CHAPTER3:COSTANALYSIS

MultipleChoices

b1.Theprincipaladvantageofthescatterdiagrammethodoverthehighlowmethodofcostestimationisthat
thescatterdiagrammethod
a.includescostsoutsidetherelevantrange.
b.considersmorethantwopoints.
c.canbeusedwithmoretypesofcoststhanthehighlowmethod.
d.givesaprecisemathematicalfitofthepointstotheline.

a2.Themajorobjectiveofpreparingascatterdiagramisto
a.deriveanequationtopredictfuturecosts.
b.performregressionanalysisontheresults.
c.determinetherelevantrange.
d.findthehighandlowpointstouseforthehighlowmethodofestimatingcosts.

d3.Thecostestimationmethodthatgivesthemostmathematicallyprecisecostpredictionequationis
a.thehighlowmethod.
b.thescatterdiagrammethod.
c.thecontributionmarginmethod.
d.regressionanalysis.

c4.Whichcostismostlikelytobemixedforamanufacturer?
a.Rawmaterials.
b.Directlabor.
c.Manufacturingoverhead.
d.Insurance.

b5.Whichcombinationofobjectofcostandclassificationofcostismostreasonable?
ObjectofCostClassificationofCost

a.MaterialsusedtomakeproductsDiscretionaryfixedcost
b.AdvertisingcostDiscretionaryfixedcost
c.StraightlinedepreciationVariablecost
d.President'ssalaryAvoidablefixedcost

c6.Acostisvariableifitvarieswiththe
a.numberofunitsmanufactured.
b.numberofunitssold.
c.levelofsomeactivity.
d.sellingpriceoftheproduct.

d7.Anonvalueaddingcostis
a.usuallydirecttoaproduct.
b.thesameasadiscretionarycost.
c.unavoidable.
d.notessentialtomanufacturingaproduct.

a8.Fixedcoststhatcannotbereducedwithinashortperiodoftimeare
a.committed.
b.variable.
c.avoidable.
d.unnecessary.

b9.Whichcostismostlikelytobecommitted?
a.Repairsandmaintenance.
b.Sumoftheyears'digitsdepreciationonthefactorybuilding.
c.Feeforaconsultantonthecompany'slongrangeplanning.
d.Advertising.

a10.RST'saveragecostperunitisthesameatalllevelsofvolume.Whichofthefollowingistrue?
a.RSTmusthaveonlyvariablecosts.
b.RSTmusthaveonlyfixedcosts.
c.RSTmusthavesomefixedcostsandsomevariablecosts.
d.RST'scoststructurecannotbedeterminedfromthisinformation.

b11.Amixedcost
a.increasesinstepsasvolumeincreases.
b.containsafixedcomponentandavariablecomponent.
c.varieswithmorethanonemeasureofvolume.
d.cannotbeaccuratelypredicted.
b12.Anonvalueaddingactivity
a.cannotbeacostdriver.
b.shouldbeeliminated.
c.usuallydrivesonlyvariablecosts.
d.cannotusuallybeobservedbymanagers.

d13.Acostpredictingequationdeterminedthroughregressionanalysis
a.alwaysgivesclosepredictions.
b.willnotworkanybetterthanoneobtainedusingthehighlowmethod.
c.canbeusedonlyforcoststhatvarywithsalesorproduction.
d.couldbeseverelyaffectedbyoutliers.

b14.WhichofthefollowingdoJIToperationstrytoeliminate?
a.Discretionaryfixedcosts.
b.Nonvalueaddingcosts.
c.Avoidablecosts.
d.Directcosts.

d15.ABCCompanybreaksevenat$600,000salesandearns$60,000at$700,000sales.Whichofthefollowingis
true?
a.Fixedcostsare$40,000.

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b.Profitatsalesof$800,000wouldbe$160,000.
c.Thesellingpriceperunitis$6.
d.Contributionmarginis60%ofsales.

b16.Aseasonalbusinessthatsetssellingpricesat20%aboveaveragecostfortheprecedingmonthwill
a.bebetteroffifitcloseddownduringtheoffseason.
b.chargehigherpricesintheoffseasonthaninthebusyseason.
c.alwayschargehigherpricesthanitscompetitors.
d.makeaconsistentreturnonsalesof20%.

b17.Thecomponentsofmanufacturingcostare
a.variablecosts,fixedcosts,andoverheadcosts.
b.materials,directlabor,andoverhead.
c.purchases,wages,andmanufacturingoverhead.
d.wagesandsalaries,maintenanceandrepairs,utilities,anddepreciation.

b18.Whichstatementistrueforamanufacturer?
a.Itcannotusethecontributionmarginformatoftheincomestatement.
b.Manycostsvarywithproductionactivities,notwithsales.
c.Theconceptsoffixedandvariablecostsdonotapply.
d.Costvolumeprofitanalysisisnotappropriate.

d19.Fixedcoststhatmanagerscanchangeonshortnoticeare
a.valueaddingcosts.
b.variablecosts.
c.unavoidablecosts.
d.discretionarycosts.

c20.A(n)__________relationshipisonethatappearstoexisteventhoughthereisnocausalrelationship.
a.Correlation.
b.Outlier.
c.Spurious.
d.Valueadded.

c21.Identifyingcostdrivers
a.isnotnecessarywithregressionanalysis.
b.isthesameasidentifyingcostpools.
c.isanimportantpartofcostmanagement.
d.isusefulonlywithstepvariablecosts.

d22.Acostpoolis
a.allofthecostsofaparticulardepartment.
b.allcostsinagroupsuchasvariablecostsordiscretionaryfixedcosts.
c.allcostsrelatedtoaproductorproductline.
d.allcoststhathavethesamedriver.

b23.Asvolumeincreases,
a.totalfixedcostsremainconstantandperunitfixedcostsincrease.
b.totalfixedcostsremainconstantandperunitfixedcostsdecrease.
c.totalfixedcostsremainconstantandperunitfixedcostsremainconstant.
d.totalfixedcostsincreaseandperunitfixedcostsincrease.

d24.WhichcostisNOTsubtractedfromsellingpriceto
calculatecontributionmarginperunit?
a. Variablemanufacturingoverhead.
b.Variablesellingexpenses.
c.Directlabor.
d.Fixedmanufacturingoverhead.

c25.Acommittedfixedcost
a.canneverbeeliminated.
b.canbeeliminatedintheshorttermandinthelongterm.
c.canbeeliminatedinthelongterm,butnotintheshortterm.
d.canbeeliminatedintheshortterm,butnotinthelongterm.

c26.Avoidablecostsareusually
a.committed.
b.common.
c.direct.
d.fixed.

a27.Directcostsare
a.associatedwithaspecificactivity.
b.alwaysvariable.
c.usuallycommitted.
d.usuallydiscretionary.

c28.Discretionarycosts
a.areusuallyunavoidable.
b.arenotnecessaryforsuccessfuloperations.
c.canbeeitherdirectorindirect.
d.shouldbethefirstonescutinacostreductionprogram.

a29.OgdenCompanyhad$300,000overheadcostat20,000machinehours,$320,000overheadcostat25,000hours.
Variableoverheadcostpermachinehouris
a.$4.00.
b.$12.80.
c.$15.00.
d.someothernumber.

b30.SacramentoCompanyhad$400,000overheadcostat50,000machinehoursand$460,000overheadcostat60,000
hours.Totalfixedoverheadis
a.$60,000
b.$100,000
c.$120,000.

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d.$320,000.

d31.WhichcostisLEASTlikelytobediscretionary?
a.Salariesofsalespeople.
b.Advertising.
c.Buildingmaintenance.
d.Insurance.

a32.WhichcostisLEASTlikelytobedirecttoaparticularproduct?
a.Salariesofsalespeoplewhosellallofthecompany'sproducts.
b.Advertisingoftheproduct.
c.Licensefeespaidtothedesigneroftheproduct.
d.Costofmaterialsusedtomaketheproduct.

c33.Whichcostismostlikelytobeavoidableindecidingwhethertoshutdownoneofthefourassemblylines
inafactory?
a.Depreciationonthefactorybuilding.
b.Salariesofmaintenanceworkerswhoserviceallassemblylines.
c.Powerusedtooperateequipmentontheassemblyline.
d.Heatandlightforthebuilding.

c34.DSPCompanyearned$100,000onsalesof$1,000,000.Itearned130,000onsalesof$1,100,000.Variable
costsasapercentageofsalesare
a.30%.
b.40%.
c.70%.
d.90%.

b35.DSPCompanyearned$100,000onsalesof$1,000,000.Itearned$130,000onsalesof$1,100,000.Total
fixedcostsare
a.$0.
b.$200,000.
c.$420,000.
d.$900,000.

c36.Predictingcostsatactivitylevelsthatareoutsidetherelevantrangeiscalled
a.association.
b.correlation.
c.extrapolation.
d.noneoftheabove.

a37.Anonvalueaddingcost
a.isdrivenbyanonvalueaddingactivity.
b.isdiscretionary.
c.isdirecttoaproduct.
d.allowsthecompanytochargeahigherpricefortheproduct.

b38.Lookingatthefollowingscatterdiagramswecanconcludethat
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activityactivity
CostACostB

a.costAwillbeeasiertopredictthancostB.
b.costBwillbeeasiertopredictthancostA.
c.costAisoutofcontrol.
d.costBhasnofixedcomponent.

b39.MNOhasabreakevenpointof200,000unitsandearnsa$100,000profitatsalesof250,000units.Which
ofthefollowingistrue?
a.Fixedcostsare$100,000.
b.Totalcontributionmarginat200,000unitsis$400,000.
c.Profitatsalesof300,000unitsis$120,000.
d.Sellingpriceperunitis$2.

a40.Theclosenessoftherelationshipbetweenthecostandtheactivityiscalled
a.correlation.
b.spurious.
c.regressionanalysis.
d.manufacturingoverhead.

d41.Rsquaredisameasureof
a.thespuriousrelationshipbetweencostandactivity.
b.thefixedcostcomponent.
c.thevariablecostperunitofactivity.
d.howwelltheregressionlineaccountsforthechangesinthedependentvariable.

c42.DJHhasanaverageunitcostof$20at20,000unitsand$13.75at40,000units.Whatisthevariablecost
perunit?
a.$5.00
b.$6.25
c.$7.50
d.Anamountthatcannotbedeterminedwithoutmoreinformation.

b43.DJHhasanaverageunitcostof$20at20,000unitsand$13.75at40,000units.Whatisthetotalfixed
cost?
a.$125,000
b.$250,000
c.$400,000

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 d.Anamountthatcannotbedeterminedwithoutmoreinformation.

a44.GMHCompanyhad$200,000overheadcostat25,000machinehoursand$240,000overheadcostat60,000hours.
Variableoverheadpermachinehouris
a.$4.00.
b.$1.00.
c.$0.83.
d.someothernumber.

d45.ElmwoodCompanyhad$300,000overheadcostat40,000machinehours,and$360,000overheadcostat60,000
hours.Totalfixedoverheadis
a.$36,000
b.$40,000
c.$60,000.
d.$180,000.

b46.CrookstonCompanybreaksevenat$300,000salesandearns$40,000at$400,000sales.Whichofthe
followingistrue?
a.Fixedcostsare$120,000.
b.Profitatsalesof$500,000wouldbe$50,000.
c.Thesellingpriceperunitis$4.
d.Contributionmarginis10%ofsales.

a47.Glenwoodhasanaverageunitcostof$45at20,000unitsand$25at60,000units.Whatisthevariable
costperunit?
a.$15
b.$20
c.$35
d.Anamountthatcannotbedeterminedwithoutmoreinformation.

b48.Glenwoodhasanaverageunitcostof$45at20,000unitsand$25at60,000units.Whatisthetotalfixed
cost?
a.$400,000
b.$600,000
c.$900,000
d.Anamountthatcannotbedeterminedwithoutmoreinformation.

b49.OsceolaCompanyearned$50,000onsalesof$400,000.Itearned$70,000onsalesof$450,000.Contribution
marginasapercentageofsalesis
a.30%.
b.40%.
c.60%.
d.70%.

c50.OsceolaCompanyearned$50,000onsalesof$400,000.Itearned$70,000onsalesof$450,000.Totalfixed
costsare
a.$0.
b.$50,000.
c.$110,000.
d.$180,000.

TrueFalse

F1.Themajorvariablecostinamanufacturingcompanyisfactoryoverhead.

T2.Ininterpretingregressionresults,thehigherthecorrelation,thebettercostpredictionsarelikelyto
be.

F3.Discretionarycostsarestepvariable.

F4.Discretionaryfixedcostsarenotnecessarytosuccessfuloperationofthebusiness.

T5.Highlow,scatterdiagram,andregressionanalysisaremethodsofdevelopingformulastopredictmixed
costs.

F6.Asvolumeincreases,theperunitamountofamixedcostincreases.

T7.Indevelopingacostpredictionequationusingregressionanalysis,youmightnotselecttheonewiththe
highestcorrelation.

F8.Acompanyusingactivitybasedcostingneednotdoregressionanalysisorscatterdiagrams.

F9.Anrsquaredof.91witharegressionequationmeansthatpredictionswillbeaccurate91%ofthetime.

T10.Amultipleregressionequationusesmorethanonedrivertopredictcosts.

Problems

1.CarlsonCompanyincurred$170,000inoverheadcostsmaking12,000unitsinMarch.Itmade15,000unitsand
incurred$188,000inoverheadcostsinApril.

a.Computethevariablecomponentofoverheadcost.

b.Findthefixedfactorofoverheadcost.

SOLUTION:

a.$6[($188,000$170,000)/(15,00012,000)]

b.$98,000[$170,000(12,000x$6),or$188,000(15,000x$6)]

2.ThestatisticianofRST,Inc.hasdevelopedthefollowingcostpredictionequation,usingobservationsfrom

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12,000to30,000machinehours.

Y=$236,837+$3.7625X,rsquared=.81,standarderror=$24,363

Y=totalmaintenancecost,X=machinehours

a.Findthepredictedmaintenancecostat25,000machinehours.

b.Willmaintenancecostatzeromachinehoursbe$236,837?yesnoCirclethecorrectanswer.

c.About68%ofthetime,maintenancecostshouldbewithinwhatamountofthepredictedvalue?

SOLUTION:

a.$330,900($236,837+$3.7625x25,000)

b.No,zeroisoutsidetherelevantrange.

c.$24,363,thestandarderror

3.GennerCompanyearned$125,000onsalesof$750,000.Itearned$225,000onsalesof$1,000,000.

a.Findthevariablecostsasapercentageofsales.

b.Findthetotalfixedcosts.

SOLUTION:

a.60%{1[($225,000$125,000)/($1,000,000$750,000)]}

b.$175,000[$1,000,000x(160%)$225,000]

4.Dannerhasanaverageunitcostof$22.50atavolumeof400,000units.At500,000unitstheaverageunit
costis$20.50.

a.Computethevariablecostperunit.

b.Computethetotalfixedcost.

SOLUTION:

a.$12.50{[($20.50x500,000)($22.50x400,000)]/(500,000400,000)}

b.$4,000,000($9,000,000$12.50x400,000)

5.TriCountyCompanyincurred$175,000inoverheadcostsmaking40,000unitsinApril.Itmade24,000unitsand
incurred$147,000inoverheadcostsinMay.

a.Computethevariablecomponentofoverheadcost.

b.Findthefixedfactorofoverheadcost.

SOLUTION:

a.$1.75[($175,000$147,000)/(40,00024,000)]

b.$105,000[$147,000(24,000x$1.75),or$175,000(40,000x$1.75)]

6.BilboCompanyincurred$374,000inoverheadcostsmaking11,000unitsinNovember.Itmade7,500unitsand
incurred$325,000inoverheadcostsinDecember.

a.Computethevariablecomponentofoverheadcost.

b.Findthefixedfactorofoverheadcost.

SOLUTION:

a.$14[($374,000$325,000)/(11,0007,500)]
b.$220,000[$325,000(7,500x$14),or$374,000(11,000x$14)]

7.ThestatisticianofComstock,Inc.hasdevelopedthefollowingpredictionequationforcosts,using
observationsfrom25,000to60,000machinehours.

Y=$146,374+$4.892X,rsquared=.86,standarderror=$28,638

Y=totalrepaircost,X=machinehours

a.Findthepredictedrepaircostat50,000machinehours.

b.Willrepaircostatzeromachinehoursbe$146,374?yesnoCirclethecorrectanswer.

c.About68%ofthetime,repaircostshouldbewithinwhatamountofthepredictedvalue?

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SOLUTION:

a.$390,974($146,374+$4.892x50,000)

b.No,zeroisoutsidetherelevantrange.

c.$28,638,thestandarderror

8.ScooterCompanyearned$150,000onsalesof$1,000,000.Itearned$330,000onsalesof$1,400,000.

a.Findthecontributionmarginratio.

b.Findthetotalfixedcosts.

SOLUTION:

a.45%($330,000$150,000)/($1,400,000$1,000,000)

b.$300,000[$1,000,000x45%)$150,000]

9.Benncohasanaverageunitcostof$18.50atavolumeof100,000units.At200,000unitstheaverageunit
costis$14.25.

a.Computethevariablecostperunit.

b.Computethetotalfixedcost.

SOLUTION:

a.$10.00{[($14.25x200,000)($18.50x100,000)]/(200,000100,000)}

b.$850,000($2,850,000$10x200,000)

10.ParsonsCompanyincurred$475,000inoverheadcostsmaking40,000unitsinAugust.Itmade30,000unitsand
incurred$447,000inoverheadcostsinSeptember.

a.Computethevariablecomponentofoverheadcost.

b.Findthefixedfactorofoverheadcost.

SOLUTION:

a.$2.80[($475,000$447,000)/(40,00030,000)]

b.$363,000[$447,000(30,000x$2.80),or$475,000(40,000x$2.80)]

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