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01 What is surveying

Surveying is the process of making measurements of the relative positions of point


of the earth’s surface. drawing them to scale. features should be shown in their
correct horizontal /vertical relationship.

1.1importance of surveying

• To get proper idea about construction site and close areas to it.

• Indentify the drainage of the construction site.

• To indentify the trees,rocks etc,obstracles.

• To select proper orientation of the project by minimizing effect for the


natural environment.

• To identify the patterns,as well as rhythm of the neighbor houses and


other buildings.

• To identify the septic tanks,wells near to construction site.

The plotting of plans and sections the calculation of areas and volumes, the setting
out of proposed ‘works’ and the determination of latitude and longitude, etc, are
also included among the importance of having surveying .

the object of a survey may be the preparation of a plan or map and


in this case a representation of the horizontal projection of the area is usually
required-not a representation of the actual area as it is obvious that the relative
position of all points on the different slopes of a hill, for instance, cannot be
correctly represented on a single plan surface.

1.2surveying methods

an alternative classification may be based upon the instruments or methods


employed, the chief types being,

(a) chain surveying

(b) theodolite surveying

(c) tachometry surveying

(d) compass surveying

(e) plane table surveying

(f) arial surveying


(g) electronics surveying

(h) global positioning system

1.2.1 chain surveying

chain or linear surveying is that method of surveying in which only linear


measurements, are made in the field. although unsuitable for large areas or
difficult country it is quite well adapted for small surveys on open ground with
simple detail.

The simplest possible survey is that of a triangular plot


with straight boundaries. If the horizontal lengths of the tree sides are recorded
sufficient information is available to enable a plan of the area to be drawn by this
method. Linear measurements are meter, yard etc.

1.2.2 compass surveying

compass surveying is that mothod of surveying in which only angle


measurements.are made in the field.angular measurements are
degrre,radian etc.

ON-north direction at ‘o’

NOA-clock wise horizontal angle(bearing of OA)

B-bearing

B=

Compass surveying and theodolite surveying are using same method which
only angle measurements.

1.2.3 Theodolite surveying

The theodlite is an instrument designed for the measurement of


horizontal and vertical angles.the horizontal and vertical circles of which can be
likened to circular protractors set in horizontal and vertical planes.

1.Hrizontal angle(Q)

It is measured along a horizontal plane.


2.Vertical angle (B)

The angle of elevation.

Chain surveying and tachometry surveying are using same method which
only linear measurements.

1.2.4 Tachometry surveying

Tachometry surveying is a system of rapid surveying and vertical of by which


the positions both horizontal and vertical are determined without using a
chain or tape or a separate leveling instruments.

2.0 various methods of site investigation

Geotechnical investigation,

To obtain information about physical properties of the soils and


rocks around the site(foundation construction)

For this

• soil sampling and lab tests.

• surface exploration and subsurface exploration can represent


by geological mapping.

Confirming the any contamination at the site,

• Location of existing contamination

• Nature and extent of contamination

(analys of soil and soilgas,surface water and sediments)


For the geological investigation,

We can use, insity density test

Particle size analysis

Atterberg limit tests

To identify the water level,we can use pumping test or slug test.

3.0 soil classifications

The most important factor when beginning to cultivate your garden is to know your soils texture.
Take a handful of moist soil and roll it between your palms until it forms a sausage shape. If it
feels gritty and breaks apart immediately, the soil is predominately sand. If the soil feels smooth,
and holds its shape for a short time before breaking apart, it is mostly silt. However, if it feels
sticky and holds together, then it is clay.

Sandy Soil

Easy to cultivate and warm up quickly in spring. It drains well so the plants do not stand with
their roots in water for too long. However, as it drains quickly, plants need to be regularly
watered and fed if they are to thrive.

Silty Soil

This soil type is richer in nutrients than sandy soil. It is also heavier because it can retain
moisture and has a tendency to become compacted. It does however tend to drain well and much
easier to cultivate than clay.

Clay Soil

Weighty to lift and difficult to work. Drainage is usually bad; the soil is acid and clinging to the
feet in wet weather. When preparing the beds for vegetables in clay soil, the organic fertilizer
should be added at a rate of two bucketfuls to the sq. yd.
Loamy Soil

Contain sand, silt and clay, in such well-balanced proportions that none produces a dominating
influence. These are amongst the most fertile soils. Almost any crop can be grown in them. They
warm up quickly in spring and rarely dry out in summer.

Chalk Soil

It fertility depends largely on the depth of soil overlaying the chalk bed formation. If the topsoil
is thin the ground will be poor and hungry. It will be bone dry in summer and the plants will
need far more watering and feeding than on any other soil. If however, it is fairly deep, good
growing conditions are possible.

Peaty Soil

It occurs in fen or boggy areas. Peat is composed of excessive quantities of humus and is
associated with water-logging. The soil is usually very acid and contains few nutrients. It does
have one advantage in that it warms up quickly in spring. It is excellent for plant growth if
fertilizer is added.

3.1 Main types of soils and its chemical composition

Gravel,sand,silt,clay

Gravel Sand Site Clay


Massachusetts >2 2 to 0.06 0.06 to 0.002 <0.002
insity to
technology(MIT
)
u.s depart of >2 2 to 0.05 0.05 to 0.002 <0.002
agriculture
USDA
AASHO 76.2 to 2 2 to 0.075 0.075 to 0.002 <0.002
Unified 76.2 to 4.75 4.75 to 0.075 <0.075 <0.075
classification
system
(most
frequently
used one)

Chemical Composition of Soil


Soil is mainly made up of oxygen (46.7%), silicon (27%), aluminium (8.1 %) and iron
(5.0%). Plant nutrients like Ca, Mg, K, Na, P and S are present in the minerals and in the
soil solution. O2, Si, and Al occur as constituents of minerals and as oxides. Fe occurs
mainly in the form of oxides and ferromagnesium minerals. Ca occurs mainly in calcite,
gypsum, apatite and dolomite. Mg is present mainly in dolomite and hornblend.

K occurs mainly in microcline and mica. P occurs as aluminium phosphate and calcium
phosphate and in the organic form as phospholipids, inositol, choline, etc. N occurs mainly
in the organic form as proteins, amino acids, etc. All micronutrients like Mo, Fe, Mn, Zn,
Cu, B occur in the inorganic form.

4.0 according to the soil type,followings depend

• Settelement of the building

• Depth of the foundation

• Foundation type

Ex: very week soil have to go deep foundation

firm soil enough shallow foundation

• Height of the building/land path of the building


But if it contains chemical contaminants the properties of the soils can be change
time to time.hence it can create problems during construction as well as after
construction.

When place the wells should be care about contaminants/chemicals.

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