FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN DAN ALAM BINA

JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN DAN MEKANIK BAHAN

KKKM3124 FLUID MECHANICS II

PBL SUPERSONIC NOZZLE

GROUP 6M

TEAM MEMBERS

1. KHOR SHU YAN (A151653)

2. MOHAMAD QUZHAIMIE BIN MAHMUD (A148775)
3. HAIKAL AMIRUL HAFIZ BIN AHMAD SAUFIAN (A149369)
4. AINUL NASEHAH IBRAHIM (A149024)

LECTURER

Prof. Ir. Dr. SHAHRIR BIN ABDULLAH

SUBMITTED DATE

26 MAY 2017
 ABSTRACT
This report presents a study on performance analysis of a nozzle and it characteristics.
The purpose of this is to simulate the operation of a converging-diverging nozzle, perhaps the
most important and basic piece of engineering hardware associated with propulsion and the high
speed flow of gases. This device was invented by Carl de Laval toward the end of the l9th
century and is thus often referred to as the 'de Laval' nozzle. This applet is intended to help
students of compressible aerodynamics visualize the flow through this type of nozzle at a range
of conditions. A plot of the pressure distribution along the nozzle provides a good way of
summarizing its behaviours.

INTRODUCTION
A supersonic nozzle is a type of nozzle that can increase a speed of gas flow from a low
speed or stationary condition to a supersonic speed. For supersonic flows, convergent-divergent
type of nozzles are mostly used because it is impossible to create supersonic flows having Mach
number more than one in convergent type of nozzle and therefore it restricts us to a limited
amount of mass flow through a particular nozzle. In convergent-divergent type of nozzles, the
flow velocity can be increased much higher than sonic velocity. This is why these types of
nozzles have a wide applications such as propelling nozzles in jet engines or in air intake for
engines working at high revolution rate.
For understanding the working principle of convergent-divergent type of nozzles, first
lets look the working principle of only convergent type of nozzles. In these type of nozzles the
area of the nozzle reduces gradually in the direction of flow. The pressure at intake is called
stagnation pressure and the pressure at exit is called back pressure. The value of back pressure
can never be more than 1 in case of a nozzle. As the back pressure is reduced, flow velocity and
mass flow rate also increases. However, but this will happen up to a certain limit, after which no
increase in velocity or mass flow rate takes place. This situation is known as choked i.e., no
further increase in mass flow rate takes place whatever be the back pressure now. This situation
takes place at a particular Mach number, i.e., at Mach number 1. But the case is not the same
when we use a divergent nozzle just after the convergent. Actually the principle reverses, i.e.,
when a divergent nozzle is attached just after the convergent nozzle, the flow speed increases
further with the decrease in back pressure and also the mass flow rate. And therefore in this type
of nozzles, the speeds above sonic, i.e., supersonic, can be reached.
Objectives
a) To determine dimensions of a supersonic nozzle that can produce a supersonic speed based
on a given stagnation pressure and temperature;
b) To analyses pressure and temperature behaviours along the nozzle central axis based on the
exit pressure and temperature.
 MODEL AND METHODS

l1= 0.0144m 4(a) 4(b)

0.0208m
0.0203m
0.02 m
0.0102m 0.0204m
0.0051m

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6

30 l3 = 0.0527m

l4= 0.0647m 12

l2= 0.0287m
l5= 0.1054m

For point 1 that located at the entrance of the nozzle,

At point 2,

For point 3 that located at the throat of the nozzle,

At point 4,

At point 5,

For point 6 that located at exit of the nozzle,

 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Cases Point Mach number, Ma P/P0 P, kPa T/T0 T, K

1 0.0190 0.99974 399.89 0.99992780 312.9774
2 0.0755 0.99602 398.41 0.99886124 312.6435
3 0.3200 0.93150 372.60 0.97993101 306.7184
1
4 0.0196 0.99973 399.89 0.99992317 312.9759
5 0.0188 0.99975 399.90 0.99992931 312.9778
6 0.0181 0.99977 399.91 0.99993448 312.9794
1 0.0381 0.99898 399.59 0.99970976 312.9091
2 0.1470 0.98501 394.00 0.99569679 311.6530
3 1 0.52828 211.31 0.83333333 260.8333
2
4 0.0387 0.99895 399.58 0.99970055 312.9062
5 0.0378 0.99900 399.60 0.99971431 312.9105
6 0.0370 0.99904 399.62 0.99972627 312.9143
1 0.0381 0.99898 399.59 0.99970976 312.9091
2 0.1470 0.98501 394.00 0.99569679 311.6530
3 1 0.52828 211.31 0.83333333 260.8333
3
4 4.412 0.00385 1.540 0.20436737 63.9669
5 4.459 0.00363 1.452 0.20094297 62.8951
6 4.504 0.00343 1.372 0.19773775 61.8919
1 0.0381 0.99898 399.59 0.99970976 312.9091
2 0.1470 0.98501 394.00 0.99569679 311.6530
3 1 0.52828 211.31 0.83333333 260.8333
4 4(a) 2.899 0.03169 12.67 0.37301738 116.7544
4(b) 0.482 0.85302 341.21 0.95559831 299.1022
5 4.459 0.00363 1.452 0.20094297 62.8951
6 4.504 0.00343 1.372 0.19773775 61.8919

A Graph of Pressure against Nozzle Length

449.8
399.8
349.8
299.8 Case 1
249.8 Case 2
P, kPa 199.8
Case 3
149.8
99.8 Case 4
49.8
-0.2
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
 A Graph of Temperature against Nozzle Length
350
300
250
Case 1
200
Case 2
T, K
150
Case 3
100 Case 4
50
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12

A Graph of Mach number against Nozzle Length

6
5
4
Case 1
Mach 3 Case 2
number
2 Case 3
Case 4
1
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
-1

Air enters a converging-diverging nozzle of a supersonic at 400 kPa and 313 K with a low
velocity.
For case 1, Mach number is equal to 0.32. Hence, the flow is subsonic and the critical
area, A* remains the same along the flow inside the nozzle. The value of A* is the value of the
cross section area of the throat.
For case 2, we can say that when the exit pressure of nozzle at subsonic, the throat
pressure becomes P* and the fluid achieves sonic velocity at the throat. However, the diverging
section of the nozzle still acts as a diffuser, slowing the fluid to subsonic velocities. The mass
flow rate that was increasing with decreasing the exit pressure of nozzle also reaches its
maximum value. Recall that P* is the lowest pressure that can be obtained at the throat, and the
sonic velocity is the highest velocity that can be achieved with a converging nozzle. Thus,
lowering exit pressure of nozzle further has no influence on the fluid flow in the converging part
of the nozzle or the mass flow rate through the nozzle. However, it does influence the character
of the flow in the diverging section.
For case 3, the air has passed through the throat of the nozzle to change from subsonic to
supersonic flow after undergone the shockwave in a throat. Initially, the flow and the value of
P/P* is equivalent to the case 2 but it was different on the last point of the nozzle. After the flow
has been change to supersonic. To be consider the flow was isentropic till the last point of the
nozzle. So the calculation to have the value P/P* can be done. We are comparing the point 1 and
2 to obtain the Ma number for the second point. Since it has passing the throat and the flow
became a supersonic. We are required to calculate the value of P/P* at the last point. Then, we
have to assume that the A* is equal to A2. Therefore, we may have the Ma number and other
related data.
For case 4, the throat reaches a sonic condition and the flow becomes supersonic
afterwards but forms a shock wave at the middle part of the diverging section.The Mach number
in the throat is 1.As we can see form the graph,the value of P/P0 increase when when it become
near to the throat and the value of P/P0 decrease when it far from throat. Before it pass the shock
wave,the flow is supersonic because mach number more than 1 as we can see from the
table.After passing shock wave,the flow is subsonic because the Mach number is less than 1.The
graph show that after it pass the shock wave,the value p/p0 increase.

CONCLUSION

Based on those cases, we can see the highest velocity to which a fluid can be accelerated
in a converging nozzle is limited to the sonic velocity (Ma =1), which occurs at the exit plane
(throat) of the nozzle. Accelerating a fluid to supersonic velocities (Ma > 1) can be accomplished
only by attaching a diverging flow section to subsonic nozzle at the throat. The resulting
combined flow section is a converging-diverging nozzle, which is standard equipment in
supersonic aircraft and rocket propulsion. Forcing a fluid through a converging-diverging nozzle
is no guarantee that the fluid will be accelerated to a supersonic velocity. In fact, the fluid may
find itself decelerating in the diverging section instead of accelerating if the back pressure is not
in the right range. The state of the nozzle flow is determined by the overall pressure ratio.
Therefore, for given inlet conditions, the flow through a converging-diverging nozzle is
governed by the back pressure as will be explained.

REFERENCES
1) http://www.cheneliere.info/cfiles/complementaire/thermodynamique_9782765105114/pdf/28
61Chap17-VO.pdf (10:00 am, 21 May 2017, Sunday)
2) http://www.me.ua.edu/me305/daily%20worksheets/Module%206/isentropic_flow_in_nozzle
s%20worksheet.pdf (2:00 pm, 21May 2017, Sunday)