4.1
g
Step I Permissible stresses
rin
S yt
ee
250
t = ( fs )
= 10
= 25N / mm 2
in
S sy 0.5S yt 0.5 ( 250 )
= = = = 12.5N / mm 2
ng
( fs ) ( fs ) 10
E
Step II Diameter of rod
ile
P = 4 d 2 t or 70 103 = 4 d 2(25)
ob
om
d = 59.71 or 60 mm
B1 = d = 60 mm (i)
to
t1 = 23.33 or 25 mm (ii)
EC
t3 = 37.5 or 40 mm (ii)
g
rin
4.2
Step I: Permissible tensile stress for rod
ee
in
S yt 380
t = = = 152N / mm 2
ng
( fs ) 2.5
E
Step II: Diameter of rods
ile
P= ( )
4
D2 t D =
4P
t
=
4 ( 25 10 3 )
ob
( 152 )
= 14.47 mm (i)
om
( ) 2
2P 2 ( 25 10 3 )
tm
P=2 4
d d =
= ( 87.7 )
= 13.47 mm (ii)
ar
ep
4.3
D
max = ( fs )
= ( fs )
= 2.5
= 62N / mm 2
max = ( ) t 2
2
+ () 2 =
( ) ( )
12000 2
2A
+
6000 2
A
g
in
( )6000 60002
er
62 =
A 2 or A= 62
ne
Step III: Diameter of bolt
gi
En
2 60002
4
d = 62
d = 13.2 mm (Ans.)
ile
4.4
ob
om
Step I: Force acting on rod
ut
S yt 250
t = = = 83.3N / mm 2
tm
( fs ) 3
ar
( ) 2
( )
2
ep
P= d
4 r
t or 80000 = d
4 r
83.3 dr = 34.96 mm (i)
D
( fs ) ( fs ) 3
P=2
( ) 2
d
4 p
80000 = 2
( )
2
d
4 p
(41.67) dp = 34.96 mm (ii)
4.5
Step I: Permissible stress
S ut 300
t = ( fs )
= 2.5
= 120N / mm 2
g
Step II: Direct and bending stresses
rin
( )
ee
P 15000 3000
= = N / mm 2
in
A ( t ) ( 5t ) t2
ng
( )
E
Pey 15000 ( 7.5t ) ( 2.5t ) 27000
= = N / mm 2
ile
I t2
[ 1
12
( t ) ( 5t ) 3
] ob
Step III: Dimensions of cross-section
om
From Eq.(4.24),
ut
fA
t =
P
+
Pey
or 120 =
( )( )( )
3000
+
27000
=
30000
to
A I t2 t2 t2
en
t = 15.81 mm (Ans.)
tm
ar
4.6
ep
( 1 2) = 50N / mm 2
EC
( 2 3) = 150N / mm 2
From Eq.(4.39)
S yt 460
( 1 3) = ( fs )
or (200) = ( fs )
(fs) = 2.3 (i)
From Eq.(4.44)
g
rin
S yt
( fs )
= ( 2
1
1 2 + 22 )
ee
460
(200) 2 (200)(150) + (150) 2
in
( fs )
= (fs) = 2.55 (ii)
E ng
4.7
ile
Step I: Principal stresses
ob
( )( )
x + y
om
100 + 40
= = 70N / mm 2
2 2
ut
fA
( )( )
x y
2
=
100 40
2
= 30N / mm 2
to
en
( ) ( ) x y 2
ar
x + y
1, 2 = 2
2
+ ( xy) 2 = 70 (30) 2 + (80) 2
ep
D
1 = 155.44N/mm2 2 = 15.44N / mm 2 3 = 0
EC
From Eq.(4.34),
max = ( ) x y 2
2
+ ( xy) 2 = (30) 2 + (80) 2 = 85.44 N/mm2
g
S yt 380
rin
(fs) = 1
= 155.44
= 2.44 (i)
ee
Step IV: Factor of safety by maximum shear stress theory
in
ng
S sy 0.5S yt 0.5 ( 380 )
(fs) = max
= max
= 85.44
= 2.22 (ii)
E
Step V: Factor of safety by distortion energy theory
ile
From Eq.(4.44) ob
om
( 2
1
1 2 + 22 = ) [(155.44) 2 (155.44)( 15.44) + ( 15.44) 2 ] = 163.71N
ut
fA
S yt 380
(fs) =
( 163.71 )
= 163.71
= 2.32 (iii)
to
4.8
en
S yt 380
max = ( fs )
= 4.5
= 84.44N / mm 2
ep
From Eq.(4.60),
K
( R o + R i ) 2 ( ( 4.5d ) + ( 3.5d ) ) 2
RN = = = (3.9843d)mm
4 4
e = R R N = 4d 3.9843d = (0.0157d)mm
Step III: Bending stress
Refer to Fig.4.73.
g
R o = 4d + 0.5d = (4.5d)mm
rin
A = d 2 = (0.7854d 2)mm 2
ee
4
in
M b = (1 10 3)(4d) = (4000d)N mm
ng
h i = R N R i = 3.9843d 3.5d = (0.4843d)mm
E
ile
From Eq.(4.56),
ob
( )
om
M bh i ( 4000d ) ( 0.4843d ) 44886.51
bi = = = N / mm 2
AeR i ( 0.7854d 2 ) ( 0.0157d ) ( 3.5d ) d2
ut
fA
( )
to
P 1000 1273.24
t = = = N / mm 2
en
A ( 0.7854d 2 ) d2
tm
P M bh i 1273.24 44886.51
ep
max = + 84.44 = +
A AeR i d2 d2
D
d = 23.38 mm (Ans.)
EC
K
4.9
Step I: Permissible tensile stress
S ut 300
max = = = 120N / mm 2
( fs ) 2.5
Step II: Calculation of eccentricity
Ri = 4 t bi = 4 t h=6t R=7t
Ro = 10 t bo = 4 t
g
ti = to = t
rin
From Eq. (4.64),
ee
[ t ( 4t t ) + t ( 4t t ) + t ( 6t ) ]
in
= RN = (6.3098 t) mm
{ ( ) 4t + t
( )
10t t
( )}10t
ng
4tlog e 4t
+ tlog e 4t + t
+ 4tlog e 10t t
E
e = R RN = (7 6.3098)t = (0.6902t)mm
ile
Step III: Bending stress ob
om
h i = R N R i = (6.3098 4)t = (2.3098t)mm
A = 4t 2 + 4t 2 + 4t 2 = (12t 2)mm 2
to
From Eq.(4.56),
en
( )
tm
M bh i ( 11 10 5t ) ( 2.3098t ) 9.2031 10 5
bi = = = N / mm 2
AeR i ( 12t 2 ) ( 0.6902t ) ( 4t ) 12t 2
ar
ep
( )
EC
P 100 10 3 10 5
t = = = N / mm 2
A ( 12t 2 ) 12t 2
K
S ut P M bh i 300 10 5 9.2031 10 5
= + = +
( fs ) A AeR i ( 2.5 ) 12t 2 12t 2
t = 26.62 mm (Ans.)
4.10
Step I: Permissible stresses
g
S yt 300
rin
t = ( fs )
= 5
= 60N / mm 2
ee
S sy 0.5S yt 0.5 300
= = = = 30N / mm 2
in
( fs ) ( fs ) 5
ng
Step II: Diameter and length of fulcrum pin
E
Refer to Fig.4.1-solu, (7.5 10 3) 100 = P 500 or P = 1500 N
ile
R= (7500) 2 + (1500) 2 = 7648.53 N From Eq.(4.51), ob
om
R=p(dxl) or 7648.53 = 10 ( d x 1.5 d )
ut
R 7648.53
= = = 9.55N / mm 2 (ii)
en
2
( ) (
2
4
d 2
4
( 22.58 ) 2
)
tm
inner diameter = 23 mm
EC
outer diameter = 46 mm
K
length = 34 mm ( iii )
[ 1
12
b ( 4b ) 3
]
b = 16.74 mm d = 4 b = 4 x 16.74 = 66.94 mm ( iv )
g
rin
4.11
ee
Step I: Permissible tensile stress
in
S yt 200
t = = = 50N / mm 2
ng
( fs ) 4
E
Step II: Bending stress
ile
Components of force P: -
M by 1749.4 10 3
to
1166266.25 t
b = = = N / mm2 (i)
I t3
[ 1
]
en
t ( 2t ) 3
12
tm
PV 4330.13 2165.07
ep
t = = = N / mm2 (ii)
A 2t 2 t2
D
1749.4 10 3 2165.07
50 = + or t3 - 43.3 t = 34988
K
t3 t2
t t3 - 43.3 t
35 41 359.5
34 37 831.8
g
rin
4.12
Step I: Permissible tensile stress
ee
in
S ut 400
t = = = 100N / mm 2
ng
( fs ) 4
E
Step II: Dimensions of cross-section
ile
At inner fibre,
P M by 25 10 3
ob
( 25 10 3 140 ) t
t = + or 100 = +
om
A I ( t 2t )
[ 1
12
t ( 2t ) 3
]
ut
t3 - 125 t = 52 500
fA
t t3 - 125 t
en
tm
40 59 000
ar
38.5 52 254 b = 2 t = 80 mm
D
EC
K