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Real Time Tracking and Health Monitoring


System of Soldier

Thesis July 2015


DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2570.6728

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REAL TIME TRACKING AND HEALTH MONTORING SYSTEM OF SOLDIER

Thesis submitted by

Shan ul Haq 2K11-ELE-172


Ghulam Mohayuddeen 2K11-ELE-136
Muhammad Shahzad 2K11-ELE-137
Mehboob Saleh 2K11-ELE-147

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

B.Sc Electrical Engineering (Specialization in Computer Systems Engineering)

July, 2015

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

NFC INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, MULTAN PAKISTAN


DEDICATIONS

We dedicate this project to all those humble human beings who have aided us in any way
to become what we are today, whose sacrifices seeded us success, especially our parents
who felt our pain beyond us and showered with never ending prayers and support.

We deem them as a divine source of inspiration.

ii
NFC INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, MULTAN

Real Time Tracking and Health Monitoring System of Soldier

This thesis, is presented by


Shan ul Haq 2K11-ELE-172
Ghulam Mohayuddeen 2K11-ELE-136
Muhammad Shahzad 2K11-ELE-137
Mehboob Saleh 2K11-ELE-147

under the direction of their supervisor, and approved by all the members of the
thesis committee, has been presented to and accepted by the NFC Institute of
Engineering & Technology, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the four year
degree of B.Sc Electrical Engineering (Specialization in Computer Systems
Engineering).

(Engr Zeeshan Raza) (Engr. Farah Akhter)

(Supervisor) (External Examiner)

(Dr. Kamran Liaqat Bhatti)


Associate Professor
Head, Department of Electrical
Engineering

Date:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all we are thankful to dear ALLAH ALMIGHTY, who guided us in every step
and it is because of His blessings that we gathered sufficient courage to complete our
project. And we would also like to thank Dr. Kamran Liaqat Bhatti, Engr Abid Hussain
Chohan and Shabir Ahmed for showing us the path of learning. He spread his valuable
time to guide us in the selection and implementation of knowledge to practical work. His
guidance is inevitable part of our successful project. Naturally, we would also like to
thank our family for giving us the gift of education. Finally, we would like to take
this opportunity to express our thanks and gratitude to all the persons who have directly
or indirectly availed us in guiding our project.

iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables viii
List of Figures ix
Abstract x

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General Overview 2
1.2 Literature Review 2
1.2.1 Wrist Watch for Climbers 3
1.2.2 Walkie-Talkies 3
1.2.3 Radio Collars with GPS Tracking 3
1.3 Basic Idea 4
1.4 Plan 5
1.5 Design 5
1.5.1 Input Section 6
1.5.2 Output Section 7
1.5.3 Sensor Section 7
1.5.4 Circuit Section 7
1.6 Report Overview 8
Chapter 2: HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 9
2.1 Microcontroller 9
2.1.1 PIC18F452 Microcontroller 10
2.1.2 Specifications 11
2.1.3 Features 11
2.1.4 High Performance RISC CPU 12
2.1.5 Peripheral Features 13
2.1.6 Special Microcontroller Features 13
2.1.7 Analog Features 14
2.1.8 I/O Ports 14
2.1.9 ADC 16
2.1.10 Interrupts 16
2.1.11 USART 17
2.2 Crystal Oscillator 19
2.2.1 External Oscillator 20
2.2.2 Disadvantages of Quartz 21
2.2.3 Working 21
2.3 Global Positioning System 22
2.3.1 Introduction to GPS 22
2.3.2 Application Areas 23

v
2.3.3 SKM 53 23
2.3.4 Hardware Interface Configuration 26
2.3.5 NMEA 0183 Protocols 27
2.4 Global System for Mobile Communication 28
2.4.1 SIM900D Overview 29
2.4.2 SIM900D Key Features 31
2.4.3 SIM900D Main Functions 32
2.4.4 AT Commands 33
2.5 Easy Pulse (v1.1) 33
2.5.1 Sensor Overview 33
2.5.2 Working Principle and Operation 34
2.5.3 Features of Easy Pulse v1.1 36
2.5.4 Circuit Diagram and Working of Circuit 36
2.5.5 Testing and Examination of Signal at different stages 39
2.5.6 Working 43
2.6 LM35 Sensor 43
2.6.1 Features 44
2.6.2 Working 44
2.7 Key Pad 45
2.7.1 Pull-up Resistors 46
2.8 Resistors 46
2.9 LM7805 Voltage Regulator 47
2.9.1 Features 47
2.10 LCD Module 48
2.10.1 JHD204A Series 48
2.10.2 Features 48
2.11 Power Supply 49
2.11.1 Lithium-ion Battery 49
2.11.2 Working 50

Chapter 3: HIGH LEVEL DESIGN 51


3.1 Logical Diagram 51
3.2 Using GPS instead of RFID 52
3.2.1 RFID 52
3.2.2 GPS 53
3.2.3 Fields of Applications 53
3.3 Choosing the Sensors 54
3.3.1 Easy Pulse v1.1 54
3.3.2 Temperature Sensor 54
3.4 Communication between Soldier and Base Station 55
3.5 Working 55

vi
Chapter 4: HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESIGN 58
4.1 Hardware Design 58
4.1.1 In Bag 59
4.1.2 On Arm 60
4.1.3 On Finger 60
4.2 Circuit Diagram 60
4.3 PCB Layout 61
4.4 Logical Structure 61
4.5 Software Design 62
4.5.1 Simulation 63
4.5.2 Source Codes 64
4.6 Project Diagram 64

Chapter 5: RESULTS 65
5.1 Base Station Results 65
5.2 Accuracy 66
5.3 Safety 66
5.4 Usability 66

Chapter 6: CONCLUSION 68
6.1 Design Analysis 68
6.2 Ethical Consideration 69
6.3 Future Enhancements 69
6.4 Final Consideration 69
6.5 Budget and Components List 70

Chapter 7: RECOMMENDATIONS 71
7.1 Hardware Design 71
7.2 Software Design 72

References 73

vii
LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1.2.1: Specifications 11


Table 2.1.5.1: Peripheral Features 13
Table 2.1.6.1: Special Microcontroller Features 13
Table 2.1.7.1: Analog features 14
Table 2.1.9.1: A/D module registers 16
Table 2.1.10.1: A/D module registers 17
Table 2.3.3.1: Features of GPS 24
Table 2.3.3.2: Performance Specification 25
Table 2.3.4.1: Pin Description 26
Table 2.3.5.1: NMEA-0183 Output Messages 27
Table 2.4.2.1: SIM900D Key Features 31
Table 2.7.1: Buttons description 45
Table 2.10.2.1: Features 48
Table 6.5.1: Cost Analysis 70

viii
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.3.1: Base Unit 4


Figure 1.3.2: Soldier Unit 5
Figure 1.5.1: Sections of Project 6
Figure 2.1.1: PIC18F452 Microcontroller 10
Figure 2.1.1.1: Pin out Diagram 10
Figure 2.1.11.1: Connection 18
Figure 2.2.1.1: External oscillator 21
Figure 2.2.3.1: Crystal oscillator 22
Figure 2.3.1.1: GPS segments 23
Figure 2.3.3.1: SKM53 Top View 24
Figure 2.3.4.1: SKM53 PIN Package SKM 26
Figure 2.4.1.1: SIM900D screenshot 30
Figure 2.5.1.1: Easy Pulse v1.1 34
Figure 2.5.2.1: Working Principle 35
Figure 2.5.2.2: PPG components shown not to scale 36
Figure 2.5.4.1: Circuit of pulse sensor HRM-2511E 37
Figure 2.5.4.2: Filtering and amplification Stage I 38
Figure 2.5.4.3: Instrumentation circuit Stage II 38
Figure 2.5.4.4: Digital pulse output circuit 39
Figure 2.5.5.1: Placement of HRM-2511E on the index finger 40
Figure 2.5.5.2: Output 1 41
Figure 2.5.5.3: Output 2 41
Figure 2.5.5.4: Output 3 42
Figure 2.5.5.5: Output 4 42
Figure 2.6.1: LM35 43
Figure 2.7.1: Key pad 45
Figure 2.8.1: Resistor 46
Figure 2.9.1: LM7805 47
Figure 2.10.1.1: LCD Module 48
Figure 2.11.1.1: Li-ion Battery 50
Figure 3.1.1: Soldier unit 51
Figure 3.1.2: Base unit 52
Figure 3.2.1.1: RFID 53
Figure 4.1.1: Project hardware and their working 58
Figure 4.1.2: Breakdown structure of the project 59
Figure 4.2.1: Complete Circuit Diagram 60
Figure 4.31: PCB Layout 61
Figure 4.5.1: Logical structure of working 62
Figure 4.5.1.1: Complete Simulation Diagram 63
Figure 4.5.1.2: GSM working in simulation 63
Figure 4.6.1: Complete Project Diagram 64
Figure 5.1.1: Coloring based on different values of heat beat in Microsoft excel 65
Figure 5.1.2: Button to differentiate using macro in Microsoft excel 66

ix
ABSTRACT

In present era, the threat of enemies plays an important role in security policies of any

state. In this prospective, the military soldiers plays an important and vital role. There are

several considerations concerning the security of those troopers. So for the security

purpose of troopers, a number of equipment or devices are attached with them to take the

look on their health status and their ammunitions. Health relating sensors like pulse rate

sensor, body temperature measuring sensor, transmission and processing capabilities, can

thus help to make low-cost wearable solutions for health monitoring. GPS used for

basically point the latitude and longitude to find exact location of soldier. GSM module

can be used for effective range of high-speed transmission that will be required to relay

information on situational awareness, tactical instructions, and covert surveillance related

data during special operations reconnaissance and other missions. So by using these

equipments we are trying to implement the basic life guarding system for soldier in low

cost and high reliability.

x
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

As we know, enemy warfare has an important impact regarding to security issue of any

state. The national security in the main relies on army (ground), navy (sea), air-force

(air). The vital and important role is done by the military soldier's. There are several

considerations concerning the security of those troopers. The soldiers of future guarantees

to be more advance technologically in every crucial situation like warfare or any secret

mission. In entire world, numerous analysis platforms presently being arranged, like the

United States Future Force warrior (FFW) and also the United Kingdoms Future

infantry Soldier Technology (FIST) and they have a plan of making totally modern fight

methodology. Helmet attached screens, accomplished of presenting maps and video from

alternative group associates, varieties of physiological sensors to observance health

parameters. These devices have capability to improve wakefulness according to situation,

not just for the soldier in battle field, however additionally for all the military personnel

at base station and they can interchange data via wireless communication. But the main

concern was that to create a light weight system, which can get desired results. One in all,

the basic challenge in military operations is that the troopers are not in the position to

interconnect with base station. Additionally, the accurate navigation between the soldiers

plays precious role for careful forecasting. The defense department of a country must be

effective for the security of that country, as well as soldiers also must be effective [1]. For

this we are introducing a Real time tracking and health monitoring system of soldier.

This system will be use full for soldiers, who involve in special operations or mission.

1
2

1.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW

This system enables GPS Tracking of these soldiers and also enables the telemedicine. It

is possible by M-Health. The M-Health can be well-defined as medical sensors and

communication technologies for health care.

In a Real Time Tracking and Health Monitoring System, smart sensors are attached with

the soldiers and other components like LCD, Batteries, GSM and PCB are enclosed in a

box, which will be in the bag of soldier. These are implanted with a personal server for

complete mobility. This personal server will provide connectivity to the server at the base

station using a wireless connection (GSM). A GPS Tracking system is also enclosed in

the box, which provides the tracking of the position of soldier. Each unit has a GSM

module, which enables the communication between both ends. Thereby, it is possible to

back up a soldier or assist a soldier and makes the mission accomplished. At any instant,

any soldier is in position of entering the enemy area, it's terribly important for the

military base station to understand the situation and the health standing of all troopers as

well. In our project we have planned towards a concept of tracing the soldier and also

monitor the health standing of the soldier throughout the war that allows the military

personnel to set up the war ways.

1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW:

Following methods are used [2]:

Wrist Watch for Climbers.


3

Walkie-Talkies.

Radio Collars with GPS Tracking.

1.2.1 Wrist Watch for Climbers:

The small amount of idea for the project was reserved from the wrist watch that climbers

use. Using this watch they can only get their location and surrounding temperature.

Disadvantage of these watches is that it gives information only to the mountaineer. They

had no health parameter measuring devices.

1.2.2 Walkie-Talkies:

Warriors carry walkie-talkies that are massive in weight. Therefore, we are making the

substitute system by the use of sensors, GPS and key pad which will monitor the soldier.

These walkie-talkies are basically Radio devices and work on a particular frequency.

Drawbacks of walkie-talkies are that these are required oral communication which can be

disturbed by the noise in battlefield it is very difficult to communicate. Sometimes soldier

cannot talk to the control room then there is no way to convey message but in our project

we are removing the needs of oral communication, control room can get automatic health

conditions of soldier and soldier can also send message using code without any voice.

Walkie-talkies needed large batteries which make it bulky.

1.2.3 Radio Collars with GPS Tracking:

Recently in countries like US and Australia, a number of the foreign students were forced

to own a Radio Collar strapped to their ankles, in order that their activities are caterpillar-
4

tracked by the officers. We have a tendency to use the same technology which can show

the soldiers up-to-date location on a map at the main station. The limitations of these

collars are that there is no communication with base station.

1.3 BASIC IDEA

This project has associate implementation of tracking the soldier and to navigate between

soldiers like obtaining their rapidity, distance, their health status throughout the fighting

that permits the military decision makers to set up the war strategies [1].

Fig. 1.3.1: Base Unit

Base unit acquires location of soldier with the help of GPS. The responsibility of base

station operators is to help the soldiers in choosing right path, if there is a threat of

missing of soldiers. The base unit will contact this standing of the soldier that is exhibited

on the computer.
5

Hence they can yield instant action by directing assistance for the soldier requested by

soldiers having soldier unit. By the use of number of biomedical sensors, health

constraints of soldiers are monitored, the location and placement of soldier is confined by

the use of GPS module.

Fig. 1.3.2: Soldier Unit

1.4 PLAN

Our plan was to introduce the cost effective and consistent project which can assist the

base unit, regarding the health and security of the soldiers, during war, special operations.

Moreover, soldier can send secret messages to base station for some kind of help.

1.5 DESIGN

In order to design our project, we used two units namely soldier and base unit. Soldier

unit contains a microcontroller (PIC18F452), heart beat sensor (Easy Pulse v1.1) is used

to calculate the pulse rate of soldier, temperature calculation sensor (LM35) used to
6

calculate the body hotness of the soldier, GPS receiver (SKM53) is used for tracking

purpose, a Keypad is used for secret code input, GSM Module (SIM900D) is used to send

all the input data to base station and LCD is used to display this data. A Power bank is

used to power the circuit. Base unit includes a Cell Phone working as GSM connected

with PC, which shows data consisting messages as threads on Moborobo android pc suit

and save messages as well in .xls format. By the use of this system, the soldier can send

feedback to his concerning base station. The project is mainly divided into four sections

as shown in Fig. 1.5.1.

1. Input section

2. Output section

3. Circuit section

4. Sensor section

Fig. 1.5.1: Sections of Project


7

1.5.1 Input section

The input section takes the input from soldier. It consists of the following components.

1. GPS (SKM53)

2. Key pad

1.5.2 Output section

The output section gives the output in form of display and to transmit data. This section

consists of following components.

1. LC
D

2. GSM (SIM900D)

1.5.3 Circuit section

The circuit portion is one of the main and important sections of the project. It mainly

consists of all the circuits which are processing the instructions that are received from

sensor and input sections. After processing the instructions, this section sends the

instructions to the output section which then produce the respective output. The circuits

which are involved in this section for processing are as follows.

1. Main controlling circuit

2. Sensor circuit

3. Power regulator circuit


8

1.5.4 Sensor section

The sensor section includes the health monitoring sensors. This provides body

temperature and pulse rate status to circuit section. It consists of the following

components.

1. Temperature sensor (LM35)

2. Heart beat sensor (easy pulse v1.1)

1.6 REPORT OVERVIEW

Further the report includes different portions related to the working of different

components used in our project, their working, functionalities in the circuit, techniques,

problems faced in making the project and the solution of their problems, software used

for different purposes (like programming, PCB designing, simulation), recommendations,

future improvements, prices, etc.


CHAPTER 2

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

In this chapter overview of components used in the project is explained briefly. And we

briefly discussed general characteristics of these components. Following are the main

components and their general description.

Microcontroller (PIC18F452)

Crystal Oscillator

GPS (SKM53)

GSM module (SIM900D)

Heart beat Sensor (Easy Pulse v1.1)

Temperature sensor (LM35)

LM7805 (5V regulator)

Key pad

Resistors

LCD

Battery

2.1 MICROCONTROLLER

Microcontrollers are amongst the key elements in an embedded system. The

microcontroller may be a little laptop on one microcircuit containing a processor,

programmable input/output peripherals and memory. Microcontrollers operate in step

9
10

with the program coded within its program memory. The key use of those single-chip

computers are in automatic responding instruments. The PIC microcontroller is shown in

Fig. 2.1.1.

Fig. 2.1.1: PIC18F452 Microcontroller

The PIC-Programmable Interface Controller may be a family of Harvard design

microcontrollers created by microchip. The aim of this section is to gather the knowledge

concerning heartbeat of the soldier, temperature of body and placement of the soldier in

every minute. Then it sends this info to the main unit [6].

2.1.1 PIC18F452 Microcontroller

In our project, we are using PIC18F452 microcontroller. Its pin out diagram is shown in

Fig. 2.1.1.1.

Fig. 2.1.1.1: Pin out Diagram


11

2.1.2 Specifications

The PIC specifications are shown in table 2.1.2.1.

Table 2.1.2.1 Specifications

Operating Voltage 2V-5.5V

Program Memory 32K

RAM 1536 bytes

PORTS Three 8bit ports, one 7bit port and one 3bit port

Interrupts 18

ADC 8 channel 10bit ADC

CCP Modules 2

Timers Two 8 bit timers, two 16bit timer

PIC18F452 has a total of 40 pins (in PDIP package, 44 in QFN package). In these 34 pins

are used for peripheral interfacing and other pins are used for the necessary circuitry

needed for the working of controller. The I/O pins are divided into 5 different ports (Port

A-E). Also 8 channel ADC of 10bit resolution and 18 interrupt sources are the advantage

of this controller. In 18 interrupt sources, 3 external interrupts with different priority

levels is there.

2.1.3 Features

It is categorized by the subsequent features:

It has separate data and code spaces (use Harvard architecture)


12

It has a limited amount of fixed length instructions.

Its many instructions are single cycle execution sometimes 4 clock cycles, and
with single delay cycles upon branches and skips.

It has single accumulator (W).

The RAM locations work as registers.

It has hardware stack to store return addresses.

It has properly minor quantity of addressable data space (normally 256 bytes),
stretched through banking.

It has data space mapped CPU, port, and peripheral registers.

The program counter is also planned into data space and writable (and this is used to

apply indirect jumps).

2.1.4 High-Performance RISC CPU

These are shown below.

Its programming is compatible with the microcontrollers PIC16 and PIC17.

Linear programmable memory addressing to 32 Kilo bytes.

It has16-bit wide instructions and 8-bit wide data path.

It contains priority levels for all interrupts.

It contains 8 x 8 Single Cycle Hardware Multiplier.


13

2.1.5 Peripheral Features

The peripheral features of PIC18F452 microcontroller are shown in Table 2.1.5.1.

Table 2.1.5.1: Peripheral Features

High Current sink/source 25 mA/25 mA


External interrupt pins 3
Timer0 module 8-bit/16-bit timer/counter with 8-bit
programmable prescaler
Timer1 module: 16-bit timer/counter
Timer2 module 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period
register (time-base for PWM)
Timer3 module 16-bit timer/counter
Secondary oscillator clock option Timer1/Timer3
Capture/Compare/PWM (CCP) modules. 2

2.1.6 Special Microcontroller Features

Table 2.1.6.1: Special Microcontroller Features

Erase/write cycle Enhanced FLASH 100,000


Program memory Typical
Erase/write cycle Data EEPROM 1,000,000
FLASH/Data EEPROM Retention: > 40 years
Self-reprogrammable under software control Yes
Power-on Reset (POR), Power-up Timer (PWRT) Yes
Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) Yes
Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own On-Chip RC Enable
14

Oscillator for reliable operation Yes


Programmable code protection Yes
Power saving SLEEP mode Enable
Selectable oscillator options including:
Phase Lock Loop (of primary oscillator) 4X
Secondary Oscillator 32 kHz clock input
In-Circuit Serial Programming Single supply 5V
(ICSP) via two pins
In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins

2.1.7 Analog features

Analog features of PIC18F452 microcontroller are shown in Table 2.1.7.1.

Table 2.1.7.1: Analog features

Compatible 10-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter Yes


Module (A/D) with:
Sampling rate Fast
Conversion during SLEEP Available
Linearity 1 LSb
Programmable Low Voltage Detection (PLVD) Yes
Supports interrupt on-Low Voltage Detection Yes
Programmable Brown-out Reset (BOR) Yes

2.1.8 I/O Ports

Port A is a 7 bit wide bidirectional port. This port is also used for analog inputs.

The corresponding Data Direction register is TRISA. The RA4 pin is multiplexed

with the Timer0 module clock input to become the RA4/T0CKI pin. The other
15

PORTA pins are multiplexed with analog inputs and the analog VREF+ and

VREF- inputs. The operation of each pin is selected by clearing/setting the control

bits in the ADCON1 register (A/D Control Register1). On a Power-on Reset, RA5

and RA3:RA0 are configured as analog inputs and read as 0. RA6 and RA4 are

configured as digital inputs.

PORTB is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding Data Direction

register is RISB. Each of the PORTB pins has a weak internal pull-up. A single

control bit can turn on all the pull-ups. This is performed by clearing bit RBPU

(INTCON2<7>). The weak pull-up is automatically turned off when the port pin

is configured as an output. The pull-ups are disabled on a Power-on Reset. On a

Power-on Reset, these pins are configured as digital inputs.

PORTC is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding Data Direction

register is TRISC. PORTC is multiplexed with several peripheral functions. Some

peripherals override the TRIS bit to make a pin an output, while other peripherals

override the TRIS bit to make a pin an input. The TRIS register is not loaded with

pin override value. This permits read-modify-write of the TRIS register, deprived

of concern due to peripheral overrides.

PORTD is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding Data Direction

register is TRISD. PORTD is an 8-bit port with Schmitt Trigger input buffers.

Each pin is individually configurable as an input or output. PORTD can be

configured as an 8-bit wide microprocessor port (parallel slave port) by setting


16

control bit PSPMODE (TRISE<4>). In this mode, the input buffers are TTL. On a

Power-on Reset, these pins are configured as analog inputs.

PORTE is a 3-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding Data Direction

register is TRISE. PORTE has three pins (RE0/RD/AN5, RE1/WR/AN6 and

RE2/CS/AN7) which are individually configurable as inputs or outputs. When

selected as an analog input, these pins will read as '0's. TRISE controls the

direction of the RE pins, even when they are being used as analog inputs.

2.1.9 ADC

The PIC18F452 devices have eight Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converter inputs. The ADC

permits transformation of analog input signal to an equivalent 10-bit digital number. The

A/D module has four registers. These registers are shown in Table 2.1.9.1.

Table 2.1.9.1 A/D module registers

ADRESH A/D Result High Register


ADRESL A/D Result Low Register
ADCON0 A/D Control Register 0
ADCON1 A/D Control Register 1

2.1.10 Interrupt

The PIC18F452 devices have 18 interrupt and it includes an interrupt priority feature,

which permits separately interrupt to be allocated a high priority level or a low priority

level. The high priority interrupt vector is located at 000008h and the low priority

interrupt vector is located at 000018h. High priority interrupt proceedings will override
17

any low priority interrupts that might be in process. To control interrupt operation, ten

registers are used. These are shown in Table 2.1.10.1.

Table 2.1.10.1 A/D module registers

Sr. No. Registers


1 RCON
2 INTCON, INTCON2, INTCON3
3 PIR1, PIR2
4 PIE1, PIE2
5 IPR1, IPR2

Each interrupt source, except INT0, has three bits to control its operation. The functions

of these bits are:

Flag bit to indicate that an interrupt event occurred

Enable bit that allows program execution to branch to the interrupt vector address
when the flag bit is set

Priority bit to select high priority or low priority

2.1.11 USART

The Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART) module is one

of the two serial I/O modules. USART is also known as a (Serial Communications

Interface) or SCI. This module has a built-in generator baud rate period is determined by

the value in the register SPBRG. In asynchronous mode, you can select the high-speed
18

mode bit BRGH register TXSTA, which also affect the exchange rate. This bit

determines what mode the generator exchange rate.

2.1.11.1 Legs connected with MC USART

1. RXD - PD0 - entrance _USART;

2. TXD - PD1 - output _USART;

2.1.11.2 Key features

Full-duplex serial exchange.

Synchronous and asynchronous modes.

Synchronization from both the master and the slave device.

The transmission speed can vary quite a large range.

Sending can be from 5 to 9, and discharges (UART 8- 9 digits).

Hardware support generation and control parity bit.

There are three interrupt "transfer completed", "transmitter data register empty"

"reception completed", as shown in Fig. 2.1.11.1.

Fig. 2.1.11.1: Connection


19

Baud rate generator can operate in one of two modes: high-speed (BRGH = 1) and low-

speed (BRGH = 0). Depending on the mode register value SPBRG calculated by different

formulas. The rate of exchange is calculated depending on the clock frequency of the

microcontroller.

In PIC18F452 only one USART module is present. If need user can define software

USART.

2.2 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

There are several ways to apply the clock frequency to the microcontroller. The

ATmega168 has to do a lot of options (all AVR microcontrollers have very similar

settings, which may be only slightly different for different types of AVR). Here is a brief

overview of different types of generators for the clock [3]:

1. External RC (external oscillator whose frequency is determined by the parameters of

the chain RC). This version of the generator is used for very cheap application. The

selection of the nominal value of the resistor and capacitor is chosen speed capacitor

recharge cycles (time constant RC-chain), which determines the frequency of the

oscillator obtained.

2. Internal RC (internal RC-oscillator integrated in a microcontroller). It is very

convenient type of generator cycles. It is available on most modern microcontrollers

AVR. The generator and the corresponding RC-chain located on-chip

AVR. Unfortunately such a generator is not very accurate.


20

3. External Oscillator (external crystal, which runs embedded in the microcontroller

generator). This is the standard type of reception clock is used more often. Connect the

quartz resonator (it for the sake of brevity referred to as 'quartz') to the two terminals of

the generator, and the code will run with the frequency of the quartz resonator.

4. External Resonator (external ceramic resonator). Same as option with a crystal, but

here is used a cheaper type of resonator, which has less frequency tolerance.

5. External Clock (an external clock). In this embodiment, the clock frequency is supplied

from an external generator (such as collected at logic elements, or the frequency

generated by other microcontroller). This option is useful when you need to run multiple

microcontrollers at the same frequency.

We will discuss External oscillator in detail.

2.2.1 External Oscillator:

External Oscillator (external crystal or a quartz) is the most commonly used type of

generator. The Fig. 2.2.1.1 shows a standard quartz crystal in a truncated body HC49/US.

Crystals are available in different buildings, and are at different frequencies. The most

common frequency of 20, 16, 15, 12, 10, 4 MHz. Also, there are frequencies such as

14.7456 MHz, 9,216 MHz and 32.768 kHz - these frequencies are used because they are

tied to the standard data exchange rate, or intended for the precise reference certain time

periods.
21

Fig. 2.2.1.1: External oscillator

2.2.2 Disadvantages of Quartz:

1. Crystals bit expensive ceramic resonators: $ 0.25 compared to $ 0.10 for the resonator.

2. It is difficult to make truly compact quartz (harder than the resonator) so that for

placement quartz require more area on the circuit board. Miniature quartz quite

expensive.

3. Crystals require external load capacitors, which helps launch the generation. Without

these capacitors quartz may not work (although usually works fine). Load capacitors are

inexpensive, but for them also need additional space on the printed circuit board.

2.2.3 Working

In our project, we are using crystal oscillator of 12 MHz. The pin connection is shown in

Fig. 2.2.3.1.
22

Fig. 2.2.3.1: crystal oscillator

2.3 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)


2.3.1 Introduction of GPS

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is radio location using navigation satellites. These

systems provide round the clock information on the three-dimensional position, velocity

and time for users with the appropriate equipment and are at or near the earth's surface

(and sometimes outside it). The first system GPS, widely available to civil users, has

become NAVSTAR, serviced by the Ministry of Defense.

Applications include portable guidance on the location, trajectory tracking of ships, as

well as the system of driving wireless communication devices, which are designed for

the car, the driver provides a personalized and promotional information, receive

messages, and use the specific local conditions of travel information and services

Security. GPS technology is used in a large number of applications, including maritime,

environmental, navigational applications for tracing and monitoring. The GPS consists of

three main parts as shown in Fig. 2.3.1.1.


23

Fig. 2.3.1.1: GPS segments

2.3.2 Application Areas:

The GPS is applicable and can be used in the tracking of people in a suitable embedded

system. It seems possible because GPS has no effect of weather, works around the globe

without operation dues and payment 24 hours a day. The most important is that the GPS

also used to define the position in 3 dimensions. So it is able to work accurately in

detection of location of user.

2.3.3 SKM 53

2.3.3.1 General Description

The SkyNav SKM53 Series with embedded antenna GPS maintenances highly accurate

direction finding in the many severe uses and solid fix even when Global Positioning

visibility environment is severe. It is centered on the highly accurate structures of the

Media Tek 3329 single-chip architecture. It has the tracking sensitivity of 165dBm

ranges positioning coverage into place like urban gaps and dark undergrowth

environment where the Global Positioning System was not possible before. Its design
24

based on 6-pin UART connector that is the informal and suitable key to be embedded in a

portable device and receiver like Portable navigation system, GPS mouse, personal

locator, camera used for speed detection and vehicle locator [9].

Fig 2.3.3.1: SKM53 Top View

2.3.3.2 Applications

Used in Location Based Service (LBS).

Used in Vehicle navigation system.

Used in Portable Navigation Device (PND).

Bluetooth GPS receiver and GPS mouse.

Timing application.

2.3.3.3 Features

Table 2.3.3.1 Features of GPS

Ultra high sensitivity -165dBm


Tracking/ acquisition-channel receiver 22 / 66
NMEA protocols default speed 9600bps
Internal back-up battery Yes
Serial port 1
Embedded patch antenna 18.2 x 18.2 x 4.0 mm
25

Temperature range -40 to 85


Tiny form factor 30mm x20mm x 8.5mm

2.3.3.4 Performance Specification

Table 2.3.3.2 Performance Specification

Parameter Specification
GPS receiver
Receiver Type L1 frequency band, C/A code, 22 Tracking / 66
Acquisition-Channel
Sensitivity Tracking -165dBm
Acquisition -148dBm
Accuracy Position 3.0m CEP without SA
Velocity 0.1m/s without SA
Timing (PPS) 60ns RMS
Acquisition Time Cold Start 36s
Warm Start 33s
Hot Start 1s
Re-Acquisition <1s
Power Consumption Tracking <35mA @3.3V
Acquisition 45mA @3.3V
Sleep/Standby TBD
Navigation Data Update Rate 1Hz
Operational Limits Altitude Max 18,000m
Velocity Max 515m/s
Acceleration Less than 4g
Antenna Specifications
Outline Dimension 18.2 x 18.2 x 4.0 mm
Center Frequency 1575 3 MHz
Bandwidth 10 MHz min
Impedance 50
Axial Ratio 3 dB max
Polarization RHCP
Mechanical requirements
Dimension 30mm x20mm x 8.5mm
26

Weight 15g
Power consumption
VCC 5V 5%
Current 50mA(typical)
Environment
Operating temperature 40~+85(w/o backup battery)
Storage temperature 40 ~ +125
Humidity 95%

2.3.4 Hardware Interfaces Configuration

2.3.4.1 Power Supply:

SKM53 series require regulated power. The regulated power contain voltage Vcc of 5V

and current should be greater than 150mA.

Fig 2.3.4.1: Pin Package SKM

2.3.4.2 Pin Description

Table 2.3.4.1 Pin Description

Pin Pin I/ Description Remark


No. name O
UART Port
1 VCC P Module Power Supply VCC: 5V 5%
27

2 GND G Module Power Ground Reference Ground


3 NC O Not Open Leave Open
4 RST I Module Reset (Active Low Status)
5 TXD I TTL:VOH0.75 *VCC Not in used
VOL0.25VCC
6 RXD O TTL:VIH 0.7 *VCC VIL 0.3 Not in used
*VCC

2.3.4.3 Universal Asynchronous receiver/ Transmitter Ports:

The baud rate of modules is set up 9600bps by default. The pins RXD0 & TXD0

suggested to pull up resistor 10 kilo ohm. It helps in increasing the constancy of serial

data.

2.3.5 NMEA 0183 Protocol

The National Marine Electronics Association protocol is based on ASCII protocol, its

format starts with the $ sign. GPS messages start with $GPxxx, in which xxx is a three-

letter identifier of data of messages. The finding of corrupted data transfers is allowed by

NMEA messages which contain checksum. The SkyNav SKM53 module supports

number of NMEA-0183 messages but here we are using GGA and default baud rate of

9600bps.

Table 2.3.5.1: NMEA-0183 Output Messages

Name Example Units Description


Message ID $GPGGA GGA protocol header
28

UTC Position 033410.000 hhmmss.sss


Latitude 2232.1745 ddmm.mmmm
N/S indicator N N=north or S=south
Longitude 11401.1920 dddmm.mmmm
E/W Indicator E E=east or W=west
Position Fix Indicator 1 Defined
Satellites Used 07 Range 0 to 12
HDOP 1.1 Horizontal Dilution of Precision
MSL Altitude 107.14 meters Altitude (referenced to Ellipsoid)
AltUnit M meters Altitude Unit
GeoSep 0.00 meters Geoidal Separation
GeoSepUnit M meters Geoidal Separation Unit
Age of Diff.Corr. <Null> second Null fields when it is not Used
Diff.Ref.Station ID <Null> Null fields when it is not Used
Checksum *64
EOL <CR> End of message termination
<LF>

2.4 GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS (GSM)

GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) originally from special mobile Group,

is the most general standard for mobile telephony systems in the world. Everywhere it

achieved international nomadic preparations between mobile phone operatives, allowing

subscribers to use their phones in everywhere in the world. Global System for Mobile

Communication differs from its prototype in that both signaling and speech channels are

digital technologies. So GSM is 2nd generation (2G) mobile phone system, which
29

facilitates the utilization and application of a widespread range of data communications

applications in the system. It was everywhere in the implementation of the GSM standard

feature for both customers, who may take advantage from the skill to travel and change

carriers without changing phones, and network operatives as well. GSM also initiated a

application of the Short Message Service (SMS), also called text messaging whose cost is

very low, held on other mobile phone ideals as well.

GSM networks operate in very different carrier frequency bands. Mostly 2nd Generation

GSM systems operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Where already been assigned

to these bands, it was used 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands instead. In occasional

circumstances it is set ranges of 400 and 450 MHz in few countries because in the past it

was used for First Generation systems. Mostly 3G networks in Europe function in the

frequency range of 2100 MHz. One of the main features of GSM is the Subscriber

Identity Module, called as the SIM card. And SIM is a separate smart card that contain

the information related to the user subscription and the phonebook. In this way user keep

the information even after the switching of phones. Instead, if user wants to change

operators the user should change the SIM without changing the holding device.

2.4.1 SIM900D Overview

It is developed for worldwide market. SIM900D is a quad-band GSM/GPRS engine that

works on GSM 850MHz, EGSM 900MHz, DCS 1800MHz and PCS 1900MHz

frequencies. SIM900D structures GPRS multi-slot class 10/ class 8 (optional).


30

It has a tiny shape of 33mm *33mm * 3mm, can come across exactly all the place that is

required by any application, such as Mobile 2 Mobile, smart phone, PDA, FWP, and

other mobile device. GSM Module used in our project is shown in Fig. 2.4.1.1.

Fig 2.4.1.1 SIM900D screenshot

A 48-pin SMT pad for physical interface to the mobile application is available, which

provides all hardware interfaces between the customers boards and module. The 48 pins

of hardware array [10].

2 VBAT and 9 ground pins

For flexibility to improve reformed applications 2 pins are programmable as


general purpose I/O.

Debug port and Serial port are used to advance applications easily.

2 Audio channels which includes two microphone inputs and two speakers
outputs. This can be configured simply by using AT command.

It is suitable for battery power application because of charge integrated circuits in


SIM 900D.
31

The SIM900D antenna makes available radio frequency interfaces. And client's antenna

should be positioned on the main board of the client and link to the antenna pad unit

through micro ribbon line or other type radio frequency traces whose impedance must be

precise in 50. SIM900D has been considered with energy saving technology so low as

1.2mA current consumption in sleep mode. SIM900D is integrated with Transmission

control protocol / Internet protocol. The development of extended Transmission control

protocol / Internet protocol AT commands is very useful for information exchange

applications and also for customers to use Transmission control protocol / Internet

protocol easily.

2.4.2 SIM900D Key Features

Table 2.4.2.1: SIM900D Key Features

Feature Implementation

Voltage DC voltage 3.4V 4.5V


Less power In SLEEP Mode operation consume very low power about
Consumption 1.5mA
Bands of SIM900D is Quad-band: GSM 850, EGSM 900, DCS 1800 and
Frequency PCS 1900. 4 bands of frequency could be searched by SIM900D
automatically. AT command also used to set frequency bands.
Class of GSM Small MS
Power 2W at EGSM 900 and GSM 850
Transmission 1W at PCS 1900 and DCS 1800
GPRS connectivity GPRS by default multi-slot class ten
GPRS optional multi-slot class eight
GPRS mobile station class B
Temperature range Normally operates between: -30C to +80C
Restricted operation: -40C to -30C and +80 C to +85C(1)
DATA GPRS: GPRS data rate for downlink transfer: maximum 85.6 kbps
GPRS uplink data transfer: maximum 42.8 kbps
32

Coding scheme: CS-1, CS-2, CS-3 and CS-4


Integrates the TCP/IP protocol.
Support Packet Switched Broadcast Control Channel (PBCCH)
CSD: Transmission rates for CSD: 2.4, 4.8, 9.6, 14.4 kbps, non-
transparent
Unstructured Supplementary Services Data (USSD) support
SMS MT, MO, CB, PDU and Text mode
SMS storage: SIM card
FAX Class 1 Group 3
SIM interface Support SIM card: 1.8V, 3V
External antenna Antenna pad
features Modes of Speech codec:
Half Rate (ETS 06.20)
Full Rate (ETS 06.10)
Enhanced Full Rate (ETS 06.50 / 06.60 / 06.80)
Adaptive multi rate (AMR)
Echo Cancellation
Noise Suppression
Phonebook Supported types of phonebook: SM, LD, FD, MC, RC and ON.
management
SIM Application Support SAT class 3, GSM 11.14 Release 99
Toolkit
Real time clock Implemented
Timer function Programmable via AT command
Physical Size: 33x 33 x 3 mm
characteristics Weight: 6.2g
Firmware upgrade Firmware upgrade by debug port

2.4.3 SIM900D Main Functions

The following information and shows the mainly functional part:

The base band GSM engine

SRAM & Flash

Radio frequency part for GSM.

Interfaces for antenna.


33

The other interfaces.

2.4.4 AT Commands:

For sending SMS modem should be in SMS text mode. For this use following command,

AT + CMGF=1 <Enter>

Now for sending SMS message use following command

AT +CMGS= number <Enter>

Message is sent using <CTRL><Z>

2.5 EASY PULSE (V1.1)

2.5.1 Sensor Overview

The Easy Pulse is made for projects of hobby based and curriculum utilities to explain the

method of (PPG) photoplethysmography as a non-intrusive photosensitive method in

order to identify cardio-vascular beat surge from skin. Infrared LED use to light up the

finger, and on the other side a light detector positioned to identify even the minor changes

in the intensity of pass on light. The changes to the photo sensor signal are associated to

variation in bulk of blood intimate the finger. To get a fine and spotless PPG waveform

the signal is amplified and filtered, which is same as the pulse rate. Easy pulse actual

version uses the reflective photo sensor TCRT1000 to detect the changes in the blood in

finger skin and output as digital pulse matching with the heart rate. Easy Pulse Version

1.1 has some modified form then the already creative. This model gives of both analog
34

photoplethysmography waveform and a pulse that is digital signal as distinct outputs

[12].

Fig 2.5.1.1 Easy Pulse v1.1

2.5.2 Working Principle and Operation

This device is constructed on the standard of (PPG) photoplethysmography that is a

pleasant technique to measure the blood volume variation in skin using an optical basis

and a sensor. Since the variation in the volume of blood coexists the pulse rate so by

using such a technique pulse rate is measured. Two basic types of photoplethysmography

are transmittance and reflectance. In the transmittance PPG, an optical basis is radiated in

the skin. Photo indicator is located to the adjacent of the finger for quantifying the

following light. Since the depth of the access is limited due to light into tissues of organ,

the transfer PPG has limited application for limited body part, like finger. In Easy Pulse

Version 1.1 used an extra strong sensor (HRM-2155E) that works in mode of

transmission and wrapped tightly round the fingertip.


35

Kyoto Electronic Co., China manufacturer of HRM-2511E and works in the mode of

transmission. In mode of transmission a light that is radiated to skin and a sensor of light

sited to the opposite of the skin measures the light fallen on light sensor.

Fig 2.5.2.1: Working Principle

The sensor is made up of flexible silicone rubber matter that keeps it grip firmly the

finger. In the sensor casing, an Infrared Light Emitting Diode and a light detector that are

located on 2 different sides, in front of each other. The tip of finger is placed in the HRM-

2511E, and brightened by infrared light that is emitted by the LED. The light sensor

diode accepts the light that is passed in the skin on opposite side. Intensity of transmitted

light depends on the volume of blood in the tissue. Thus, the transferred light strength

changes due to the pulse of the blood according to heart beat. A graph of change against

time is stated as a photoplethysmographic or PPG signal. Figure shown below illustrate

the PPG waveform.


36

Fig 2.5.2.2: PPG components shown not to scale

The 2 highest values noted in signal are named Systolic and Diastolic peaks that are

delivering valued info about the cardio-vascular. The duration among 2 successive

Systolic peaks provides a rapid heartbeat.

2.5.3 Features of Easy Pulse V1.1

HRM-2511E uses a sensor called transmission PPG to stabilize measurements.

MCP6004 Op amp with continues output competence to get extreme swing of

signal.

Distinct analog as well as digital outputs.

Potentiometer gain used for controlling the analog output.

Digital output is controlled by pulse width.

Extra test points on board to analyze signals in multiple levels of instrumentation.

2.5.4 Circuit diagrams and Working of Circuit

The circuit shown in figure below illustrates the ON/OFF control system to IR light

source in HRM-2511E. Keep in mind signal that is enabling must be towed high for
37

turning the IR LED ON. The output of photodetector that is containing the signal of PPG

for further processing goes to amplifier and a two-stage filter circuit.

Fig 2.5.4.1: Circuit of pulse sensor HRM-2511E

The signal of PPG from the photo sensor is feeble and distorted. To improve and clear the

signal we need filter and amplifier circuits. In Stage I, firstly the signal filtered through a

passive (RC) high-pass filter (HPF) in order to oppose the DC part of PPG signal. The

high pass filter contains 0.5 HZ cut-off frequency that is adjusted by the values of resistor

whose value is (68K) and Capacitor whose value is (4.7uF). The output signal from the

high pass filter passes to an operational amplifier which is active low-pass filter. The

operational amplifier works as non-inverting amplifier and contains the gain adjusted to

48 as well as cut-off frequency adjusted to 3.4Hz. At the output for attaining a full swipe

of the signal of PPG, negative input of Op-amp knotted with a 2V reference voltage. This

reference voltage produced by the use of a zener diode. Potentiometer (P1) at the output

is doing the control of gain. Output signal from active LPF sends to circuit of Stage II

that is actually a duplication of the circuit of Stage I. The P1 is used to control the

amplitude of PPG signal entering to second stage. The model of Op-amp used is
38

MCP6004 from manufactured by Microchip, which have four amplifiers on single chip

and make available continues output swing.

Fig 2.5.4.2: Filtering and amplification Stage I

The 2nd stage also contains High Pass Filter and Low Pass Filter circuits just like stage 1.

The 2 times amplifying and filtering signal is now passed to a 3rd Op-amp, designed as a

buffer having unity gain and work in non-inverting operation. The signal coming from

3rd Op-amp delivers necessary signal of analog PPG. For understanding amplitude of

signal of the PPG, appeared as an output of buffer stage a potentiometer P1 is used.

Fig 2.5.4.3: Instrumentation circuit Stage II


39

The 4th Operational Amplifier intimate the MCP6004 device can be used for comparing

of voltage. The analog signal is applied at positive terminal and a reference voltage (VR)

is attached to the negative input. Through potentiometer P2 reference voltage magnitude

can be adjusted to any value between 0 and Vcc. Whenever PPG pulse wave crosses the

starting point of reference voltage (VR), high output is given by the comparator.

Therefore, such type of apparatus offers a digital output pulse identical to heart rate.

Reference voltage is used to measure the width of the pulse. Light emitting diode (LED)

attached to the digital output flashes as a result.

Fig 2.5.4.4: Digital pulse output circuit

2.5.5 Testing & Examination of Signal at Different Stages

This portion, we carry on conversation of Easy Pulse V1.1 and examine the signals

output at several phases of equipment.

2.5.5.1 Placement of Sensor

The sensor HRM-2511E can be fitted to each of the five finger tips, but it is observed that

the sensor performs with high accuracy by using it on middle finger. The cover of elastic
40

silicone rubber helps the user to place the sensor on the finger. The Fig. 2.5.5.1 teaches a

right method of wearing the sensor HRM-2511E on the finger.

Fig 2.5.5.1: Placement of HRM-2511E on the index finger

2.5.5.2 Testing of Easy Pulse V1.1 sensor board

The sensor HRM-2511E has been switched in the socket J2, a wire locating among Vcc

and Enable pins of J1 in order to power on the Infrared Light Source. A DC supply of 5V

is given to the first two pins and last pin. In start, both variable resistors have fixed value

at the center. Sensor is worn onto the finger. Though the pins of J1 header give final

output of signal, a possibility for examine to signal at a number of steps through TP1 and

TP2 test pads. TP1 attaches to the VSENSOR signal pin, while TP2 attaches with output

from the amplifier of Stage I. Apply channels of oscilloscope to J1 4th pin, and J1 5th pin

to detect the waveforms of PPG at a number of phases.


41

Fig 2.5.5.2: Output 1

Raw signal of PPG at TP1 approaching from the light sensor output (VSENSOR). Signal

contains large DC component and pulsatile component with small amplitude.

Fig 2.5.5.3: Output 2

Signal of PPG at TP2 arrived from output of Stage I. The amplified signal swipes at the

reference voltage (Vref = 2.0V)


42

Fig 2.5.5.4: Output 3

Final output of PPG at pin AO

Fig 2.5.5.5: Output 4

Digital pulse train proportional to heart beats is witnessed at pin DO. The width of pulse

may diverse through P2 potentiometer. It is better to adjust the P2 potentiometer to half-

way mean at reference voltage (VR=2.5V) initially.


43

2.5.6 Working

We have connected Easy pulse with pin 3 (ADC2) of microcontroller. And sensor is

placed on the finger of soldier. The sensor gives input to microcontroller, after processing

microcontroller display the soldiers pulse rate on LCD of soldier unit and send date in

form of text messages to base unit.

2.6 LM35 SENSOR

The LM35 series are accurately combined circuit that works as a temperature sensor,

which has output voltage directly proportional to C Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. It

is most use full than any other temperature sensor because the user does not need to

remove any constant value of voltage from output voltage to obtain the appropriate

centigrade values.

Fig 2.6.1: LM35

The temperature sensor LM35 has low output impedance, linearly generated output, and

accurate essential standardization that make possible for interfacing to information and

control circuitry particularly very easily. LM35 operates easily on single supplies of

power and some time may require any plus minus supplies. The LM35 has series that is
44

existing in form of bundled hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, whereas the LM35C,

and LM35D also exist in plastic TO-92 transistor package [7].

2.6.1 Features

Regulated linearly in degree Celsius.

Direct 10 mV per C measuring ability.

0.5C accurateness with assurance.

It is rated from 55 to +150C.

Applicable for applications like remote.

Has very less cost.

Less than 60A current drain

Has Very small effect of nature heating, typically 0.08C in air.

Shows non-linear behavior at only 14C typical.

2.6.2 Working

We have connected LM35 with pin 2 (ADC1) of microcontroller. And LM35 sensor is

placed with the body of soldier. The sensor gives input to microcontroller, after

processing microcontroller display body temperature on LCD of soldier unit and send

date in form of text messages to base unit.


45

2.7 KEY PAD

In our project, we have used key pad with five buttons. Basically, our purpose was to

send secret codes to base unit from soldier unit. The figure of key pad used in project is

shown in Fig 2.7.1.

Fig 2.7.1: Key pad

We can see five buttons. The detailed description of buttons in keypad is shown in Table

2.7.1.

Table 2.7.1: Buttons description

Sr. No. Task

Button 1 Enable the key pad

Button 2 Code 1 done

Button 3 Code 2 done

Button 4 Code 3 done

Button 5 Code 4 done


46

2.7.1 Pull-up Resistors

Pull-up resistors are simple resistors but have specific purpose used in circuits to ensure a

discrete logical level at a pin during all situations. Keep in mind, there are three logic

states for digital circuits: high, low and floating. The floating state happens when the pin

is not switched to a high or low state, but is gone floating. A best example of this state

is an open input pin of a microcontroller. It is neither in low state nor high, and a

microcontroller can arbitrarily deduce the value of input as either a high or low. Pull-up

resistors are used to resolve the disturbance for the microcontroller by drawing the level

of state to a logical high. If pull-up resistor is not used, the MCUs input will be changing

when switch attached to the pin is open and carried down only while switch is closed.

2.8 RESISTORS

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element.

Fig. 2.8.1: Resistor

A resistor (resistance) is a passive circuit element, which are used more often than any

other electronic elements. They also provide the offset mode transistors in the amplifier
47

stages, allow you to control and adjust the values of currents and voltages in electrical

circuits. The unit of measurement of resistance is ohm.

The roles that can be perform by resistor in the circuit are the following,

Current limiting resistor (current-limiting resistor)

The tightening, pull-up (pull-down / pull-up resistor)

The voltage divider (voltage divider)

2.9 LM7805 VOLTAGE RAGULATOR

LM7805 is having three legs 1A Voltage Regulator. The features like interior current

controlling, harmless working zone protection and shut down due to heating, make it

fundamentally durable. If suitable heat reducing is delivered, they can carry output

current over 1A. Though designed mainly as fixed value of voltage, these regulators can

are used with peripheral components to get variable value of voltages as well as of

currents [8].

Fig 2.9.1: LM7805

2.9.1 Features

High Current on output about 1A


48

5 volt output voltage

Thermal overload Safety

Protection of short circuitry

Output Transistor Safe Functioning Area Safety

2.10 CD MODULE

Liquid crystal display (LCD) is the device, which shows output in graphical form.

2.10.1 JHD204A Series

In our project, we used LCD module. Its figure, features and electrical characteristics are

given in Fig. 2.10.1.1 [11].

Fig. 2.10.1.1: LCD Module

2.10.2 Features

Table 2.10.2.1 Features

Features
Display Construction 20 characters * 4 lines
Display mode STN (Super-twisted nematic)
49

Display type +ve transmissive


Backlight LED of 5 volts
Direction of viewing 6o clock
Temperature of operating -20 to 70 degree Celsius
Temperature of storages -30 to 80 degree Celsius
Driving Voltage Single power
Type COB (Chip on board)
Number of data lines 4 to 8 bit parallel
Connection type PIN

2.11 POWER SUPPLY

The power supply is the most important part of every electronic device or circuit. To

work all components in proper way a perfect power supply is desirable. The supply must

be proficient of supplying the essential power for every component in circuit. The

protection from over voltage should be used, which is resistor.

2.11.1 Lithium-ion battery

A lithium-ion battery is a kind of battery which contains ions of lithium and can be

recharged. It has two electrodes positive and negative. When battery is charging lithium

ions moves from positive electrode to negative electrode and back when discharging.

Lithium battery has inserted lithium compounds as a material of electrode, whereas

metallic lithium can be used for lithium batteries which are not rechargeable. Ions can

move due to presence of electrolyte. The electrodes are basic components of lithium ion

cell [5].
50

Fig. 2.11.1.1: Li-ion Battery

2.11.2 Working

Here, we are using batteries series and parallel combination of 16 batteries, obtaining 7.4

volts and 8000 mA approximately. And for the working of controller, Heart Beat Sensor,

Temperature sensor, LCD, a 5V constant power supply is needed. So, voltage is regulated

to 5 volts using LM7805. Since the regulator used for regulation of the power supply

have built in over voltage cut-off circuitry with using voltage regulator, which makes the

other components safe from all these problems.


CHAPTER 3

HIGH LEVEL DESIGN

In this chapter the designing of project is discussed. In this chapter we basically describe

how different components work together to complete the objective. Project contains

sensors which are Easy pulse v1.1 (Heartbeat Sensor) to measure heartbeat and LM35 to

measure the body temperature of the soldiers body. We use SIM900D GSM for

communication between base unit and soldier unit. GPS model SKM53 is used for

tracking purpose.

3.1 LOGICAL DIAGRAM

In this diagram the logical diagram showing the different sections and main components

in form of blocks. The block diagram consists of two parts. The soldier unit is shown in

figure 3.1.1.

Fig. 3.1.1: Soldier unit

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And base unit is shown in figure 3.1.2.

Fig. 3.1.2: Base unit

The above figures show the complete working block diagram of our project. It consists of

two main units, a soldier unit and base unit. A soldier unit consists of a microcontroller

(PIC18F452), heart beat sensor (Easy Pulse v1.1), temperature sensor (LM35), GPS

receiver (SKM53), GSM Module (SIM900D), a Keypad, LCD and a Power bank. Base

unit includes a Cell Phone working as GSM connected with PC, which shows data

consisting messages as threads on Moborobo android pc suit and save messages as well

in .xls format.

3.2 USING GPS INSTEAD OF RFID

There are many other technologies to keep tracking, and there is no reason to surprise that

a lot of people get GPS and RFID tracking technologies confused.

3.2.1 RFID

RFID (radio frequency identification) transmitters use very short-range (measurement

range in meters or less than 1 meter (3 feet -)) to interrogate the RFID tags. There are

transmitters in any place that labels are for questioning, such as near doors in portable

scanners and conveyor belts and other labels contain tiny microchips receiving a signal
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transmitter and responding with code identity. So is the use of RFID for internal use and

also expensive for our project.

Fig. 3.2.1.1: RFID

3.2.2 GPS

GPS is a very different beast from RFID. While it also uses radio waves to transmit data,

it does so using, well, the global positioning system of 24 satellites, as opposed to

specialized scanner here to earth. The radios waves are sent from this system of satellites

transmit their time and orbital data to receivers on Earth. Using data from several

satellites, receivers can then triangular their position relative to the satellites and then the

Earth's surface.

3.2.3 Fields of Applications

3.2.3.1 RFID

RFID technology is mainly used to control arrivals or departure of people at work (clock

in or out), to detect if unauthorized items are leaving some premises (like at the Walmart

exits) etc.
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3.2.3.2 GPS

GPS (Global Positioning System) is technology used to locate just about anything around

the globe that carries a GPS module. GPS is then best suited for tracking purpose

anywhere in the world.

3.3 CHOOSING THE SENSOR

Our project is basically for military applications and solders have to move in the fields.

So, we use reliable sensors that produces approximately accurate outputs and easy to use.

3.3.1 Easy Pulse v1.1

The Easy Pulse sensor is made for hobby purpose and curriculum utilities to explain the

method of photoplethysmography (PPG) which is a non-intrusive photosensitive method

for identifying cardio-vascular beat wave from skin. Infrared LED use to light up the

finger, and on the other side a light detector positioned to measure the small changes in

the intensity of transmitted light.

3.3.2 Temperature sensor

The LM35 are Precision integrated circuit temperature sensor whose output voltage is

linearly proportional to oC. The LM35 thus has an advantage their linear temperature

sensor calibrated in Kelvin.


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3.4 COMMUNICATION BETWEEN SOLDIER AND BASE STATION

For communication system, we used GSM module (SIM900D) in our project. GSM

networks operate in a number of different carrier frequency bands. Most 2G GSM

networks operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Where already been assigned to

these bands, it was used 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands instead. In occasional cases it is

set ranges of 400 and 450 MHz in some countries because it was previously used for

first-generation systems.

3.5 WORKING

The circuit diagram of a Real Time Tracking and Health Monitoring System for Soldier

is shown in Fig. 4.2.1 on p.71. The heart of this circuit is a Programmable interface

controller PIC 18F452. Other important components used in this circuit are LM35, Easy

Pulse v1.1, GSM module, GPS modem, keypad, LCD and some discrete components.

PIC 18F452 controls and co-ordinate the working of the circuit. It consists of 40 pins. It

is equipped with the necessary circuits such as power supply, clock and reset circuits for

its efficient operation. Two 22pF capacitors are connected to it for avoiding the damping

of the clock signal. Quartz crystal is connected to pin 13 and 14 of the microcontroller.

The power supply used in this circuit is a 5V dc source, positive terminal is connected to

the pin 11 & 32 and ground terminal is connected to the pin 12 and 31. Resistor is

connected to VCC and pin 1 MCLR of the microcontroller. When the switch is power

offed, the system terminates all the activities; microcontroller will start program
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execution from the beginning. PIC works according to the program written on to it. The

program is written in C language.

The function of the PIC18F452 in our project is to collect information from body

temperature sensor LM35, easy pulse v1.1, GPS modem and sent this information to the

base station using GSM module.

The LM35 is a temperature sensor that senses the temperature and converts it into typical

voltage. This voltage is given to an analog to digital converter(ADC) of the

microcontroller which converts the analog value in its input to a digital value ranging

from 0 to 255. It is connected to the port1 (port A) of PIC, i.e. to the 3rd pin. Temperature

sensor measure the atmospheric temperature. This helps to know the temperature

variation by weather changes, bomb blasts etc. And this information is transmitted to PIC

and then to base station with using GSM.

Heart beat sensor used in this project is Easy Pulse v1.1. A complete heart rate measuring

system consists of HRM-2511E named sensor which is factory-made by Kyoto

Electronic Co., China, and works in communication mode. In transmission mode

brightness is radiated towards the skin and sensor is sited on the other side of the skin to

compute the light fallen on light sensor. The sensor is made up of flexible Silicone rubber

matter that keeps the sensor hold firmly the finger. In the sensor casing, an IR LED and a

light detector are located on two opposite sides and are in front of each other. When a

fingertip is placed into the sensor, it is brightened by the Infrared light emitted from the

LED. The light sensor diode accepts the light passed through the skin on other side.
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Intensity of transmitted light depends on the blood volume in the tissue. Thus, the

transmitted light strength changes with the pulse of the blood with heart beat. A graph for

this change against time is mentioned to be a photoplethysmographic or PPG signal .The

PPG signal contains a huge DC component that is recognized to overall blood volume of

the inspected skin, and AC component is identical to heart beat. An AC component that

brings vigorous info as well as the pulse rate is too much lesser in scale than the DC

component. This AC component is amplified and filtered and the AC signal is converted

to a strong pulse train. This output pulse train from Sensor is sent to microcontroller on

2nd pin of microcontroller. Where microcontroller calculates heartbeat display in on the

LCD and send to GSM to transmit in SMS.

This help to know about the physical status of the soldier. Decreasing in heart beat may

be of the injury by a gunshot, bomb blast or any other causes. It also helps to know the

soldier is alive or dead during the time of mission. Heart beat sensor is connected to 3rd

pin of PIC18f452. The GPS unit calculates the position of the soldiers and then sent the

latitudinal longitudinal values corresponding to the position of soldier to the

microcontroller. The GPS unit used is SKM53, the TX pin of GPS is connected to the Rx

pin PIC.

Finally, at base station, the text message containing calculated data is received on base

station using GSM. This is then displayed on pc or laptop using android pc suit

Moborobo. This data can also be save in Microsoft excel and priority coloring of

messages based on heart beat value can be perform using macro in Microsoft excel.
CHAPTER 4

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESIGN

In this chapter the circuit and hardware and software design of the project is explained

with different sections. We tried to design the hardware in such a way so that the soldier

could use this package easily. All the hardware is enclosed in small bag that soldier can

easily carry with him. Sensors are placed on body parts where they can give a better

performance. The project has a weight less than 1kg so it can be easily carried by a

soldier. We designed a better software design to get the better performance and focus on

the problem of processing capability of microcontroller.

4.1 HARDWARE DESIGN

The physical diagram in Fig. 4.1.1 shows the working of our project

Fig. 4.1.1: Project hardware and their working

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5

Our project is mainly divided into three parts.

On finger

On arm

In the bag

Fig. 4.1.2: Breakdown structure of the project

4.1.1 In the Bag

The whole circuit is enclosed in a box and box is to be placed in bag, which will be on

soldiers back. The bag carries the following circuits.

Main circuit

Heart beat sensor circuit

GPS Module

GSM Module
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LCD

The box in the bag also contains battery to power up the circuit.

4.1.2 On arm

The temperature sensor is to be placed in shoulder for proper working.

4.1.3 On finger

The finger contains the finger part of heart beat sensor.

4.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig. 4.2.1: Complete Circuit Diagram


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4.3 PCB LAYOUT

The PCB is designed in Eagle 2.4. In making PCB design, we have tried our best to make

PCB as much small as possible having in mind that soldering will be done manually.

Fig. 4.3.1: PCB Layout

4.4 LOGICAL STRUCTURE

When the button is power ON the system initializes.

After some time GPS gets activated and shows the current location of soldier on
LCD.

Healthy parameters, heart beat and body temperature value is calculated and

shows on LCD.

At the same time these values are sending to base station using GSM.
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When soldier press the enable button of key pad to send secret code, this step

becomes on first priority and secret message is sent to base station using rest of

buttons.

When the SMS is received on base station, it is displayed on Mobile phone there

or PC attached with Mobile Phone. And if it is not received, the process go back

again to microprocessor.

4.5 SOFTWARE DESIGN

The program for this project is written in MikroC using MikroC for PIC softawre and is

burnt in microcontroller using pic kit 2.

Fig. 4.5.1: Logical structure of working


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4.5.1 Simulation

Simulation is performed in Proteous. Because there is availability of sensors in proteous,

we have used potentiometers as temperature sensor and heart beat sensor. The simulation

diagram is shown in Fig. 4..5.1.1.

Fig. 4.5.1.1: Complete Simulation Diagram

To perform this we have written code in mikroC for PIC software and proteus is used for

simulation results. Finally, GSM send data in form of SMS to base station as shown in

Fig. 4.5.1.2. Message contains longitude, latitude, temperature and pulse rate of soldier.

Fig. 4.5.1.2: GSM working in simulation


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Soldier can send four types of messages from soldier unit own by him.

4.5.2 Source Codes

Source code of our project consists of two files.

Myproject.c

Myproject.hex

4.6 PROJECT DIAGRAM

The complete project hardware of our project is shown in Fig. 4.6.1.

Fig. 4.6.1: Complete Project Diagram


CHAPTER 5

RESULTS

The final results of project are described here. However the main focus is on base station

results that how these results are used to the health status and location of the soldier as

well.

5.1 BASE STATION RESULTS

At base station, Android smartphone (Samsung Galaxy S4 mini-i9192) is used, working

as GSM and connected with laptop via data cable. Moborobo for android is used to

display results on laptop. There is an option to export all messages record in laptop in .xls

and .txt format

Fig. 5.1.1: Coloring based on different values of heart beat in excel

Green play button is to enable colors and blue undo button is to clear coloring.

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Fig. 5.1.2: Button to differentiate using macro in excel

5.2 ACCURACY

Increasing accuracy in this project is done by using much accurate modules like easy

pulse v1.1 for heart beat and GPS module of SKYLAB.

5.3 SAFETY

To ensure that there were no electrical hazards, all the wires were taped together

for a zero human contact.

The components and batteries were enclosed in the box to be placed in a bag, to

ensure the safety of both the user and the circuit boards.

There were holes made aside case and bag to ensure air moment through the

circuitry i-e no heat ups would occur during operation.

The external sensors wires we insulated.

5.4 USABILITY

The projects main objective was to design the system to present our army a model for

the preparation of future soldiers concept. The presented system can also use practically.

The system contains 16 Li-ion batteries to provide long lasting backup. The system will
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show status on LCD and send data to base station as well according to a specific program

which is coded and installed in the PIC microcontroller. This was created as a structure

that m useable without special type of training before one could start using it.
CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSIONS

The design was way more effective than we originally thought off at the start of our

project. We tried following ethics in designing and implementation of the project. We

won't claim that our circuit had 100% efficiency, as it did show some variance that we

minimized to some extent. The good thing, we noted that there is a lot of possibility to

make enhancements in this project. Our system is for one soldier. The communication

between soldiers to soldier can be established. This system gives strength to the defense

system of our country. So, we can accomplish that these types of strategies are very

supportive for certifying security of the soldiers.

6.1 DESIGN ANALYSIS

The design was way more effective than we originally thought off at the start of our

project. Initially our plan was to design a soldier unit that could be placed on wrist of the

soldier but we couldnt do this because of soldering performed by hand, large battery (16

batteries) and a LCD. But still we have created a reasonable unit which can be placed in a

bag on back of soldier. We have still got some recommendation that we wanted to

implement, but couldn't do it cause of budget and time constraints.

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6

6.2 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

We tried some ethics in designing and implementation of the project. We won't claim that

our circuit had 100% efficiency, as it did show some variance that we minimized to some

extent. All the circuit components have been bought by us on cash payments, and we

aren't indebted for any kind of monetary matters. We have credited everyone with

reference as to where we had used the circuit from. At all times we had been helpful to

other groups as well, especially in relation to the programming and circuit debugging. We

did this because helping our fellows enables us to learn from their designs as well, and

encourage us to make sure that we followed professional ethical manners.

6.3 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

The good thing, we noted that there is a lot of possibility to make enhancements in this

project. Our system is for one soldier. The communication between soldier to soldier can

be established. The betterment of base station unit can also be done by making proper

GUI at base station PC and officials at base station can also send feedback or any order to

soldiers via base unit.

6.4 FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

By the use of this system, we can condense casualties of battle. It assists to give critical

informations and cautions to soldiers so that they can survive for long and aim of war or

secret operation can be obtained. This system gives strength to the defense system of
7

country. So, we can accomplish that these types of strategies are very supportive for

certifying security of the soldiers.

6.5 BUDGET AND COMPONENTS LIST

The budget list of our project is shown in Table 6.5.1.

Table 6.5.1: Cost Analysis

Sr. No. Components Quantity Unit Total


Price
1 Microcontroller 1 500 500
2 GSM Module 1 5000 5000
3 GPS 1 4000 4000
4 Heart Beat Sensor 1 3000 3000
5 Temperature Sensor 1 35 35
6 LCD 1 550 550
7 Batteries 16 160 2560
8 LED 1 5 5
9 Connectors 4 6 24
10 Push Buttons 6 4 24
11 Voltage Regulator 1 15 15
12 Resistors 10 3 30
13 Wires 190 190
14 Standard PCB 1 35 35
15 PCB Etching 1 900 900
16 Bolts 14 4 60
17 Plastic Sheet 1 100 100
18 Plastic Box 1 460 500
19 Serial Wires 5 60 300
20 Crystal Oscillator 1 30 30
21 Variable Resistor 1 15 15
22 Other 1000 1000
Grand Total 18,872
CHAPTER 7

RECOMMENDATIONS

7.1 HARDWARE DESIGN

1. First and foremost thing that we would recommend for improvement of design would

to make much more compact and compressed circuitry.

2. System should be made to communicate with soldiers in the fields also.

3. It is also recommended to create the system which should be of small size.

4. Such systems should also have long battery backup.

5. A system should be made with the combination of RFID s and GPS so that same

system could be used for both Indoors and outdoors.

6. A low weight battery should be used so that burden on soldier can be reduced.

7. The system should be made that can also get instructions from base unit.

We couldn't use these recommendations in our project because of low budget and even

lesser time. As you can see in the budget analysis above, the prices can be nearly halved

if only they were bought in bulk.

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7.2 SOFTWARE DESIGN

1. Although PIC18F452 is perfect for this device, but for future enhancements Ardiuno

or higher versions of PIC should be use to increase the stack memory for program.

2. 3G technology can be used to show the locations of soldiers on google maps.


REFERENCES

[1] Shruti Nikam, Supriya Patil, Prajkta Powar, V.S.Bendre-GPS Based Soldier
Tracking and Health Indication System, International Journal of Advanced Research in
Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol. 2, Issue 3, March 2013.

[2] M.V.N.R. Pavan Kumar,Ghadge Rasika Vijay ,Patil Vidya Adhikrao,Bobade Sonali
Vijaykumar-Health Monitoring and Tracking of Soldier Using GPS, International
Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.2, No.4, April 2014 E- ISSN: 2321-9637.

[3] The Clock Generator [Online], Internet: http://chipmk.ru/index.php/2014-08-10-05-


51-44/41-samouchitel-pic18-asm-2-chast/187-taktovyj-generator.
[June 9, 2015]

[4] Hock Beinge Limn A Soldier Health Monitoring System for Military Applications
2010 International Conference on Body Sensor Networks (BSN).

[5] Lithium Batteries [online] Internet:


http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/is_lithium_ion_the_ideal_battery
[June 18, 2015]

[6] PIC18F452 datasheet

[7] LM35 datasheet

[8] LM7805 datasheet

[9] SKM 53 datasheet

[10] SIM900D datasheet

[11] JHD204A SERIES datasheet

[12] Easy Pulse v1.1, [online], Internet: http://embedded-lab.com/blog/?p=7336


[May 19, 2015]

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