highly accurate
direction finding in the many severe uses and solid fix even when Global Positioning
Media Tek 3329 single-chip architecture. It has the tracking sensitivity of 165dBm
ranges positioning coverage into place like urban gaps and dark undergrowth
environment where the Global Positioning System was not possible before. Its design
24
based on 6-pin UART connector that is the informal and suitable key to be embedded in a
portable device and receiver like Portable navigation system, GPS mouse, personal
locator, camera used for speed detection and vehicle locator [9].
2.3.3.2 Applications
Timing application.
2.3.3.3 Features
Parameter Specification
GPS receiver
Receiver Type L1 frequency band, C/A code, 22 Tracking / 66
Acquisition-Channel
Sensitivity Tracking -165dBm
Acquisition -148dBm
Accuracy Position 3.0m CEP without SA
Velocity 0.1m/s without SA
Timing (PPS) 60ns RMS
Acquisition Time Cold Start 36s
Warm Start 33s
Hot Start 1s
Re-Acquisition <1s
Power Consumption Tracking <35mA @3.3V
Acquisition 45mA @3.3V
Sleep/Standby TBD
Navigation Data Update Rate 1Hz
Operational Limits Altitude Max 18,000m
Velocity Max 515m/s
Acceleration Less than 4g
Antenna Specifications
Outline Dimension 18.2 x 18.2 x 4.0 mm
Center Frequency 1575 3 MHz
Bandwidth 10 MHz min
Impedance 50
Axial Ratio 3 dB max
Polarization RHCP
Mechanical requirements
Dimension 30mm x20mm x 8.5mm
26
Weight 15g
Power consumption
VCC 5V 5%
Current 50mA(typical)
Environment
Operating temperature 40~+85(w/o backup battery)
Storage temperature 40 ~ +125
Humidity 95%
SKM53 series require regulated power. The regulated power contain voltage Vcc of 5V
The baud rate of modules is set up 9600bps by default. The pins RXD0 & TXD0
suggested to pull up resistor 10 kilo ohm. It helps in increasing the constancy of serial
data.
The National Marine Electronics Association protocol is based on ASCII protocol, its
format starts with the $ sign. GPS messages start with $GPxxx, in which xxx is a three-
letter identifier of data of messages. The finding of corrupted data transfers is allowed by
NMEA messages which contain checksum. The SkyNav SKM53 module supports
number of NMEA-0183 messages but here we are using GGA and default baud rate of
9600bps.
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) originally from special mobile Group,
is the most general standard for mobile telephony systems in the world. Everywhere it
subscribers to use their phones in everywhere in the world. Global System for Mobile
Communication differs from its prototype in that both signaling and speech channels are
digital technologies. So GSM is 2nd generation (2G) mobile phone system, which
29
applications in the system. It was everywhere in the implementation of the GSM standard
feature for both customers, who may take advantage from the skill to travel and change
carriers without changing phones, and network operatives as well. GSM also initiated a
application of the Short Message Service (SMS), also called text messaging whose cost is
GSM networks operate in very different carrier frequency bands. Mostly 2nd Generation
GSM systems operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Where already been assigned
to these bands, it was used 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands instead. In occasional
circumstances it is set ranges of 400 and 450 MHz in few countries because in the past it
was used for First Generation systems. Mostly 3G networks in Europe function in the
frequency range of 2100 MHz. One of the main features of GSM is the Subscriber
Identity Module, called as the SIM card. And SIM is a separate smart card that contain
the information related to the user subscription and the phonebook. In this way user keep
the information even after the switching of phones. Instead, if user wants to change
operators the user should change the SIM without changing the holding device.
works on GSM 850MHz, EGSM 900MHz, DCS 1800MHz and PCS 1900MHz
It has a tiny shape of 33mm *33mm * 3mm, can come across exactly all the place that is
required by any application, such as Mobile 2 Mobile, smart phone, PDA, FWP, and
other mobile device. GSM Module used in our project is shown in Fig. 2.4.1.1.
A 48-pin SMT pad for physical interface to the mobile application is available, which
provides all hardware interfaces between the customers boards and module. The 48 pins
Debug port and Serial port are used to advance applications easily.
2 Audio channels which includes two microphone inputs and two speakers
outputs. This can be configured simply by using AT command.
The SIM900D antenna makes available radio frequency interfaces. And client's antenna
should be positioned on the main board of the client and link to the antenna pad unit
through micro ribbon line or other type radio frequency traces whose impedance must be
precise in 50. SIM900D has been considered with energy saving technology so low as
applications and also for customers to use Transmission control protocol / Internet
protocol easily.
Feature Implementation
2.4.4 AT Commands:
For sending SMS modem should be in SMS text mode. For this use following command,
AT + CMGF=1 <Enter>
The Easy Pulse is made for projects of hobby based and curriculum utilities to explain the
order to identify cardio-vascular beat surge from skin. Infrared LED use to light up the
finger, and on the other side a light detector positioned to identify even the minor changes
in the intensity of pass on light. The changes to the photo sensor signal are associated to
variation in bulk of blood intimate the finger. To get a fine and spotless PPG waveform
the signal is amplified and filtered, which is same as the pulse rate. Easy pulse actual
version uses the reflective photo sensor TCRT1000 to detect the changes in the blood in
finger skin and output as digital pulse matching with the heart rate. Easy Pulse Version
1.1 has some modified form then the already creative. This model gives of both analog
34
[12].
pleasant technique to measure the blood volume variation in skin using an optical basis
and a sensor. Since the variation in the volume of blood coexists the pulse rate so by
using such a technique pulse rate is measured. Two basic types of photoplethysmography
are transmittance and reflectance. In the transmittance PPG, an optical basis is radiated in
the skin. Photo indicator is located to the adjacent of the finger for quantifying the
following light. Since the depth of the access is limited due to light into tissues of organ,
the transfer PPG has limited application for limited body part, like finger. In Easy Pulse
Version 1.1 used an extra strong sensor (HRM-2155E) that works in mode of
Kyoto Electronic Co., China manufacturer of HRM-2511E and works in the mode of
transmission. In mode of transmission a light that is radiated to skin and a sensor of light
sited to the opposite of the skin measures the light fallen on light sensor.
The sensor is made up of flexible silicone rubber matter that keeps it grip firmly the
finger. In the sensor casing, an Infrared Light Emitting Diode and a light detector that are
located on 2 different sides, in front of each other. The tip of finger is placed in the HRM-
2511E, and brightened by infrared light that is emitted by the LED. The light sensor
diode accepts the light that is passed in the skin on opposite side. Intensity of transmitted
light depends on the volume of blood in the tissue. Thus, the transferred light strength
changes due to the pulse of the blood according to heart beat. A graph of change against
The 2 highest values noted in signal are named Systolic and Diastolic peaks that are
delivering valued info about the cardio-vascular. The duration among 2 successive
signal.
The circuit shown in figure below illustrates the ON/OFF control system to IR light
source in HRM-2511E. Keep in mind signal that is enabling must be towed high for
37
turning the IR LED ON. The output of photodetector that is containing the signal of PPG
The signal of PPG from the photo sensor is feeble and distorted. To improve and clear the
signal we need filter and amplifier circuits. In Stage I, firstly the signal filtered through a
passive (RC) high-pass filter (HPF) in order to oppose the DC part of PPG signal. The
high pass filter contains 0.5 HZ cut-off frequency that is adjusted by the values of resistor
whose value is (68K) and Capacitor whose value is (4.7uF). The output signal from the
high pass filter passes to an operational amplifier which is active low-pass filter. The
operational amplifier works as non-inverting amplifier and contains the gain adjusted to
48 as well as cut-off frequency adjusted to 3.4Hz. At the output for attaining a full swipe
of the signal of PPG, negative input of Op-amp knotted with a 2V reference voltage. This
reference voltage produced by the use of a zener diode. Potentiometer (P1) at the output
is doing the control of gain. Output signal from active LPF sends to circuit of Stage II
that is actually a duplication of the circuit of Stage I. The P1 is used to control the
amplitude of PPG signal entering to second stage. The model of Op-amp used is
38
MCP6004 from manufactured by Microchip, which have four amplifiers on single chip
The 2nd stage also contains High Pass Filter and Low Pass Filter circuits just like stage 1.
The 2 times amplifying and filtering signal is now passed to a 3rd Op-amp, designed as a
buffer having unity gain and work in non-inverting operation. The signal coming from
3rd Op-amp delivers necessary signal of analog PPG. For understanding amplitude of
The 4th Operational Amplifier intimate the MCP6004 device can be used for comparing
of voltage. The analog signal is applied at positive terminal and a reference voltage (VR)
can be adjusted to any value between 0 and Vcc. Whenever PPG pulse wave crosses the
starting point of reference voltage (VR), high output is given by the comparator.
Therefore, such type of apparatus offers a digital output pulse identical to heart rate.
Reference voltage is used to measure the width of the pulse. Light emitting diode (LED)
This portion, we carry on conversation of Easy Pulse V1.1 and examine the signals
The sensor HRM-2511E can be fitted to each of the five finger tips, but it is observed that
the sensor performs with high accuracy by using it on middle finger. The cover of elastic
40
silicone rubber helps the user to place the sensor on the finger. The Fig. 2.5.5.1 teaches a
The sensor HRM-2511E has been switched in the socket J2, a wire locating among Vcc
and Enable pins of J1 in order to power on the Infrared Light Source. A DC supply of 5V
is given to the first two pins and last pin. In start, both variable resistors have fixed value
at the center. Sensor is worn onto the finger. Though the pins of J1 header give final
output of signal, a possibility for examine to signal at a number of steps through TP1 and
TP2 test pads. TP1 attaches to the VSENSOR signal pin, while TP2 attaches with output
from the amplifier of Stage I. Apply channels of oscilloscope to J1 4th pin, and J1 5th pin
Raw signal of PPG at TP1 approaching from the light sensor output (VSENSOR). Signal
Signal of PPG at TP2 arrived from output of Stage I. The amplified signal swipes at the
Digital pulse train proportional to heart beats is witnessed at pin DO. The width of pulse
2.5.6 Working
We have connected Easy pulse with pin 3 (ADC2) of microcontroller. And sensor is
placed on the finger of soldier. The sensor gives input to microcontroller, after processing
microcontroller display the soldiers pulse rate on LCD of soldier unit and send date in
The LM35 series are accurately combined circuit that works as a temperature sensor,
is most use full than any other temperature sensor because the user does not need to
remove any constant value of voltage from output voltage to obtain the appropriate
centigrade values.
The temperature sensor LM35 has low output impedance, linearly generated output, and
accurate essential standardization that make possible for interfacing to information and
control circuitry particularly very easily. LM35 operates easily on single supplies of
power and some time may require any plus minus supplies. The LM35 has series that is
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existing in form of bundled hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, whereas the LM35C,
2.6.1 Features
2.6.2 Working
We have connected LM35 with pin 2 (ADC1) of microcontroller. And LM35 sensor is
placed with the body of soldier. The sensor gives input to microcontroller, after
processing microcontroller display body temperature on LCD of soldier unit and send
In our project, we have used key pad with five buttons. Basically, our purpose was to
send secret codes to base unit from soldier unit. The figure of key pad used in project is
We can see five buttons. The detailed description of buttons in keypad is shown in Table
2.7.1.
Pull-up resistors are simple resistors but have specific purpose used in circuits to ensure a
discrete logical level at a pin during all situations. Keep in mind, there are three logic
states for digital circuits: high, low and floating. The floating state happens when the pin
is not switched to a high or low state, but is gone floating. A best example of this state
is an open input pin of a microcontroller. It is neither in low state nor high, and a
microcontroller can arbitrarily deduce the value of input as either a high or low. Pull-up
resistors are used to resolve the disturbance for the microcontroller by drawing the level
of state to a logical high. If pull-up resistor is not used, the MCUs input will be changing
when switch attached to the pin is open and carried down only while switch is closed.
2.8 RESISTORS
A resistor (resistance) is a passive circuit element, which are used more often than any
other electronic elements. They also provide the offset mode transistors in the amplifier
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stages, allow you to control and adjust the values of currents and voltages in electrical
The roles that can be perform by resistor in the circuit are the following,
LM7805 is having three legs 1A Voltage Regulator. The features like interior current
controlling, harmless working zone protection and shut down due to heating, make it
fundamentally durable. If suitable heat reducing is delivered, they can carry output
current over 1A. Though designed mainly as fixed value of voltage, these regulators can
are used with peripheral components to get variable value of voltages as well as of
currents [8].
2.9.1 Features
2.10 CD MODULE
Liquid crystal display (LCD) is the device, which shows output in graphical form.
In our project, we used LCD module. Its figure, features and electrical characteristics are
2.10.2 Features
Features
Display Construction 20 characters * 4 lines
Display mode STN (Super-twisted nematic)
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The power supply is the most important part of every electronic device or circuit. To
work all components in proper way a perfect power supply is desirable. The supply must
be proficient of supplying the essential power for every component in circuit. The
A lithium-ion battery is a kind of battery which contains ions of lithium and can be
recharged. It has two electrodes positive and negative. When battery is charging lithium
ions moves from positive electrode to negative electrode and back when discharging.
metallic lithium can be used for lithium batteries which are not rechargeable. Ions can
move due to presence of electrolyte. The electrodes are basic components of lithium ion
cell [5].
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2.11.2 Working
Here, we are using batteries series and parallel combination of 16 batteries, obtaining 7.4
volts and 8000 mA approximately. And for the working of controller, Heart Beat Sensor,
Temperature sensor, LCD, a 5V constant power supply is needed. So, voltage is regulated
to 5 volts using LM7805. Since the regulator used for regulation of the power supply
have built in over voltage cut-off circuitry with using voltage regulator, which makes the
In this chapter the designing of project is discussed. In this chapter we basically describe
how different components work together to complete the objective. Project contains
sensors which are Easy pulse v1.1 (Heartbeat Sensor) to measure heartbeat and LM35 to
measure the body temperature of the soldiers body. We use SIM900D GSM for
communication between base unit and soldier unit. GPS model SKM53 is used for
tracking purpose.
In this diagram the logical diagram showing the different sections and main components
in form of blocks. The block diagram consists of two parts. The soldier unit is shown in
figure 3.1.1.
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The above figures show the complete working block diagram of our project. It consists of
two main units, a soldier unit and base unit. A soldier unit consists of a microcontroller
(PIC18F452), heart beat sensor (Easy Pulse v1.1), temperature sensor (LM35), GPS
receiver (SKM53), GSM Module (SIM900D), a Keypad, LCD and a Power bank. Base
unit includes a Cell Phone working as GSM connected with PC, which shows data
consisting messages as threads on Moborobo android pc suit and save messages as well
in .xls format.
There are many other technologies to keep tracking, and there is no reason to surprise that
3.2.1 RFID
range in meters or less than 1 meter (3 feet -)) to interrogate the RFID tags. There are
transmitters in any place that labels are for questioning, such as near doors in portable
scanners and conveyor belts and other labels contain tiny microchips receiving a signal
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transmitter and responding with code identity. So is the use of RFID for internal use and
3.2.2 GPS
GPS is a very different beast from RFID. While it also uses radio waves to transmit data,
specialized scanner here to earth. The radios waves are sent from this system of satellites
transmit their time and orbital data to receivers on Earth. Using data from several
satellites, receivers can then triangular their position relative to the satellites and then the
Earth's surface.
3.2.3.1 RFID
RFID technology is mainly used to control arrivals or departure of people at work (clock
in or out), to detect if unauthorized items are leaving some premises (like at the Walmart
exits) etc.
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3.2.3.2 GPS
GPS (Global Positioning System) is technology used to locate just about anything around
the globe that carries a GPS module. GPS is then best suited for tracking purpose
Our project is basically for military applications and solders have to move in the fields.
So, we use reliable sensors that produces approximately accurate outputs and easy to use.
The Easy Pulse sensor is made for hobby purpose and curriculum utilities to explain the
for identifying cardio-vascular beat wave from skin. Infrared LED use to light up the
finger, and on the other side a light detector positioned to measure the small changes in
The LM35 are Precision integrated circuit temperature sensor whose output voltage is
linearly proportional to oC. The LM35 thus has an advantage their linear temperature
For communication system, we used GSM module (SIM900D) in our project. GSM
networks operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Where already been assigned to
these bands, it was used 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands instead. In occasional cases it is
set ranges of 400 and 450 MHz in some countries because it was previously used for
first-generation systems.
3.5 WORKING
The circuit diagram of a Real Time Tracking and Health Monitoring System for Soldier
is shown in Fig. 4.2.1 on p.71. The heart of this circuit is a Programmable interface
controller PIC 18F452. Other important components used in this circuit are LM35, Easy
Pulse v1.1, GSM module, GPS modem, keypad, LCD and some discrete components.
PIC 18F452 controls and co-ordinate the working of the circuit. It consists of 40 pins. It
is equipped with the necessary circuits such as power supply, clock and reset circuits for
its efficient operation. Two 22pF capacitors are connected to it for avoiding the damping
of the clock signal. Quartz crystal is connected to pin 13 and 14 of the microcontroller.
The power supply used in this circuit is a 5V dc source, positive terminal is connected to
the pin 11 & 32 and ground terminal is connected to the pin 12 and 31. Resistor is
connected to VCC and pin 1 MCLR of the microcontroller. When the switch is power
offed, the system terminates all the activities; microcontroller will start program
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execution from the beginning. PIC works according to the program written on to it. The
The function of the PIC18F452 in our project is to collect information from body
temperature sensor LM35, easy pulse v1.1, GPS modem and sent this information to the
The LM35 is a temperature sensor that senses the temperature and converts it into typical
microcontroller which converts the analog value in its input to a digital value ranging
from 0 to 255. It is connected to the port1 (port A) of PIC, i.e. to the 3rd pin. Temperature
sensor measure the atmospheric temperature. This helps to know the temperature
variation by weather changes, bomb blasts etc. And this information is transmitted to PIC
Heart beat sensor used in this project is Easy Pulse v1.1. A complete heart rate measuring
brightness is radiated towards the skin and sensor is sited on the other side of the skin to
compute the light fallen on light sensor. The sensor is made up of flexible Silicone rubber
matter that keeps the sensor hold firmly the finger. In the sensor casing, an IR LED and a
light detector are located on two opposite sides and are in front of each other. When a
fingertip is placed into the sensor, it is brightened by the Infrared light emitted from the
LED. The light sensor diode accepts the light passed through the skin on other side.
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Intensity of transmitted light depends on the blood volume in the tissue. Thus, the
transmitted light strength changes with the pulse of the blood with heart beat. A graph for
PPG signal contains a huge DC component that is recognized to overall blood volume of
the inspected skin, and AC component is identical to heart beat. An AC component that
brings vigorous info as well as the pulse rate is too much lesser in scale than the DC
component. This AC component is amplified and filtered and the AC signal is converted
to a strong pulse train. This output pulse train from Sensor is sent to microcontroller on
This help to know about the physical status of the soldier. Decreasing in heart beat may
be of the injury by a gunshot, bomb blast or any other causes. It also helps to know the
soldier is alive or dead during the time of mission. Heart beat sensor is connected to 3rd
pin of PIC18f452. The GPS unit calculates the position of the soldiers and then sent the
microcontroller. The GPS unit used is SKM53, the TX pin of GPS is connected to the Rx
pin PIC.
Finally, at base station, the text message containing calculated data is received on base
station using GSM. This is then displayed on pc or laptop using android pc suit
Moborobo. This data can also be save in Microsoft excel and priority coloring of
messages based on heart beat value can be perform using macro in Microsoft excel.
CHAPTER 4
In this chapter the circuit and hardware and software design of the project is explained
with different sections. We tried to design the hardware in such a way so that the soldier
could use this package easily. All the hardware is enclosed in small bag that soldier can
easily carry with him. Sensors are placed on body parts where they can give a better
performance. The project has a weight less than 1kg so it can be easily carried by a
soldier. We designed a better software design to get the better performance and focus on
The physical diagram in Fig. 4.1.1 shows the working of our project
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5
On finger
On arm
In the bag
The whole circuit is enclosed in a box and box is to be placed in bag, which will be on
Main circuit
GPS Module
GSM Module
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LCD
The box in the bag also contains battery to power up the circuit.
4.1.2 On arm
4.1.3 On finger
The PCB is designed in Eagle 2.4. In making PCB design, we have tried our best to make
PCB as much small as possible having in mind that soldering will be done manually.
After some time GPS gets activated and shows the current location of soldier on
LCD.
Healthy parameters, heart beat and body temperature value is calculated and
shows on LCD.
At the same time these values are sending to base station using GSM.
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When soldier press the enable button of key pad to send secret code, this step
becomes on first priority and secret message is sent to base station using rest of
buttons.
When the SMS is received on base station, it is displayed on Mobile phone there
or PC attached with Mobile Phone. And if it is not received, the process go back
again to microprocessor.
The program for this project is written in MikroC using MikroC for PIC softawre and is
4.5.1 Simulation
we have used potentiometers as temperature sensor and heart beat sensor. The simulation
To perform this we have written code in mikroC for PIC software and proteus is used for
simulation results. Finally, GSM send data in form of SMS to base station as shown in
Fig. 4.5.1.2. Message contains longitude, latitude, temperature and pulse rate of soldier.
Soldier can send four types of messages from soldier unit own by him.
Myproject.c
Myproject.hex
RESULTS
The final results of project are described here. However the main focus is on base station
results that how these results are used to the health status and location of the soldier as
well.
as GSM and connected with laptop via data cable. Moborobo for android is used to
display results on laptop. There is an option to export all messages record in laptop in .xls
Green play button is to enable colors and blue undo button is to clear coloring.
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5.2 ACCURACY
Increasing accuracy in this project is done by using much accurate modules like easy
5.3 SAFETY
To ensure that there were no electrical hazards, all the wires were taped together
The components and batteries were enclosed in the box to be placed in a bag, to
ensure the safety of both the user and the circuit boards.
There were holes made aside case and bag to ensure air moment through the
5.4 USABILITY
The projects main objective was to design the system to present our army a model for
the preparation of future soldiers concept. The presented system can also use practically.
The system contains 16 Li-ion batteries to provide long lasting backup. The system will
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show status on LCD and send data to base station as well according to a specific program
which is coded and installed in the PIC microcontroller. This was created as a structure
that m useable without special type of training before one could start using it.
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS
The design was way more effective than we originally thought off at the start of our
won't claim that our circuit had 100% efficiency, as it did show some variance that we
minimized to some extent. The good thing, we noted that there is a lot of possibility to
make enhancements in this project. Our system is for one soldier. The communication
between soldiers to soldier can be established. This system gives strength to the defense
system of our country. So, we can accomplish that these types of strategies are very
The design was way more effective than we originally thought off at the start of our
project. Initially our plan was to design a soldier unit that could be placed on wrist of the
soldier but we couldnt do this because of soldering performed by hand, large battery (16
batteries) and a LCD. But still we have created a reasonable unit which can be placed in a
bag on back of soldier. We have still got some recommendation that we wanted to
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6
We tried some ethics in designing and implementation of the project. We won't claim that
our circuit had 100% efficiency, as it did show some variance that we minimized to some
extent. All the circuit components have been bought by us on cash payments, and we
aren't indebted for any kind of monetary matters. We have credited everyone with
reference as to where we had used the circuit from. At all times we had been helpful to
other groups as well, especially in relation to the programming and circuit debugging. We
did this because helping our fellows enables us to learn from their designs as well, and
The good thing, we noted that there is a lot of possibility to make enhancements in this
project. Our system is for one soldier. The communication between soldier to soldier can
be established. The betterment of base station unit can also be done by making proper
GUI at base station PC and officials at base station can also send feedback or any order to
By the use of this system, we can condense casualties of battle. It assists to give critical
informations and cautions to soldiers so that they can survive for long and aim of war or
secret operation can be obtained. This system gives strength to the defense system of
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country. So, we can accomplish that these types of strategies are very supportive for
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. First and foremost thing that we would recommend for improvement of design would
5. A system should be made with the combination of RFID s and GPS so that same
6. A low weight battery should be used so that burden on soldier can be reduced.
7. The system should be made that can also get instructions from base unit.
We couldn't use these recommendations in our project because of low budget and even
lesser time. As you can see in the budget analysis above, the prices can be nearly halved
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1. Although PIC18F452 is perfect for this device, but for future enhancements Ardiuno
or higher versions of PIC should be use to increase the stack memory for program.
[1] Shruti Nikam, Supriya Patil, Prajkta Powar, V.S.Bendre-GPS Based Soldier
Tracking and Health Indication System, International Journal of Advanced Research in
Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol. 2, Issue 3, March 2013.
[2] M.V.N.R. Pavan Kumar,Ghadge Rasika Vijay ,Patil Vidya Adhikrao,Bobade Sonali
Vijaykumar-Health Monitoring and Tracking of Soldier Using GPS, International
Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.2, No.4, April 2014 E- ISSN: 2321-9637.
[4] Hock Beinge Limn A Soldier Health Monitoring System for Military Applications
2010 International Conference on Body Sensor Networks (BSN).
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