PROPOSAL TUGAS AKHIR STATMAT

SIFAT-SIFAT ASIMTOTIK

OLEH

DIANA EFFENDI
NIM. 1403111165

PROGRAM STUDI S1 MATEMATIKA

JURUSAN MATEMATIKA
FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM
UNIVERSITAS RIAU
PEKANBARU
2017
 Table 7.1 Vector norms and associated operator matrix norms

Vector Norm Matrix Norm

M ax
x1 = ni=1 |xi | A1 =1 i n ni=1 |aij |

x2 [ ni=1 |xi |2 ]1/2 A2 = r (A A)

M ax|xi | M ax n
x =1 i n A =1 i n j=1 |aij |

it is often called the operator norm. By its definition, it satisfies N5:

Axv Axv x Cn (2)

For a matrix A, the operator norm induced by the vector norm xp will
be denoted by Ap . The most important cases are given in Table 7.1, and the
derivations are given later. We need the following definition in order to define
A2 .
Definition Let A be an arbitrary matrix. The spectrum of A is the set
of all eigenvalues of A, and it is denoted by (A).The spectral radius is the
maximum size of these eigenvalues, and it is denoted by

M ax||
r (A) = (A)

To show (7.3.11) is a norm in general, we begin by showing it is finite.

Recall from Theorem 7.7 that there are constants c1 , c2 > 0 with

c1 x2 xv c2 x2 x Cn (3)

Thus,

Axv c2 Ax2 c2
F(A)
xv c1 x2 c1
which proves A is finite.

ii
 At this point it is interesting to note the geometric significance of A.
Supremum Supremum Supremum
Axv
A = x = 0 xv
= x = 0 A (z
(x)
v)
v =zv = 1 Azv .
By noting that the supremum doesnt change if we let zv 1,
Supremum
A = zv 1Az
Let
B = z C n zv 1.
the unit ball with respect to .v . Then

ProofF ollowingisaproof thattheoperatornorm

A is a matrix norm.

1. Clearly A 0, and if A = 0, then A = 0. Conversely, if A = 0,

then Axv = 0 for all x. Thus Ax = 0 for all x, and this implies A = 0.

2. Let a be any scalar. Then

Supremum Supremum Supremum
A =zv 1 Ax =zv 1 ||Ax = || zv 1 Axv = ||A

3. For any x C n ,

(A + B)xv = Ax + Bxv Axv + Bxv

since .v is a norm. Using the property (7.3.12),

(A + B)xv Axv + Bxv

(A + B)xv
A + B
xv

This implies
A + B A + B

4. For any x C n , use (7.3.12) to get

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 |(AB)xv = A(Bx)v A(Bx)v ABxv

ABxv
AB
xv

This implies

AB AB

iv